CN111233352A - Method for preparing active mixed material by using material containing tobermorite phase - Google Patents
Method for preparing active mixed material by using material containing tobermorite phase Download PDFInfo
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- CN111233352A CN111233352A CN201911280252.3A CN201911280252A CN111233352A CN 111233352 A CN111233352 A CN 111233352A CN 201911280252 A CN201911280252 A CN 201911280252A CN 111233352 A CN111233352 A CN 111233352A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/24—Cements from oil shales, residues or waste other than slag
- C04B7/246—Cements from oil shales, residues or waste other than slag from waste building materials, e.g. waste asbestos-cement products, demolition waste
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/36—Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
- C04B7/38—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches, e.g. mixing with fuel
- C04B7/42—Active ingredients added before, or during, the burning process
- C04B7/421—Inorganic materials
- C04B7/425—Acids or salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/36—Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
- C04B7/43—Heat treatment, e.g. precalcining, burning, melting; Cooling
- C04B7/44—Burning; Melting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
Abstract
The invention provides a method for preparing an active mixed material by using a material containing tobermorite phase, wherein the material containing the tobermorite phase is a waste aerated concrete block or a waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material, and the method comprises the following steps: crushing a material containing tobermorite phase into fragments; then mixing and calcining the fragments, and cooling to room temperature; and finally, placing the treated fragments into a ball mill for ball milling to obtain the pozzolan active material. The main hydration product tobermorite calcium silicate hydrate in the activated material is in an amorphous state, has good hydrolysis capacity and reaction capacity, and the activated material is subjected to activity test, and data shows that the material has pozzolanic activity, and the 28-day compressive strength can reach about 90% of that of a standard cement mortar test block.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of resource utilization of inorganic solid wastes, in particular to a method for preparing a volcanic ash active mixed material by utilizing waste aerated concrete containing tobermorite phase and tobermorite type calcium silicate heat-insulating materials.
Background
The main mineral phase in the calcium silicate heat-insulating material and the aerated concrete block is tobermorite, and the content of the tobermorite is more than 60 percent. The aerated concrete block has light dead weight and good heat insulation performance, can be used as a wall material of an energy-saving building, and has become a leading product of a novel building wall market in various places. But the strength is not high, a large amount of blocks are damaged in the production process, the damage rate in the production process of common aerated concrete block enterprises reaches 5% -8%, in addition, the damage in the factory transportation and the construction site use process can reach about 10%, the rejection rate of some enterprises can even reach 15%, and the reuse of waste aerated concrete blocks is a problem to be solved urgently in vast aerated concrete block plants.
Lime and silica are hydrothermally synthesized into tobermorite in a solution with a water-solid ratio of 6-10 by saturated steam at 180-200 ℃, and tobermorite powder is pressed to form a calcium silicate heat insulation material through solid-liquid separation, wherein the tobermorite content of the calcium silicate heat insulation material is more than 90%. The tobermorite type calcium silicate heat-insulating material is widely applied to the fields of heat-engine plant pipeline heat insulation, steam pipeline heat insulation, refrigeration house heat insulation and the like. The tobermorite has fibrous morphology, and the tobermorite type calcium silicate heat-insulating material is low in structural strength formed by mutually winding, embedding and meshing fibers, and is seriously damaged in the processes of equipment maintenance and heat-insulating material installation. A large amount of waste tobermorite calcium silicate heat-insulating materials are generated in annual equipment maintenance and pipeline heat-insulating material replacement, and serious environmental pollution needs to be solved urgently.
The recycling nature of the waste aerated concrete and the waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material aims at the modification and utilization of tobermorite.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preparing an active admixture by using a material containing tobermorite phase, which can treat waste aerated concrete and calcium silicate heat-insulating materials by using the principle and use the activated aerated concrete and the activated calcium silicate heat-insulating materials for the volcanic ash active admixture.
The technical scheme for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows: a method for preparing an active admixture by using a material containing tobermorite phase comprises the following steps:
(1) processing a material containing tobermorite phase into fragments;
(2) putting the fragments into a stirrer, spraying a sodium sulfate aqueous solution, stirring and spraying for 1-2 minutes to prepare a mixture;
(3) calcining the mixture at 600-825 ℃ for 1-2 hours, and then cooling to room temperature;
(4) and (5) ball-milling to obtain the pozzolanic active mixed material.
Further, the material containing the tobermorite phase is a material with the content of the tobermorite phase more than 60 percent, and can be waste aerated concrete blocks and waste calcium silicate heat-insulating materials.
Further, the material containing tobermorite phase is processed into fragments, and the particle size of the material is controlled to be 10-50 mm.
Further, the mass ratio of the tobermorite phase-containing material to the sodium sulfate aqueous solution is 100: 5-15, wherein the mass concentration of the sodium sulfate aqueous solution is 20 wt%.
Furthermore, the temperature rise speed during calcination is controlled to be 5-10 ℃/min.
Furthermore, after ball milling, the residual content of 200-mesh sieve is controlled to be less than 5%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages: (1) calcining waste aerated concrete and calcium silicate heat-insulating material particles containing tobermorite phase at 600-850 ℃, preserving heat for 1-2 hours, and after calcining activation treatment, amorphizing tobermorite (calcium silicate hydrate) phase, so that the tobermorite phase has good hydrolysis capacity and reaction capacity; (2) the activated waste aerated concrete blocks and calcium silicate heat-insulating materials are subjected to activity test according to test materials and requirements for industrial waste residue activity of cement mixing materials specified in GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for Industrial waste residue Activity of Cement mixing materials, and a quantitative experiment method for potential hydraulicity, pozzolan activity and 28-day compressive strength ratio of cement. Test data show that the aerated concrete block and the calcium silicate heat-insulating material after activation have pozzolanic activity; and (3) the problem of resource recycling of waste aerated concrete blocks and waste calcium silicate heat-insulating materials is effectively solved, the utilization rate is high, the problem of waste stacking is solved, and the benefit of additional products is increased.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a thermal analysis (DSC) plot of tobermorite.
Fig. 2 is an XRD spectrum of tobermorite of the present invention after activation at different activation temperatures.
FIG. 3 shows the active available calcium content of tobermorite according to the invention after activation at different activation temperatures.
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of 1.13 nmTOB (a) and monoclinic TOB (b).
Fig. 5 is an SEM image of tobermorite crystals of the waste aerated concrete block (a) and the calcium silicate insulation material (b).
Detailed Description
The invention is further elucidated with reference to the figures and embodiments.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
3.1 inventive principle ① Regulation and control relationship between Tolbecco mullite crystal structure and activation temperature
As can be seen from the thermal analysis (DSC) graph (figure 1) of tobermorite, a wider endothermic peak exists between 100 ℃ and 300 ℃, which is the free water of tobermorite and the dehydration of part of interlayer water. There was an endothermic peak at 750 ℃ and 825 ℃ respectively, with mass loss, and the remaining interlayer water was completely removed. After 825 deg.c, there is a strong exothermic peak, indicating that above 825 deg.c phase change occurs and a new phase is formed.
Figure 2 is an XRD diffraction pattern of tobermorite calcined at different temperatures. Usually by observation
The diffraction peak intensity of (a) determines whether or not the tobermorite phase and the tobermorite phase are present. As can be seen from fig. 2, the characteristic diffraction peak of tobermorite is very significant in the sample at 150 ℃; method for preparing tobermorite in sample with activation temperature of 600 DEG C
Characteristic diffraction Peak (2 θ)The intensity of 7.7 degrees is obviously weakened, the diffraction peak is widened, the crystal structure is gradually disintegrated, and the amorphization is enhanced; method for preparing tobermorite in sample with activation temperature of 735-850 DEG C
The characteristic diffraction peak (2 θ ═ 7.7 °) had disappeared, indicating that the crystal structure phase of tobermorite changed to a disordered state, forming an amorphous state. The strongest characteristic peak at 850 ℃ is wollastonite
And
characteristic diffraction peaks, starting with new crystalline phases.
3.2 inventive principles ② hydrolytic Properties of calcined reinforcing materials and calcium ion concentration in solution
And (3) testing the effective calcium oxide of the calcined tobermorite aqueous solution by a sucrose method, wherein the sucrose method is used for testing the effective calcium oxide by the sucrose method, according to the result, the calcium oxide has low solubility in water, sucrose with high solubility can be formed by adding sucrose and reacting with the calcium oxide, and calcium oxide in the sucrose calcium is titrated with hydrochloric acid. The activated tobermorite generates water in water to explain the release of calcium ions, so that the activation effect of the tobermorite can be judged by a sucrose method.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, the effective calcium content of tobermorite calcined at 100-600 ℃ is 0.88-2.045%; the effective calcium content of the tobermorite calcined at 700-825 ℃ is obviously increased to 5.174-5.233%, which shows that the hydrolysis performance of the tobermorite calcined is increased, the release quantity of calcium ions is increased, and the tobermorite has the hydration hardening capacity; the effective calcium content of tobermorite is obviously reduced to 1.712-0.863 percent after calcination at 900 ℃ and 1000 ℃, which shows that the tobermorite forms wollastonite at the temperature, the hydrolysis performance is reduced, and the hydration capability is weakened.
The hydrolytic capacity of tobermorite can be illustrated by the following chemical equation:
5CaO6SiO25H2o (calcined at 600-825 deg.C) → 5CaO6SiO2(dehydroxy, amorphous form) (1)
5CaO6SiO2(dehydroxy, amorphous) + mH2O→xCa2++yOH-+H2SiO4 2-(2)
The reaction formula (2) is the main reason for increasing the available calcium, and the activity of tobermorite calcined and activated in the range of 600-750-825 ℃ is the highest according to the change rule of the available calcium content along with the calcination temperature of the activated tobermorite. As can be seen from the reaction formula (2), the activated tobermorite hydrolysis solution contains Ca2+、H2SiO4 2-、OH-And the like, and has strong rehydration capability.
3.3 principle of invention ③ Anhydrous sodium sulfate as activating assistant in the process of calcining tobermorite
Adding 1-3% of anhydrous sodium sulfate in a solution mode before calcining, and uniformly distributing the anhydrous sodium sulfate in tobermorite materials in a spraying mode, wherein the anhydrous sodium sulfate solution is quickly absorbed by the tobermorite due to the fact that the tobermorite has a large specific surface area and high water absorption rate. In the calcining process, the anhydrous sodium sulfate promotes the crystal structure of tobermorite to be decomposed and amorphized, and further tobermorite activation treatment is realized. The activated tobermorite is hydrolyzed to release Ca under the action of water2+、H2SiO4 2-、OH-Etc. sodium sulfate hydrolyzes Na in aqueous solution+、SO4 2-，OH-、Na+Has strong alkalinity and strong alkali excitation effect on the volcanic ash material, and forms calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H gel) with the chemical reaction formula as follows:
xCa2++yOH-+H2SiO4 2-+mNa+→C-S-H gel+NaOH (3)
sulfate radical (SO)4 2-) With calcium ions (Ca)2+) Form nanoscale precipitated calcium sulfate (CaSO)4.2H2O) has a sulfate-stimulating effect on activated tobermorite, forming calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H g)el) chemical reaction formula (4). Therefore, the activation of tobermorite by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate during calcination forms dual-activity excitation, namely high-temperature tobermorite amorphous activation and normal-temperature volcanic ash activity excitation.
xCa2++yOH-+H2SiO4 2-+SO4 2-→C-S-H gel+CaSO4(4)
Crystalline tobermorite 5 CaO.6SiO2·5H2O is the main hydration product of the aerated concrete block and the calcium silicate heat-insulating material, has the characteristic of a layered structure,
the layer of TOB units is formed of sheets of six coordinated calcium polyhedra parallel to (001) and wollastonite-like silicate chains (known as the "dreierkenten" model, consisting of pairs of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra and bridging tetrahedra, with each three silicon-oxygen tetrahedra making up a period) and extends along the b-axis. These strands connect adjacent unit layers and form a double-stranded structure by bridging oxygens. Ca is present in the channels between the unit layers2+Ions and water molecules. Fig. 4 is a crystal structure diagram of tobermorite, the tobermorite phase having a lamellar morphology. Fig. 5 is an SEM image of tobermorite in the waste aerated concrete block and the calcium silicate heat insulating material, and it can be seen that a large amount of tobermorite in a well-grown crystalline state exists inside the aerated concrete block and the calcium silicate heat insulating material. The crystalline tobermorite has a very stable structure at normal temperature and does not have the rehydration capability, and the content of tobermorite phase in the aerated concrete and the calcium silicate heat-insulating material is more than 60 percent.
The invention relates to an activation method of waste aerated concrete blocks containing tobermorite phases and calcium silicate heat-insulating materials, which comprises the following steps:
(1) crushing waste aerated concrete blocks or calcium silicate heat-insulating materials into fragments, wherein the particle size of the fragments is controlled to be 10-50 mm;
(2) preparing anhydrous sodium sulfate into a 20wt% aqueous solution;
(3) putting the waste aerated concrete or calcium silicate heat-insulating material fragments into a stirrer, spraying a sodium sulfate aqueous solution, stirring while spraying, and stirring for 1-2 minutes to prepare a mixture, wherein the mass ratio of the waste aerated concrete or calcium silicate heat-insulating material fragments to the sodium sulfate aqueous solution is 100: 5 to 15.
(4) And calcining the mixture, controlling the temperature rise speed to be 5-10 ℃/min, the calcining temperature to be 600-825 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1-2 hours, and then cooling to the room temperature.
(5) And (3) placing the calcined material into a ball mill for ball milling, and controlling the sieve residue of 200 meshes to be less than 5% to obtain the pozzolan active mixed material.
(6) The activity test is carried out on the pozzolan active mixed material according to the test material and the requirement for the industrial waste residue activity of the cement mixed material specified in GB/T12957-2005 experimental method for the industrial waste residue activity of cement mixed materials, and the method for quantitative experiment of the potential hydraulicity, pozzolan activity and 28-day compressive strength ratio of cement. Test data show that the activated aerated concrete block or calcium silicate heat-insulating material has pozzolanic activity, and the strength retention rate of standard mortar doped with 30% pozzolanic active mixed material is 90-100%.
Example 1: the method for activating the waste aerated concrete blocks comprises the following steps:
(1) crushing the waste aerated concrete blocks into aerated concrete fragments, wherein the size of the fragments is 1-5 cm;
(2) anhydrous sodium sulfate was prepared as a 20% aqueous solution.
(3) The mass ratio of the waste aerated concrete to the sodium sulfate aqueous solution is 100: 15.
(4) calcining the aerated concrete fragments at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min for 2 hours at 600 ℃, and then cooling by air cooling or natural cooling to room temperature;
(5) and (3) putting the aerated concrete blocks after treatment into a ball mill for ball milling, wherein the fineness is controlled to be less than or equal to 5 percent after 200 meshes.
According to the test materials and requirements for the industrial waste residue activity of the cement mixed material specified in GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for the activity of the industrial waste residue of the cement mixed material, and the quantitative experiment method for the potential hydraulicity, the pozzolanic activity and the 28-day compressive strength ratio of the cement, the activity test is carried out on the aerated concrete block calcined and activated at the temperature of 600 ℃. The test data are shown in table 1 below.
TABLE 1
GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for the activity of industrial waste residues of cement admixtures states that a test piece doped with 30% of a pozzolanic active substance is considered to have pozzolanic activity if the 28-day compressive strength of the test piece is greater than 65% of the compressive strength of a test piece not doped with a pozzolanic active substance. The test data shows that the aerated concrete block calcined and activated at 600 ℃ has the pozzolanic activity.
Example 2: the method for activating the waste aerated concrete blocks comprises the following steps:
(1) crushing the waste aerated concrete blocks into aerated concrete fragments, wherein the size of the aerated concrete fragments is 1-5 cm;
(2) preparing 20% aqueous solution of anhydrous sodium sulfate, and mixing the aqueous solution of anhydrous sodium sulfate with the waste aerated concrete according to the mass ratio of 100: 10.
(3) calcining the aerated concrete fragments at a heating rate of 7.5 ℃/min for 1.5 hours at 700 ℃, and then cooling by air cooling or natural cooling to room temperature;
(4) and (3) putting the aerated concrete blocks after treatment into a ball mill for ball milling, wherein the fineness is controlled to be less than or equal to 5 percent after 200 meshes.
According to the test materials and requirements for the industrial waste residue activity of the cement mixed material specified in GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for the activity of the industrial waste residue of the cement mixed material, and the quantitative experiment method for the potential hydraulicity, the pozzolanic activity and the 28-day compressive strength ratio of the cement, the activity test is carried out on the aerated concrete block calcined and activated at 700 ℃. The test data are shown in table 2 below.
TABLE 2
GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for the activity of industrial waste residues of cement admixtures states that a test piece doped with 30% of a pozzolanic active substance is considered to have pozzolanic activity if the 28-day compressive strength of the test piece is greater than 65% of the compressive strength of a test piece not doped with a pozzolanic active substance. The test data shows that the aerated concrete block calcined and activated at 700 ℃ has the pozzolanic activity.
Example 3: the method for activating the waste aerated concrete blocks comprises the following steps:
(1) crushing the waste aerated concrete blocks into aerated concrete fragments, wherein the size of the aerated concrete fragments is 1-5 cm;
(2) preparing 20% aqueous solution of anhydrous sodium sulfate, and mixing the aqueous solution of anhydrous sodium sulfate with the waste aerated concrete according to the mass ratio of 100: 5, mixing.
(3) Calcining the aerated concrete fragments at the temperature rising speed of 10 ℃/min for 1 hour at 825 ℃, and then cooling the aerated concrete fragments to room temperature by air cooling or natural cooling;
(4) and (3) putting the aerated concrete blocks after treatment into a ball mill for ball milling, wherein the fineness is controlled to be less than or equal to 5 percent after 200 meshes.
According to the test materials and requirements for the industrial waste residue activity of the cement mixed material specified in GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for the activity of the industrial waste residue of the cement mixed material, and the quantitative experiment method for the potential hydraulicity, pozzolan activity and 28-day compressive strength ratio of the cement, the activity test is carried out on the aerated concrete block calcined and activated at 825 ℃. The test data are shown in table 3 below.
TABLE 3
GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for the activity of industrial waste residues of cement admixtures states that a test piece doped with 30% of a pozzolanic active substance is considered to have pozzolanic activity if the 28-day compressive strength of the test piece is greater than 65% of the compressive strength of a test piece not doped with a pozzolanic active substance. The test data shows that the aerated concrete block calcined and activated at 825 ℃ has the pozzolanic activity.
Example 4: the method for activating the waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material comprises the following steps:
(1) crushing the waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material into aerated concrete fragments, wherein the size of each aerated concrete fragment is 1-5 cm;
(2) preparing 20% aqueous solution of anhydrous sodium sulfate, and mixing the waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material and the aqueous solution of sodium sulfate according to the mass ratio of 100: 5, mixing.
(3) Calcining the waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material, controlling the heating rate at 10 ℃/min, calcining for 1 hour at 800 ℃, and then cooling to room temperature by air cooling or natural cooling;
(4) and (3) putting the treated waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material into a ball mill for ball milling, wherein the fineness is controlled to be less than or equal to 5 percent of the residual of 200 meshes.
According to the test material and the requirement for the industrial waste residue activity of the cement mixed material specified in GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for the activity of the industrial waste residue of the cement mixed material, and the quantitative experiment method for the potential hydraulicity, the pozzolanic activity and the 28-day compressive strength ratio of the cement, the activity test is carried out on the waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material calcined and activated at 825 ℃. The test data are shown in table 4 below.
TABLE 4
GB/T12957-2005 Experimental method for the activity of industrial waste residues of cement admixtures states that a test piece doped with 30% of a pozzolanic active substance is considered to have pozzolanic activity if the 28-day compressive strength of the test piece is greater than 65% of the compressive strength of a test piece not doped with a pozzolanic active substance. The inspection data shows that the waste calcium silicate heat-insulating material calcined and activated at 800 ℃ has the pozzolanic activity.
Claims (7)
1. A method for preparing an active admixture by using a material containing tobermorite phase is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) processing a material containing tobermorite phase into fragments;
(2) putting the fragments into a stirrer, spraying a sodium sulfate aqueous solution, stirring and spraying for 1-2 minutes to prepare a mixture;
(3) calcining the mixture at 600-825 ℃ for 1-2 hours, and then cooling to room temperature;
(4) and (5) ball-milling to obtain the pozzolanic active mixed material.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the material containing the tobermorite phase is a material having a tobermorite phase content of greater than 60%.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the material containing tobermorite phase is any one of waste aerated concrete blocks and waste calcium silicate insulation.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tobermorite phase-containing material is processed into fragments, the particle size of which is controlled to be 10 to 50 mm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the tobermorite phase containing material to the aqueous sodium sulfate solution is 100: 5-15, wherein the mass concentration of the sodium sulfate aqueous solution is 20 wt%.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature rise rate during the calcination is controlled to 5 ℃/min to 10 ℃/min.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the 200 mesh sieve is controlled to have less than 5% residue after ball milling.
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| CN113213846A (en) * | 2021-05-19 | 2021-08-06 | 哈尔滨工业大学（深圳） | Cement mortar and preparation method thereof |
| CN113354312A (en) * | 2021-05-25 | 2021-09-07 | 上海大学 | Method for preparing active cementing material by using industrial waste residues and prepared active cementing material |
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