CN111267266A - Method for recycling fiber reinforced composite material - Google Patents
Method for recycling fiber reinforced composite material Download PDFInfo
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- CN111267266A CN111267266A CN202010209532.1A CN202010209532A CN111267266A CN 111267266 A CN111267266 A CN 111267266A CN 202010209532 A CN202010209532 A CN 202010209532A CN 111267266 A CN111267266 A CN 111267266A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/04—Disintegrating plastics, e.g. by milling
- B29B17/0412—Disintegrating plastics, e.g. by milling to large particles, e.g. beads, granules, flakes, slices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B2017/001—Pretreating the materials before recovery
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0203—Separating plastics from plastics
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0213—Specific separating techniques
- B29B2017/0217—Mechanical separating techniques; devices therefor
- B29B2017/0224—Screens, sieves
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/52—Mechanical processing of waste for the recovery of materials, e.g. crushing, shredding, separation or disassembly
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for recycling a fiber reinforced composite material, which comprises the following steps of firstly, carrying out low-temperature treatment on the fiber reinforced composite material to enable the fiber reinforced composite material to be in a state that a matrix material is embrittled and reinforcing fibers are not embrittled; then mechanically crushing the treated reinforced fiber material to enable the matrix material and the reinforced fiber in the fiber reinforced composite material to be separated from each other; and finally, screening the crushed matrix material and the reinforced fiber material through a screening device. The scheme can realize continuous processing, reduces the generation of dust, has no waste gas and waste water, has low energy consumption, no surface residual carbon and no chemical damage to fibers, and can reuse the matrix material in the form of powder.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of carbon fibers, and mainly relates to a method for recycling a fiber reinforced composite material, wherein the IPC classification number of the method is C08J 11/00.
Background
Fiber Reinforced composites (FRP) are composites formed by winding, molding or pultrusion a reinforcing Fiber material and a matrix material. Common reinforcing fiber materials include carbon fibers, glass fibers, bamboo fibers, silk fibers, high-molecular organic fibers and the like, and matrix materials include high-molecular resins, ceramics, metals and the like. Common fiber-reinforced composites are classified into glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced Composites (CFRP), and aramid fiber reinforced composites (AFRP) according to the reinforcing material.
The fiber reinforced composite material has a certain proportion of product scrap in the production process, and the problem of recycling of a large amount of fiber reinforced composite materials can be caused when the service life cycle of the product is reached in the use process. In the recycling process, the reinforcing fibers in the fiber reinforced composite material are mainly recycled. The energy consumption is reduced, and meanwhile, the recycled fiber can be used for manufacturing products such as an injection molding process, a die pressing process and the like, so that the material cost can be greatly reduced.
At present, the traditional fiber recovery mode is mainly a solvent method and a high-temperature method. The solvent method is a method of extracting fibers by depolymerizing a resin matrix under a certain condition by using the chemical properties of a solvent to separate the fibers from the resin matrix material. The disadvantages are that a large amount of treatment solvent is needed, the requirements on the components and the purity of the solvent are high, the cost is high, the controllability is poor, the recovery efficiency is low and the sewage problem of secondary pollution exists. As disclosed in publication No.: CN107022108A, patent document of a method and apparatus for recovering reinforcing fibers from a fiber-reinforced member.
The high-temperature method is to carry out high-temperature cracking, including thermal cracking, vacuum cracking, microwave cracking and the like, on a matrix material in a reaction container, and has the defects of large amount of heat energy or electric energy, high energy consumption, high residual carbon content on the surface of the fiber, toxic and harmful metal element waste gas generated in the continuous production process and the like. As disclosed in publication No.: CN107345000A, patent literature of a method for recovering a fiber-reinforced composite material.
Disclosure of Invention
First, analyze the technical problem to be solved
The recovery method of the fiber reinforced composite material is mostly studied by the skilled person in the view of the solvent method and the high temperature method, for example, the patent numbers are: CN201810876371.4 patent of "a method for continuously recovering carbon fiber and a continuous carbon fiber recovery device"; as patent numbers: CN201410834413.X invention relates to a method for recycling waste carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite materials; as patent numbers: CN201710473700.6, "an apparatus for recycling carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite and method thereof". However, a large number of technicians do not find that the solvent method or the high-temperature method has the defect that substances which are difficult to separate or toxic and harmful substances are introduced or generated, and as a material recovery method with high environmental protection degree, the introduction of a third-party medium is required to be avoided or the introduced third-party medium is easy to separate. To meet this requirement, physical methods must be preferred for the treatment, which do not produce new substances and do not have the trouble of subsequently isolating intermediates, compared to chemical methods. The physical properties include the property of a substance that is expressed without undergoing a chemical change and the property of a substance that is expressed without undergoing a chemical reaction. Physical properties of substances such as: the color, smell, state, whether it is easy to melt, solidify, sublimate, volatilize, and some properties such as melting point, boiling point, hardness, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility, etc. can be measured by an instrument. There are also properties, such as solubility, density, etc., which are calculated from laboratory data. The material was unchanged before and after the experiment. These properties are physical properties. According to the application, a large number of experiments and search queries find that the respective mechanical properties of the reinforced phase fiber material and the matrix material are very different in a low-temperature environment, and researches show that organic polymer fibers such as carbon fibers and aramid fibers can tolerate low temperature of minus hundreds of degrees. Therefore, the matrix material is separated from the surface of the fiber material by adopting a mechanical extrusion mode in a low-temperature environment.
Second, technical scheme
In order to solve the technical problems mentioned in the background art, the invention provides a method for recycling a fiber reinforced composite material, which is characterized in that:
firstly, carrying out low-temperature treatment on the fiber reinforced composite material to enable the fiber reinforced composite material to be in a state that a matrix material is embrittled and reinforcing fibers are not embrittled;
then mechanically crushing the treated reinforced fiber material to enable the matrix material and the reinforced fiber in the fiber reinforced composite material to be separated from each other;
and finally, screening the crushed matrix material and the reinforced fiber material through a screening device.
Further, the screening device is a mesh screen with different pore sizes.
Further, the mechanical crushing mode includes ultrasonic vibration, vibration friction of metal or ceramic abrasive, mechanical extrusion, centrifugal collision and the like. The mode of ultrasonic vibration is that the bendability of the reinforcing phase fiber is utilized, and the ultrasonic vibration mainly acts on the base material which is not easy to bend on the surface; the vibration grinding mode mainly utilizes the mutual friction between the high-frequency vibration of the grinding material and the base material; the mechanical extrusion mode is mainly used for extruding and crushing the base material by roll extrusion or flat plate extrusion within the fracture extension range of the fiber material; the centrifugal collision is to utilize centrifugal force to collide the composite material in a low-temperature state with the inner cavity of the reaction device or an internal fixed structure, so as to crush and separate the matrix material.
Further, the low-temperature treatment is performed by immersing the substrate in a liquid at-100 ℃ or lower, for example, liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, or the like, wherein the liquid is a gas at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature and a liquid at a low-temperature boiling point.
The preferable scheme is as follows: firstly, in a closed environment, mixing a fiber reinforced composite material and liquid nitrogen in a volume ratio of 1: 5-1:10, fully mixing, crushing and separating the low-temperature composite material in a mechanical form of centrifugation, extrusion or ultrasonic vibration, adjusting the time, speed and strength of mechanical crushing according to the structure and state of the treated composite material, opening the closed environment, converting liquid nitrogen into low-temperature gas through pressure loss, and ensuring that the matrix material is kept in a low-temperature state; and finally, classifying and screening the crushed matrix material and the fiber material through mesh screens with different apertures.
Advantageous effects
1. The matrix material in the fiber reinforced composite material can show brittle characteristics at low temperature, while the reinforced fibers such as carbon fibers and the like are still soft at extremely low temperature, the interface chemical substances and the matrix on the surface of the fiber reinforced composite material have different thermal expansion coefficients, and the structure shrinkage/elongation are different at low temperature, so that the interaction force and the microscopic structure separation appear on the interface. The mechanical strength of the matrix material is generally lower than that of the reinforcing phase fiber, so that the matrix material is crushed and separated from the reinforcing phase fiber under the action of external mechanical force, and the scheme can achieve the recovery rate of 80-100%. After the thermal cracking form and the solvent form are treated, the characterization of fiber recovery and the calibration of treatment effect are difficult to carry out. Compared with the traditional thermal cracking mode, the efficiency is greatly improved, and the energy consumption is reduced by 50 percent. Compared with a solvent method, the traditional process consumes solvent with 300 percent of resin content, and the low-temperature process uses no solvent, thereby avoiding investment and other additional cost of the sewage treatment process at the later stage.
2. The low-temperature recovery mode has the advantages of continuous processing, dust reduction, no waste gas, no waste water, low energy consumption, no surface residual carbon, no chemical damage to the fiber and reutilization of the matrix material in the form of powder.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
example 1: and (3) a carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix composite material recovery experiment.
The test raw material adopted in the experiment is T700/T DE-85 prepreg which is composed of carbon fiber as a reinforcing material and modified epoxy resin as a matrix, and the fiber volume content of the prepreg is 58-2%. The density of the carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite material is 1.6g/cm3。
The prepreg has excellent performance, and the composite material prepared from the prepreg has excellent mechanical property and better toughness, and is suitable for being used at ultralow temperature. The experiment is researched for a carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix composite material, and the type of the reinforced fiber is 12k T700 carbon fiber.
The SYJH-200 type manual rapid cutting machine is adopted in the experiment, the machine is suitable for rough machining of various composite materials, crystalline ceramics, glass, rocks, metallographic samples and other materials, the diamond saw blade, the electric lock diamond saw blade and the resin saw blade can be used in the machine, and the electric lock diamond saw blade is adopted in the process of cutting the composite materials.
160g of carbon fiber composite material experiment sample is placed in liquid nitrogen for processing for 120h, 160g of carbon fiber composite material is placed in liquid oxygen for processing for 120h, the cross section appearance of the sample subjected to ultralow temperature treatment is observed by adopting a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the pulling-up and bending performance are carried out on a universal testing machine, and the loading rate is 2 mm/min.
After the carbon fiber composite material is treated by liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen for 120 hours, the tensile strength of the carbon fiber composite material is similar to that of 1450MPa and 1440MPa respectively, and the tensile strength of the carbon fiber composite material is reduced by about 14.4% and 15.3% compared with that of a carbon fiber composite material sample (1700 MPa) which is not subjected to ultralow-temperature treatment; the bending strength of the carbon fiber composite material treated by liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen for 120 hours is greatly improved and respectively reaches 1100MPa and 1093MPa, and the bending strength of a carbon fiber composite material sample which is not treated at ultralow temperature is 700MPa and respectively rises by about 58 percent and 56 percent; the observation of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that cracks appear on the cross section of the carbon fiber composite material, which is mainly caused by the fact that the thermal expansion coefficient of an epoxy resin matrix in the carbon fiber composite material is larger than that of carbon fibers, and when the temperature is reduced from room temperature to the temperature of liquid nitrogen or liquid oxygen, the shrinkage deformation of the resin matrix and the carbon fibers is not coordinated, so that the cracks are generated, and the mechanical property of the carbon fiber composite material is influenced.
At this time, the base material is crushed and separated by a mechanical external force in a low temperature state, and the mechanical pressing method crushes the base material mainly by pressing with a roll or a flat plate within the fracture elongation range of the fiber material. And finally, classifying and screening the crushed base material and the fiber material through mesh screens with different apertures. The recovery volume of the carbon fiber composite material after the liquid nitrogen treatment is as follows58 cm3The recovery rate is 99 percent, and the recovery volume of the carbon fiber composite material after liquid oxygen treatment is 55 cm3And the recovery rate is 95 percent.
Example 2: aramid fiber reinforced material recovery experiment.
The test raw material adopted in the experiment is K49/U235 prepreg which is composed of aramid fiber as a reinforcing material and modified polyurethane resin as a matrix, and the fiber volume content of the prepreg is 50 Shi 2%. The density of the aramid fiber reinforced polyurethane resin composite material is 1.33 g/cm3。
The prepreg has excellent performance, and the composite material prepared from the prepreg has excellent mechanical property and better toughness, and is suitable for being used at ultralow temperature. The experiment is researched for the aramid fiber reinforced polyurethane resin matrix composite material, and the type of the reinforced fiber is K49 aramid fiber.
The SYJH-200 type manual rapid cutting machine is adopted in the experiment, the machine is suitable for rough machining of various composite materials, crystalline ceramics, glass, rocks, metallographic samples and other materials, the diamond saw blade, the electric lock diamond saw blade and the resin saw blade can be used in the machine, and the electric lock diamond saw blade is adopted in the process of cutting the composite materials.
Placing 133g of aramid fiber composite material experimental sample in liquid nitrogen for processing for 100h, placing 133g of aramid fiber composite material in liquid oxygen for processing for 100h, observing the cross section morphology of the sample subjected to ultralow temperature treatment by adopting a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and performing pulling-up and bending performance on a universal testing machine at a loading rate of 2 mm/min.
After the treatment of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen for 100 hours, the tensile strength of the aramid fiber composite material is similar to that of 755MPa and 810MPa respectively, and the tensile strength of the aramid fiber composite material are reduced by about 22.9 percent and 17.3 percent compared with that of an aramid fiber composite material sample (980 MPa) which is not subjected to ultralow-temperature treatment; the cross section of the aramid fiber composite material is observed by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and cracks appear on the cross section of the aramid fiber composite material, mainly because the thermal expansion coefficient of a polyurethane resin matrix in the aramid fiber composite material is larger than that of the aramid fiber, and when the temperature is reduced from room temperature to the temperature of liquid nitrogen or liquid oxygen, the shrinkage deformation of the resin matrix and the aramid fiber is not coordinated, so that the cracks are generated, and the mechanical property of the aramid fiber composite material is influenced.
At this time, the base material is crushed and separated by a mechanical external force in a low temperature state, and the mechanical pressing method crushes the base material mainly by pressing with a roll or a flat plate within the fracture elongation range of the fiber material. And finally, classifying and screening the crushed base material and the fiber material through mesh screens with different apertures. Finally, the recovery volume of the aramid fiber composite material treated by liquid nitrogen is 47 cm3The recovery rate is 95 percent, and the recovery volume of the aramid fiber composite material after liquid oxygen treatment is cm3And the recovery rate is 92 percent.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (7)
1. A method of recycling a fiber reinforced composite material, comprising:
firstly, carrying out low-temperature treatment on the fiber reinforced composite material to enable the fiber reinforced composite material to be in a state that a matrix material is embrittled and reinforcing fibers are not embrittled;
then mechanically crushing the treated reinforced fiber material to enable the matrix material and the reinforced fiber in the fiber reinforced composite material to be separated from each other;
and finally, screening the crushed matrix material and the reinforced fiber material through a screening device.
2. A method of recycling a fiber reinforced composite material according to claim 1, wherein: the screening device is a mesh screen with different apertures.
3. A method of recycling a fiber reinforced composite material according to claim 1, wherein: the mechanical crushing mode comprises any one of ultrasonic vibration, vibration friction of metal or ceramic abrasive, mechanical extrusion and centrifugal collision.
4. A method of recycling a fiber reinforced composite material according to claim 1, wherein: the low-temperature treatment mode is to use liquid immersion below-100 ℃.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of recycling the fiber reinforced composite material comprises: the liquid is gas at normal atmospheric pressure and normal temperature, and is liquid at low-temperature boiling point.
6. A method of recycling a fiber-reinforced composite material according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein: firstly, mixing a fiber reinforced composite material with liquid nitrogen in a closed environment, then crushing and separating the low-temperature composite material in a mechanical form of centrifugation, extrusion or ultrasonic vibration, adjusting the time, speed and strength of mechanical crushing according to the structure and state of the treated composite material, then opening the closed environment, converting the liquid nitrogen into low-temperature gas through pressure loss, and ensuring that the matrix material is kept in a low-temperature state; and finally, classifying and screening the crushed matrix material and the fiber material through mesh screens with different apertures.
7. The method of recycling fiber reinforced composite materials according to claim 6, characterized in that: the volume ratio of the fiber reinforced composite material to the liquid nitrogen is 1: 5-1:10.
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN112936660A (en) * | 2021-01-27 | 2021-06-11 | 青岛中维新材料有限公司 | Method for digesting aramid spinning waste |
CN115044097A (en) * | 2022-06-24 | 2022-09-13 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | Recovery method of waste fiber reinforced composite material |
CN115556271A (en) * | 2022-11-14 | 2023-01-03 | 国能龙源环保有限公司 | Method for separating and enriching resin in waste wind power blade |
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CN109648742A (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2019-04-19 | 暨南大学 | A kind of micro- plastics of irregular shape and its preparation method and application |
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WO2004089610A2 (en) * | 2003-04-09 | 2004-10-21 | Mohammad Hassan Bahardoust | Method for utilizing polymer-reinforced elastomer products, fiber fraction, mixed bituminous material, construction material, and device |
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