CN111222644A - Control method of quantum bit in superconducting chip and related equipment thereof - Google Patents
Control method of quantum bit in superconducting chip and related equipment thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The embodiment of the application discloses a control method of a qubit in a superconducting quantum chip, which is used for realizing the logic gate operation of a first qubit by means of an auxiliary qubit. The superconducting quantum chip comprises an auxiliary qubit and a qubit set, wherein the auxiliary qubit is connected with each qubit in the qubit set, and the method comprises the following steps: controlling a frequency of a first qubit, the set of qubits including the first qubit; swapping quantum states of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubits when the frequency of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubits, wherein the changed frequency of the first qubit is different from the frequencies of the other qubits in the set of qubits; and carrying out logic gate operation on the auxiliary quantum bit after quantum state exchange.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of communications, and in particular, to a method for controlling qubits in a superconducting chip and related devices.
Background
A Qubit on a superconducting chip is a carrier of a quantum state, and carries quantum information. Superconducting quantum computing has the advantage of high operating speed and is widely applied to people, quantum computing is divided into single-bit logic gate computing and two-bit logic gate computing, and the two-bit logic gates comprise quantum state switching operation, controlled not-gate operation (CNOT), controlled phase gate operation (CZ) and the like.
In a superconducting quantum computing system, single-bit logic gate calculation is realized by changing the frequency of an input microwave pulse signal, two-bit logic gate calculation is realized by adjusting the frequency of two qubits to enable the two qubits to resonate to generate interaction, and the two qubits are required to be connected by a wired circuit for realizing the calculation of the two-bit logic gate. In the design of the existing superconducting chip, each Qubit is only coupled and connected with an adjacent Qubit, when a certain Qubit needs to operate a two-bit logic gate with another remote Qubit, a resonant cavity is generally adopted to connect the Qubit and the remote Qubit, the frequencies of the two qubits are fixed, and the two-bit logic gate operation of the two qubits is completed by changing the frequency of the resonant cavity to resonate with the two qubits respectively.
Therefore, when two qubits are used for the two-bit logic gate operation, the frequency of the resonant cavity needs to be changed, and if other qubits except the two qubits are connected to the resonant cavity, the resonant cavity inevitably resonates with other qubits, which affects other qubits connected to the resonant cavity, and finally affects the accuracy of the quantum computation result.
Disclosure of Invention
A first aspect of the application provides a method of controlling a qubit in a superconducting qubit chip comprising an auxiliary qubit and a set of qubits, the auxiliary qubit being connected to each qubit in the set of qubits, the method comprising:
when the logic gate operation of the first qubit is required, controlling the frequency of the first qubit, and changing the frequency of the first qubit to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, so that the auxiliary qubit and the first qubit resonate, wherein after the resonance is X-time long, quantum states of the auxiliary qubit and the first qubit are exchanged, and then the two qubits are adjusted back to the original frequency, wherein X is a number greater than or equal to 0. Wherein the first qubit is any one of the qubits in the qubit set.
Meanwhile, the frequency of the changed first qubit is different from the frequencies of the other qubits in the qubit set, so that the resonance of the auxiliary qubit and the other qubits does not occur when the auxiliary qubit is in frequency resonance with the first qubit.
And then, performing logic gate operation on the qubits by using the quantum state exchanged auxiliary qubits, namely completing the logic gate operation process of the first qubit.
The embodiment of the application has the following advantages: by controlling the frequency of the first qubit, when the frequency of the first qubit is changed to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, the first qubit resonates with the auxiliary qubit to generate quantum state exchange, and the frequency of the changed first qubit is different from the frequency of any one qubit in the qubit set, and then the logic gate operation of the qubit is completed through the auxiliary qubit after the quantum state exchange.
Based on the first aspect, in a first implementable manner of the first aspect, controlling the frequency of the first qubit may specifically be: the auxiliary qubit frequency is unchanged, the frequency of the first qubit is adjusted to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, and the two resonate.
In this embodiment, the frequency of the auxiliary qubit is set in advance, and the frequency of the auxiliary qubit is different from the frequency of any one of the qubits in the set of qubits before the change.
Controlling the frequency of the first qubit may specifically be: the frequency of the first qubit and the frequency of the auxiliary qubit are adjusted to both target frequencies, and both resonate.
In the present embodiment, the target frequency is set in advance, and the target frequency is different from the frequency of any one qubit in the set of qubits before the change.
In this embodiment, when the auxiliary qubit and the first qubit are subjected to quantum state exchange, the resonance frequency of the auxiliary qubit and the first qubit is different from that of any one of the qubits in the set of qubits before the change, so that when the auxiliary qubit and the first qubit are subjected to quantum state exchange, the possibility of resonance between the auxiliary qubit and other qubits in the set of qubits is avoided.
Based on the first implementable manner of the first aspect, in a second implementable manner of the first aspect, for a two-bit logic gate operation scenario of the first qubit and the second qubit, the set of qubits further comprises the second qubit;
performing logic gate operations on the quantum state exchanged ancillary qubits includes:
and controlling the frequency of the second qubit, changing the frequency of the second qubit to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, enabling the auxiliary qubit and the auxiliary qubit to resonate, enabling the auxiliary qubit and the second qubit after quantum state exchange to perform two-bit logic gate operation after Y duration of resonance, and then adjusting the two frequencies back to the original frequencies. Wherein Y is a number different from X.
In this embodiment, the resonance frequency of the second qubit and the auxiliary qubit is different from the frequency of any one of the qubits in the qubit set, so that when the two qubits resonate, the auxiliary qubit does not resonate with other qubits in the qubit set.
Meanwhile, the manner of controlling the frequency of the second qubit is similar to the manner of controlling the first qubit in the first implementable manner of the first aspect, and the frequency of the auxiliary qubit may or may not be changed, which is not described herein again in detail.
In this embodiment, the two-bit logic gate operation of the first qubit and the second qubit can be performed via the auxiliary qubit without causing resonance of the auxiliary qubit with other qubits in the qubit set.
Based on the first implementable manner of the first aspect, in a third implementable manner of the first aspect, for a single-bit logic gate operation scenario of a first qubit, the auxiliary qubit includes a single-bit gate control interface or the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit include a single-bit gate control interface, where the single-bit gate control interface is used to input a single-bit gate control signal;
performing logic gate operations on the quantum state exchanged ancillary qubits includes:
controlling the frequency of the single-bit gate control signal of the auxiliary qubit, changing the frequency of the single-bit gate control signal to be the same as the auxiliary qubit, controlling the frequency of the single-bit gate control signal in a manner similar to that of controlling the first qubit in the first implementable manner of the first aspect, wherein the frequency of the auxiliary qubit may be changed or not changed, and details are not repeated here. The frequency change of the single-bit gate control signal is the same frequency as the auxiliary qubit, which performs a single-bit logic gate operation.
In this embodiment, for the single-bit logic gate operation of the first qubit, the quantum state of the auxiliary qubit is exchanged with the quantum state of the first qubit, so that the logic gate operation of the qubit is completed by using the exchanged auxiliary qubit, and at this time, it is only necessary to ensure that the auxiliary qubit is provided with the single-bit gate control interface, and therefore, only the auxiliary qubit is required to have the single-bit logic gate control interface.
Based on the first aspect and any one of the first to third realizable manners of the first aspect, all or part of the qubits in the qubit set are connected to the ground-state qubit, and the first qubit is connected to the ground-state qubit, the ground-state qubit is a qubit whose quantum state is the ground state, the coherence time of the ground-state qubit is very short and is less than that of each qubit connected to the ground-state qubit, and the ground-state qubit can quickly return to the ground state after being excited.
The method further comprises the following steps:
and controlling the frequency of the first qubit, adjusting the frequency of the first qubit to be the same as that of the ground-state qubit, enabling the first qubit and the ground-state qubit to resonate, exchanging the quantum state of the first qubit and the quantum state of the ground-state qubit after the resonance lasts for a period of time, and changing the quantum state of the first qubit into the ground state, so that the initialization of the first qubit is realized. The frequency of the frequency changed qubit is then tuned back to the original frequency.
In this embodiment, the frequency of the changed first qubit is different from the frequency of the other qubits connected to the ground-state qubit, and therefore, even when the first qubit resonates with the ground-state qubit, the other qubits connected to the ground-state qubit are not affected.
In this embodiment, the initialization process of the first qubit may be implemented by using the ground-state qubit, which saves the system initialization time compared to the existing scheme of waiting for the system to naturally relax to the ground state or adjusting the first qubit to the ground state after measuring the state of the first qubit.
Based on the fourth implementable manner of the first aspect, in a fifth implementable manner of the first aspect, the connecting the qubits in the set of qubits with the ground-state qubits includes:
at least two qubits in the qubit set are connected to the same ground-state qubit, e.g., all qubits in the qubit set are connected to the same ground-state qubit;
or each qubit in the qubit set is connected with one ground state qubit in a one-to-one correspondence.
In this embodiment, the connection relationship between the ground-state qubit and the qubits in the qubit set is described, which increases the implementability of the scheme.
Based on the first aspect and any one of the first to third implementation manners of the first aspect, in a sixth implementation manner of the first aspect, when the number of the qubit sets is at least two, one qubit set and one auxiliary qubit may be connected to form a qubit unit, and then the units are connected together, that is, the connection of the first qubit set and the second qubit set is realized.
In this embodiment, by extending the structure in which the qubits are connected to the auxiliary qubits, the number of qubits connected to each auxiliary qubit is reduced, and the computation time of the superconducting qubit computing system is saved.
Based on the sixth implementable manner of the first aspect, in a seventh implementable manner of the first aspect, the connecting the first set of qubits and the second set of qubits includes:
the auxiliary qubits of the first set of qubits are coupled to the auxiliary qubits of the second set of qubits;
or the auxiliary qubits of the first qubit set and the auxiliary qubits of the second qubit set are respectively connected to two ends of a third qubit.
In this embodiment, the number of the third qubits may be one or multiple, and the third qubits may be new qubits independent from the qubit set, that is, the third qubits do not belong to the qubit set, and the third qubits may also be qubits in the qubit set, in which case the first qubit set and the second qubit set share the third qubits.
In this embodiment, the connection between the first qubit unit and the second qubit unit is described, which increases the flexibility of implementation of the scheme.
Based on the first aspect and any one of the first to third implementation manners of the first aspect, in an eighth implementation manner of the first aspect, the method further includes:
after the first qubit has performed the logic gate operation, the quantum states of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit are exchanged again so that the auxiliary qubit performs the logic gate operation of the qubit of the next cycle.
A second aspect of the application provides a superconducting quantum chip comprising an auxiliary qubit and a set of qubits, the auxiliary qubit being connected with each of the set of qubits, the set of qubits comprising a first qubit;
the first qubit is used for receiving a first control signal sent by a control subsystem, and the first control signal is used for controlling the frequency of the first qubit;
the first qubit further configured to swap quantum states of the auxiliary qubit when a frequency of the first qubit is the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit, wherein the changed frequency of the first qubit is different from frequencies of other qubits in the set of qubits;
the auxiliary qubit to swap quantum states of the first qubit when the frequency of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, wherein the changed frequency of the first qubit is different from the frequencies of other qubits in the set of qubits;
and the auxiliary quantum bit is also used for carrying out logic gate operation on the auxiliary quantum bit after quantum state exchange.
Based on the second aspect, in a first implementable manner of the second aspect, the set of qubits further comprises a second qubit;
the second qubit is used for receiving a second control signal sent by the control subsystem, and the second control signal is used for controlling the frequency of the second qubit;
the auxiliary qubit is specifically configured to perform a two-bit logic gate operation on the quantum state-switched auxiliary qubit and the second qubit when a frequency of the second qubit is the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit, where the changed frequency of the second qubit is different from frequencies of other qubits in the qubit set.
Based on the second aspect, in a second implementation manner of the second aspect, the auxiliary qubit includes a single-bit gate control interface, or the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit include a single-bit gate control interface, where the single-bit gate control interface is used to input a single-bit gate control signal;
the auxiliary qubit is further configured to receive a single-bit gate control signal;
the auxiliary qubit is specifically configured to perform a single-bit logic gate operation on the quantum-state-switched auxiliary qubit when a frequency of a single-bit gate control signal of the auxiliary qubit is the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit, where the changed frequency of the single-bit gate control signal is different from a frequency of any one of the qubits in the qubit set.
In a third implementable manner of the second aspect, based on any of the first to second implementable manners of the second aspect, the superconducting qubit further comprises a ground state qubit, the qubits in the set of qubits being connected to the ground state qubit, the coherence time of the ground state qubit being smaller than the coherence time of each qubit connected to the ground state qubit;
the ground-state qubit is configured to swap quantum states of the first qubit when a frequency of the first qubit is the same as a frequency of the ground-state qubit, wherein the changed frequency of the first qubit is different from frequencies of other qubits connected to the ground-state qubit.
Based on the third implementable manner of the second aspect, in a fourth implementable manner of the second aspect, the connecting of the qubit in the set of qubits and the ground state qubit comprises:
each qubit in the qubit set is connected to the same ground-state qubit;
or each qubit in the qubit set is connected with one ground state qubit in a one-to-one correspondence.
In a fifth implementation form of the second aspect, based on any one of the first to second implementation forms of the second aspect and the second aspect, when the number of qubit sets is at least two, the first qubit set is connected to the second qubit set.
In a sixth implementable manner of the second aspect, based on the fifth implementable manner of the second aspect, the concatenating the first set of qubits and the second set of qubits includes:
the auxiliary qubits of the first set of qubits are coupled to the auxiliary qubits of the second set of qubits;
or the ancillary qubits of the first set of qubits are connected to the ancillary qubits of the second set of qubits by a third qubit.
A third aspect of the present application provides a computer-readable storage medium, which includes instructions that, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform the method according to any one of the first to eighth implementable manners of the first aspect and the first aspect thereof.
A fourth aspect of the present application provides a computer program product containing instructions that, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform the method as described in any one of the first to eighth realizations of the first aspect and the first aspect thereof.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a system block diagram of a superconducting quantum computing system of the present application;
fig. 2(a) is a schematic diagram of a possible structure of a qubit in a superconducting quantum chip of the present application;
fig. 2(b) is a schematic diagram of another possible structure of quantum bit in the superconducting quantum chip of the present application;
fig. 2(c) is a schematic diagram of another possible structure of quantum bit in the superconducting quantum chip of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a method for controlling qubits in a superconducting quantum chip according to the present application;
FIG. 4(a) is a schematic diagram of the operation of a two-bit logic gate of the present application;
FIG. 4(b) is a schematic diagram of the operation of the single-bit logic gate of the present application;
FIG. 5(a) is a schematic diagram of a possible connection structure of multiple qubit units according to the present application;
FIG. 5(b) is another possible connection structure of multiple qubit units of the present application;
FIG. 5(c) is another possible connection structure for multiple qubit units of the present application;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of a logic gate between qubit cells according to the present application;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a control method for qubits in a superconducting quantum chip according to the present application;
FIG. 8(a) is a schematic diagram of another possible connection of qubits in the superconducting quantum chip of the present application;
fig. 8(b) is a schematic diagram of another possible connection of qubits in the superconducting quantum chip of the present application.
Detailed Description
The qubit mentioned in the present application is a superconducting qubit, which is a structure with two energy levels manufactured based on a josephson junction, and has the basic properties of quantum states, such as a quantum superposition state, a quantum entanglement state, and the like.
The application provides a superconducting quantum computing system, and the structure of the superconducting quantum computing system 10 is shown in fig. 1, and comprises a superconducting quantum chip 102, a control subsystem 101 and a measurement subsystem 103.
The control subsystem 101 is used for controlling a Qubit state of a Qubit to perform quantum computation, such as single-bit logic gate computation and two-bit logic gate computation; the superconducting quantum chip 102 is used for carrying quantum computing information; the measurement subsystem 103 is used for reading the last state of the Qubit and obtaining the calculation result of the quantum computation. The superconducting quantum chip 102 is placed in a low-temperature environment, the control subsystem generates pulse modulation signals according to the requirements of quantum computing operation, a series of microwave pulse sequences are input into the superconducting quantum chip to operate the quantum state of the Qubit, after all the operations are completed, the measurement system outputs measurement pulse signals to the superconducting quantum chip, the state information of the Qubit is obtained through the returned signal change, and finally the computing result is obtained.
It is noted that the superconducting quantum computing system 10 of the present application may be integrated on one or more chips.
One possible structure of the superconducting qubit of the present application is shown in fig. 2(a), and includes an auxiliary qubit 1021 and a qubit set, where the qubit set includes a first qubit 1023, and the auxiliary qubit 1021 is connected to each qubit in the qubit set.
The control subsystem sends a first control signal to first qubit 1023 to control the frequency variation of first qubit 1023 to be the same as the frequency of auxiliary qubit 1021, the first control signal being one of the pulse modulated signals described above.
A first qubit 1023 for a quantum state exchange with an auxiliary qubit 1021 when a frequency change of the first qubit 1023 is the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit 1021, wherein the changed frequency of the first qubit 1023 is different from frequencies of other qubits in the set of qubits, and therefore the auxiliary qubit 1021 and the other qubits in the set of qubits do not resonate when the quantum state exchange occurs;
Optionally, the change in frequency of first qubit 1023 to the same frequency as ancillary qubit 1021 may be: the frequency of ancillary qubit 1021 is unchanged, and the control subsystem controls the frequency variation of the first qubit 1023 to the frequency of ancillary qubit 1021 by means of a first control signal;
the change in frequency of first qubit 1023 to the same frequency as ancillary qubit 1021 may also be: the frequency change of the auxiliary qubit 1021 is a target frequency, and the control subsystem controls the frequency change of the first qubit 1023 to be the target frequency through the first control signal, wherein the frequency change of the auxiliary qubit 1021 to be the target frequency is also controlled by the control subsystem in a manner similar to the manner in which the control subsystem controls the frequency of the first qubit 1023, and is not repeated here.
Optionally, the set of qubits further comprises a second qubit;
the first control system sends a second control signal to the second qubit to control a frequency variation of the second qubit to be the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit 1021, the second control signal being one of the above-mentioned pulse modulated signals.
An auxiliary qubit 1021, which is specifically configured to perform a two-bit logic gate operation on the auxiliary qubit 1021 and a second qubit after quantum state exchange with a first qubit when a frequency change of the second qubit is the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit 1021, where a frequency of the changed second qubit is different from frequencies of other qubits in the qubit set, and therefore when the two-bit logic gate operation occurs, the auxiliary qubit 1021 and the other qubits in the qubit set do not resonate;
optionally, the auxiliary qubit 1021 includes a single-bit gate control interface or the first qubit 1023 and the auxiliary qubit 1021 include a single-bit gate control interface at the same time, and the single-bit gate control interface is used for inputting a single-bit gate control signal;
the auxiliary qubit 1021 is further configured to receive a single-bit gate control signal via a single-bit gate control interface of the auxiliary qubit 1021, wherein a frequency of the single-bit gate control signal that can control the auxiliary qubit 1021 is changed to be the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit 1021.
An auxiliary qubit 1021, which is specifically configured to perform a single-bit logic gate operation on the auxiliary qubit 1021 after quantum state exchange when a frequency of a single-bit gate control signal of the auxiliary qubit 1021 is changed to be the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit 1021, where the frequency of the changed single-bit gate control signal is different from a frequency of any one qubit in the qubit set, and therefore, when the single-bit logic gate operation is performed, the auxiliary qubit 1021 and any one qubit in the qubit set do not resonate;
optionally, the superconducting quantum chip further includes a ground-state qubit 1024, where all or part of qubits in the qubit set are connected to the ground-state qubit 1024, and the first qubit 1023 is connected to the ground-state qubit 1024, where the ground-state qubit 1024 is a qubit whose quantum state is the ground state, and a coherence time of the ground-state qubit 1024 is very short and is less than a coherence time of each qubit connected to the ground-state qubit 1024;
a ground state qubit 1024 for exchanging the quantum states of first qubit 1023 when the frequency of first qubit 1023 changes to the same frequency as ground state qubit 1024, and the quantum states of first qubit 1023 change to the ground state.
Where the frequency of the changed first qubit 1023 is different from the frequency of each qubit connected to the ground-state qubit 1024, so that when the ground-state qubit 1024 is swapped with the first qubit 1023, the ground-state qubit 1024 does not resonate with other qubits connected to the ground-state qubit 1024.
Optionally, the connection between the qubit in the qubit set and the ground-state qubit 1024 includes:
all the qubits in the qubit set are connected to the same ground-state qubit 1024;
or a part of the qubits in the qubit set are connected with the same ground state qubit 1024;
or each qubit in the qubit set is connected to one ground-state qubit 1024 in a one-to-one correspondence.
Optionally, when the number of qubit sets is at least two, the first qubit set is connected to the second qubit set.
Optionally, the connecting the first set of qubits and the second set of qubits includes:
the ancillary qubits 1021 of the first set of qubits are coupled to the ancillary qubits 1021 of the second set of qubits;
or the auxiliary qubit 1021 of the first set of qubits is connected to the auxiliary qubit 1021 of the second set of qubits by a third qubit, which may be a common qubit in the first set of qubits and the second set of qubits, or a qubit outside the first set of qubits and the second set of qubits. The number of the third qubits is at least one.
Optionally, the auxiliary qubit 1021 is further configured to swap the quantum states of the first qubit 1023 again after performing a logic gate operation.
Optionally, the superconducting qubit further includes a capacitor 1022, the first qubit 1023 is connected to the auxiliary qubit 1021 via the capacitor 1022, and the capacitor 1022 is used to control the coupling strength between the first qubit 1023 and the auxiliary qubit 1021, thereby controlling the duration of resonance (e.g., X duration and Y duration as described later) of the first qubit 1023 and the auxiliary qubit 1021.
As shown in fig. 2(b), for a schematic diagram of the connection between the auxiliary qubit 1021 and each qubit in the qubit set in the superconducting quantum chip of the present application, the auxiliary qubit 1021 may be directly connected to each qubit in the qubit set, or may be connected to each qubit in the qubit set through a capacitor 1022.
As shown in fig. 2(c), in another possible structure of the superconducting qubit of the present application, an auxiliary qubit 1021 is connected to each qubit in the qubit set, and each qubit in the qubit set includes a two-bit gate control interface, and each auxiliary qubit in the optional qubit set further includes a single-bit gate control interface. The auxiliary qubits include both a two-bit gate control interface and a single-bit gate control interface, the control subsystem 101 may input control signals, such as the first control signal and the second control signal, from the two-bit gate control interface of a qubit (including the auxiliary qubit and the qubits in the set of qubits) to the qubit to control the qubit to perform a two-bit logic gate operation, and the control subsystem 101 may also input a single-bit gate control signal from the single-bit gate control interface of the auxiliary qubit to control the auxiliary qubit to perform a single-bit logic gate operation.
Based on the structure of the superconducting quantum computing system, the present application provides a method for controlling a qubit in a superconducting quantum chip, which can be applied to a two-bit logic gate operation involving a first qubit, a single-bit logic gate operation of the first qubit, or an initialization operation of the first qubit, as shown in fig. 3, and the specific implementation manner includes:
301. controlling the frequency of the first qubit.
Each qubit in the set of qubits includes a two-bit gate control interface, the control subsystem inputs a pulse modulated signal to a first qubit via the two-bit gate control interface of the first qubit,
the frequency of the first qubit is controlled by controlling the amplitude, width, phase, etc. of the input pulse modulation signal, so that the frequency of the first qubit is changed to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit. Wherein the first qubit belongs to a set of qubits.
In the superconducting qubit, the frequency of the first qubit includes a frequency of a first energy level of the first qubit and a frequency of a second energy level of the first qubit, and the frequency of the auxiliary qubit includes a frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit and a frequency of the second energy level of the auxiliary qubit. When performing the two-bit logic gate operation, the changing the frequency of the first qubit to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit may include: the frequency of the first energy level of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit, the frequency of the first energy level of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the second energy level of the auxiliary qubit, the frequency of the second energy level of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit, and so on; the quantum state switching operation may be considered a special two-bit logic gate operation, which ensures that the frequency of the first energy level of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit.
Thus, one possible case of varying the frequency of the first qubit to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit when performing a quantum state switching operation is: and adjusting the frequency of the first qubit, and changing the frequency of the first energy level of the first qubit to be the same as the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit, wherein the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit is different from the frequencies of the first energy level and the second energy level of any one of the qubits in the qubit set before the change, so that when the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit resonate due to the same frequency, the auxiliary qubit does not resonate due to the same frequency as other qubits in the qubit set.
Another possible case of varying the frequency of the first qubit to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit is: and adjusting the frequencies of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit, and changing the frequency of the first energy level of the first qubit and the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit into a target frequency, wherein the target frequency is different from the frequencies of the first energy level and the second energy level of any one of the qubits in the qubit set before the change, so that when the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit have the same frequency and resonate, the auxiliary qubit does not resonate due to the same frequency as other qubits in the qubit set.
302. Quantum states of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit are exchanged when the frequency of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit.
When the frequency of the first qubit is changed to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit in the manner described in 301 above, the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit resonate, and after the resonance X duration (X being a number greater than 0), the quantum states of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit are exchanged, and then the frequency of the first qubit is returned to the original frequency, and if the frequency of the auxiliary qubit is changed, the frequency of the auxiliary qubit also needs to be returned to the original frequency.
303. And carrying out logic gate operation on the auxiliary quantum bit after quantum state exchange.
Since the quantum state of the first qubit is swapped onto the auxiliary qubit, the logic gate operation can be performed using the quantum-swapped auxiliary qubit instead of the first qubit.
In this embodiment, the logic gate operation of the auxiliary qubit includes a two-bit logic gate operation and a single-bit logic gate operation, and the specific implementation manner of the two-bit logic gate operation is as follows:
A. referring to FIG. 4(a), a schematic diagram of the operation of a two-bit logic gate is shown.
The first qubit Q1 undergoes quantum state exchange with the auxiliary qubit first, and then the auxiliary qubit performs a two-bit logic gate operation with the second qubit Q4 in the qubit set, the two-bit logic gate operation specifically comprising the steps of: the control subsystem inputs a pulse modulation signal to a second qubit through a two-bit gate control interface of the second qubit, controls the frequency of the second qubit by controlling the amplitude, the width, the phase and the like of the input pulse modulation signal, changes the frequency of the second qubit to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, at the moment, the second qubit resonates with the auxiliary qubit, and after the resonant Y duration (Y is an integer different from X), the second qubit and the auxiliary qubit complete two-bit logic gate operation, and then returns the frequency of the second qubit to the original frequency, and if the frequency of the auxiliary qubit changes, the frequency of the auxiliary qubit also needs to be returned to the original frequency.
In this embodiment, the frequency of the second qubit is varied in the same way as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, in a similar manner to controlling the first qubit frequency variation to be the same as the auxiliary qubit frequency, the frequency of the first energy level (or the second energy level) of the second qubit may be varied to be the same as the frequency of the first energy level or the second energy level of the ancillary qubit, in which case the frequency of the auxiliary qubit is different from the frequencies of the first and second energy levels of any one of the qubits in the set of qubits prior to the change, or changing the frequency of the second qubit first energy level (or second energy level) and the frequency of the auxiliary qubit first energy level or second energy level to a target frequency, and the target frequency is different from the frequency of the first energy level and the second energy level of any one qubit in the set of qubits before the change. The changed second qubit has a frequency that is different from the frequencies of the other qubits in the qubit set, so that the auxiliary qubit does not resonate with the other qubits in the qubit set even when the second qubit resonates at the same frequency as the auxiliary qubit.
In this embodiment, changing the frequency of the first energy level (or the second energy level) of the second qubit to be the same as the frequency of the first energy level or the second energy level of the auxiliary qubit may be: 1. changing the frequency of the first energy level of the second qubit to be the same as the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit, wherein the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit is different from the frequencies of the first energy level and the second energy level of any one qubit in the set of qubits before the change; 2. changing the frequency of the second energy level of the second qubit to be the same as the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit, wherein the frequency of the first energy level of the auxiliary qubit is different from the frequencies of the first energy level and the second energy level of any one qubit in the set of qubits before the change; 3. and changing the frequency of the first energy level of the second qubit to be the same as the frequency of the second energy level of the auxiliary qubit, wherein the frequency of the second energy level of the auxiliary qubit is different from the frequencies of the first energy level and the second energy level of any one of the qubits in the set of qubits before the change. Likewise, in this embodiment, the case where it is possible to change the frequency of the first energy level (or the second energy level) of the second qubit and the frequency of the first energy level or the second energy level of the auxiliary qubit to the target frequency is: 1. varying a frequency of a first energy level of a second qubit and a frequency of a first energy level of the ancillary qubit to a target frequency; 2. varying a frequency of a second energy level of a second qubit and a frequency of a first energy level of the ancillary qubit to a target frequency; 3. changing a frequency of a first energy level of a second qubit and a frequency of a second energy level of the ancillary qubit to a target frequency.
In this embodiment, the first and second energy levels of the first qubit or the auxiliary qubit differ by several tens of MHZ.
Therefore, when the two-bit logic gate is operated, the quantum state of the first qubit is exchanged to the auxiliary qubit, and then the two-bit logic gate is operated by using the auxiliary qubit after quantum state exchange.
B. FIG. 4(b) is a schematic diagram of the operation of a single-bit logic gate.
When the single-bit logic gate operation is performed, optionally, the qubit in the qubit set may include the single-bit gate control interface, or may not include the single-bit gate control interface, which is not specifically limited herein, but the auxiliary qubit must include the single-bit gate control interface, and the single-bit gate control interface is used for inputting the single-bit gate control signal.
The first qubit Q1 undergoes quantum state exchange with the auxiliary qubit first, and then the auxiliary qubit undergoes single-bit logic gate operation, which specifically comprises the following steps: the control subsystem inputs the pulse modulation signal to the auxiliary qubit through the single-bit gate control interface of the auxiliary qubit, the carrier frequency of the input pulse modulation signal is the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, and the amplitude, the width, the phase and the like of the input pulse modulation signal are controlled to complete the single-bit logic gate operation.
In this embodiment, the frequency of the auxiliary qubit single-bit gate control signal may be changed to be the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit, or the frequency of the single-bit gate control signal and the frequency of the auxiliary qubit first level may be changed to be the same frequency, similar to the way the first qubit frequency is controlled to be the same as the auxiliary qubit frequency. The frequency of the changed single-bit gate control signal is different from the frequencies of the first energy level and the second energy level of any one qubit in the qubit set, so that the auxiliary qubit does not resonate with other qubits in the qubit set when the single-bit logic gate operates.
Therefore, in the single-bit logic gate operation scene, the quantum state of the first qubit is exchanged to the auxiliary qubit, and then the auxiliary qubit after quantum state exchange is used for single-bit logic gate operation.
Meanwhile, when the single-bit logic gate is operated, only the auxiliary qubits need to be operated, so that only the auxiliary qubits need to be provided with the single-bit logic gate control interface.
It should be noted that, in this embodiment, after performing the logic gate operation on the auxiliary qubit after quantum state exchange, the quantum states of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit need to be exchanged back again, so as to facilitate the logic gate operation in the next period.
When the number of qubits in the superconducting quantum chip is large, it is difficult to connect a large number of qubits with one auxiliary Qubit, so that the structure in which the Qubit sets are connected to one auxiliary Qubit in fig. 2 of the present application can be defined as a Qubit unit, and then a plurality of Qubit units are connected together, so that a large number of qubits are connected in a split manner.
Two-two qubit units among the qubit units are connected with each other, and the two qubit units can connect respective auxiliary qubits together, and also can connect the auxiliary qubit of a qubit unit with the auxiliary qubit of another qubit unit through at least one third qubit, which is not limited in the specific description here. In the present application, N qubit units can be connected side by side, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, and one possible structure is shown in fig. 5(a), where auxiliary qubits of four qubit units are connected by a third qubit, and the third qubit does not belong to any one of the qubit sets; yet another possible structure is shown in fig. 5(b), two qubit units in four qubit units share a third qubit, the third qubit belongs to a qubit set, and the auxiliary qubits of the four qubit units are connected via the third qubit; the application can also connect N qubit units in a closed manner, and a possible structure is as shown in fig. 5(c), where four qubit units are connected in a closed manner, auxiliary qubits between every two qubits are connected together, the same four qubit units can be connected through a third qubit, and the third qubit may or may not belong to a qubit set. The present application may also connect M closed sub-bit units inside the N qubit units, and connect the remaining N-M qubit units side by side, which is not limited herein. Wherein M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2 and less than N.
Referring to fig. 6, a structure of multiple qubit unit connections, the qubits in the first qubit set and the qubits in the second qubit set perform a two-bit logic gate operation in such a way that: the quantum state of the quantum bit in the first quantum set is exchanged with the auxiliary quantum bit of the quantum bit, the quantum state of the quantum bit in the second quantum set is exchanged with the auxiliary quantum bit of the quantum bit, two-bit logic gate operation is carried out on the two auxiliary quantum bits to complete the two-bit logic gate operation of the quantum bit between the two quantum bit units, and then the two auxiliary quantum bits and the quantum state of the respective quantum bit are exchanged back to facilitate the logic gate operation of the next period.
According to the scheme, when the number of the qubits is large, the plurality of qubit units are subjected to logic gate operation through respective auxiliary qubits, and the quantum computing time of the whole system is saved to a certain extent.
The qubit control method of the present application can also be applied to the qubit initialization process, which is described below with reference to fig. 7.
701. Controlling a frequency of the first qubit;
702. quantum states of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit are exchanged when the frequency of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit.
703. And carrying out logic gate operation on the auxiliary quantum bit after quantum state exchange.
Embodiment steps 701 through 703 are similar to embodiment steps 301 through 303 described above, and are not limited herein.
704. And when the frequency of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the ground-state qubit, exchanging the quantum states of the first qubit and the ground-state qubit.
Adjusting the frequency of the first qubit again, changing the frequency of the first qubit to be the same as the frequency of the ground-state qubit, and adjusting the frequency of the first qubit in a manner similar to that in step 301 of the above embodiment, which is not described herein again. The first qubit and the ground qubit have the same frequency and resonate, and after a period of resonance, the quantum states of the first qubit and the ground qubit are exchanged, which has a principle similar to that of step 302 in the embodiment and is not described here again.
The ground state qubit is a qubit in which the quantum state is the ground state, the coherence time of the ground state qubit is very short and is less than that of each qubit connected with the ground state qubit, and the ground state qubit can quickly return to the ground state after being excited.
In this embodiment, a manner of connecting the qubits in the qubit set to the ground-state qubit may be as shown in fig. 8(a), each qubit in the qubit set is connected to one ground-state qubit in a one-to-one correspondence, and at least two qubits in the qubit set are connected to the ground-state qubit in a possible connection manner, as shown in fig. 8(b), all the qubits in the qubit set may be connected to the same ground-state qubit, and at this time, a resonant frequency of the first qubit and a resonant frequency of the ground-state qubit are different from frequencies of other qubits connected to the ground-state qubit, so that even if the first qubit and the ground-state qubit have the same frequency and resonate, a phenomenon that the ground-state qubit and other qubits in the qubits set do not resonate.
This application is through setting up the ground state qubit, with the quantum state exchange of first qubit and ground state qubit, can be with the quantum state rapid change of first qubit to the ground state, for the scheme that current waiting system nature relaxes to the ground state or adjust first qubit to the ground state after measuring first qubit state, saved the time of system initialization.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art will clearly understand that the present application can be implemented by software plus necessary general-purpose hardware, and certainly can also be implemented by special-purpose hardware including special-purpose integrated circuits, special-purpose CPUs, special-purpose memories, special-purpose components and the like. Generally, functions performed by computer programs can be easily implemented by corresponding hardware, and specific hardware structures for implementing the same functions may be various, such as analog circuits, digital circuits, or dedicated circuits. However, for the present application, the implementation of a software program is more preferable. Based on such understanding, the technical solutions of the present application may be substantially embodied in or contributed to by the prior art, and the computer software product may be stored in a readable storage medium, such as a floppy disk, a usb disk, a removable hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a magnetic disk or an optical disk of a computer, and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer or a server) to execute the method according to the embodiments of the present application.
In the above embodiments, the implementation may be wholly or partially realized by software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, may be implemented in whole or in part in the form of a computer program product.
The computer program product includes one or more computer instructions. When loaded and executed on a computer, cause the processes or functions described in accordance with the embodiments of the application to occur, in whole or in part. The computer may be a general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a network of computers, or other programmable device. The computer instructions may be stored in a computer readable storage medium or transmitted from one computer readable storage medium to another, for example, from one website site, computer, server, or data center to another website site, computer, server, or data center via wired (e.g., coaxial cable, fiber optic, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) or wireless (e.g., infrared, wireless, microwave, etc.). The computer-readable storage medium can be any available medium that a computer can store or a data storage device, such as a server, a data center, etc., that is integrated with one or more available media. The usable medium may be a magnetic medium (e.g., floppy Disk, hard Disk, magnetic tape), an optical medium (e.g., DVD), or a semiconductor medium (e.g., Solid State Disk (SSD)), among others.
Claims (18)
1. A method of controlling qubits in a superconducting qubit chip, the superconducting qubit chip comprising an auxiliary qubit and a set of qubits, the auxiliary qubit being connected to each qubit in the set of qubits, the method comprising:
controlling a frequency of a first qubit, the set of qubits including the first qubit;
exchanging quantum states of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubits, wherein the changed frequency of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit and is different from the frequencies of the other qubits in the set of qubits;
and carrying out logic gate operation on the auxiliary quantum bit after quantum state exchange.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the controlling the frequency of the first qubit comprises:
changing the frequency of the first qubit to be the same as the frequency of the ancillary qubit, wherein the frequency of the ancillary qubit is different from the frequency of any one of the qubits in the set of qubits before the change; or
Changing the frequency of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit to a target frequency, wherein the target frequency is different from the frequency of any one qubit in the set of qubits before the change.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the set of qubits further comprises a second qubit;
the performing logic gate operation on the quantum state exchanged auxiliary qubit comprises:
controlling a frequency of the second qubit;
and performing two-bit logic gate operation on the quantum state exchanged auxiliary qubit and the second qubit, wherein the frequency of the changed second qubit is the same as the frequency of the auxiliary qubit and is different from the frequencies of other qubits in the qubit set.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the auxiliary qubit comprises a single-bit gate control interface or the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit comprise a single-bit gate control interface for inputting a single-bit gate control signal;
the performing logic gate operation on the quantum state exchanged auxiliary qubit comprises:
controlling a frequency of the single-bit gate control signal of the auxiliary qubit;
and when the frequency of the single-bit gate control signal of the auxiliary qubit is the same as that of the auxiliary qubit, performing a single-bit logic gate operation on the quantum-state-switched auxiliary qubit, wherein the frequency of the single-bit gate control signal after the change is different from the frequency of any one of the qubits in the qubit set.
5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein qubits in the set of qubits are connected to ground state qubits having a coherence time that is less than the coherence time of each qubit connected to the ground state qubit;
the method further comprises the following steps:
and when the frequency of the first qubit is the same as the frequency of the ground-state qubit, exchanging the quantum state of the first qubit and the ground-state qubit, wherein the changed frequency of the first qubit is different from the frequencies of other qubits connected to the ground-state qubit.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein concatenating the qubits in the set of qubits with the ground-state qubits comprises:
each qubit in the qubit set is connected to the same ground-state qubit;
or each qubit in the qubit set is connected with one ground state qubit in a one-to-one correspondence.
7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a first set of qubits is concatenated with a second set of qubits when the number of qubits is at least two.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein concatenating the first set of qubits with the second set of qubits comprises:
the auxiliary qubits of the first set of qubits are coupled to the auxiliary qubits of the second set of qubits;
or the ancillary qubits of the first set of qubits are connected to the ancillary qubits of the second set of qubits by a third qubit.
9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein after performing the logic gate operation on the quantum state switched ancillary qubits, the method further comprises:
the quantum states of the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit are exchanged again.
10. A superconducting quantum chip comprising an ancillary qubit and a set of qubits, the ancillary qubit being connected to each qubit in the set of qubits, the set of qubits comprising a first qubit;
the first qubit is used for receiving a first control signal sent by a control subsystem, and the first control signal is used for controlling the frequency of the first qubit;
the first qubit is further configured to exchange quantum states with the auxiliary qubits, wherein the changed first qubit has a frequency that is the same as the auxiliary qubits and is different from frequencies of other qubits in the set of qubits;
and the auxiliary quantum bit is used for carrying out logic gate operation after quantum state exchange.
11. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 10, wherein the set of qubits further comprises a second qubit;
the second qubit is used for receiving a second control signal sent by the control subsystem, and the second control signal is used for controlling the frequency of the second qubit;
the auxiliary qubit is specifically configured to perform a two-bit logic gate operation with the second qubit after quantum state exchange, where a frequency of the changed second qubit is the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit and is different from frequencies of other qubits in the qubit set.
12. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 10, wherein the auxiliary qubit comprises a single-bit gate control interface or the first qubit and the auxiliary qubit comprise a single-bit gate control interface, the single-bit gate control interface configured to input a single-bit gate control signal;
the auxiliary qubit is further configured to receive the single-bit gate control signal;
the auxiliary qubit is specifically configured to perform a single-bit logic gate operation when a frequency of the single-bit gate control signal is the same as a frequency of the auxiliary qubit, where the changed frequency of the single-bit gate control signal is different from a frequency of any one of the qubit sets.
13. A superconducting quantum chip according to any one of claims 10 to 12 wherein the superconducting quantum chip further comprises a ground state qubit, wherein qubits in the set of qubits are connected to the ground state qubit, wherein the coherence time of the ground state qubit is less than the coherence time of each qubit connected to the ground state qubit;
the ground-state qubit is configured to swap quantum states of the first qubit when a frequency of the first qubit is the same as a frequency of the ground-state qubit, wherein the changed frequency of the first qubit is different from frequencies of other qubits connected to the ground-state qubit.
14. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 13, wherein the coupling of the qubits in the set of qubits to the ground state qubits comprises:
each qubit in the qubit set is connected to the same ground-state qubit;
or each qubit in the qubit set is connected with one ground state qubit in a one-to-one correspondence.
15. A superconducting quantum chip according to any one of claims 10 to 12 wherein a first set of qubits is connected to a second set of qubits when the number of qubit sets is at least two.
16. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 15, wherein the connecting the first set of qubits and the second set of qubits comprises:
the auxiliary qubits of the first set of qubits are coupled to the auxiliary qubits of the second set of qubits;
or the ancillary qubits of the first set of qubits are connected to the ancillary qubits of the second set of qubits by a third qubit.
17. A computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform the method of any of claims 1 to 9.
18. A computer program product comprising instructions which, when run on a computer, cause the computer to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 9.
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