Preparation method of chemically grafted and modified biomass adsorbent
Technical Field
The invention relates to a preparation method of a biomass adsorbent.
Background
In recent years, research on the utilization of agricultural wastes to modify cellulose adsorbents for adsorbing, separating and extracting heavy metal ions in wastewater has been carried out, and compared with a common heavy metal treatment method, the method has the advantages of large adsorption capacity, high adsorption speed, low cost, simplicity in operation, no secondary pollution and the like. Therefore, research on this aspect has become a hotspot in this field. The agricultural wastes are wide in source, the main chemical components of the agricultural wastes are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, and the agricultural wastes have good biodegradability and certain adsorption performance and become one of the most promising materials at present. Cellulose-rich crop wastes have become an alternative low value adsorbent in the treatment of heavy metal ion pollution. Hydroxyl groups on cellulose are effective groups for removing metal ions, but the hydroxyl groups cannot effectively improve the adsorption capacity and adsorption selectivity of the cellulose to the metal ions. How to make the crop waste become the environment-friendly high-efficiency adsorbent becomes the mainstream of preparing the adsorbent at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that the existing biomass adsorbent rich in cellulose has weak adsorption capacity on metal ions, and provides a preparation method of a biomass adsorbent modified by chemical grafting.
The preparation method of the chemically grafted and modified biomass adsorbent is realized according to the following steps:
firstly, carrying out pyrolysis treatment on a biomass material at 350-600 ℃ by adopting an oxygen-limited heating carbonization method to obtain a biochar adsorbent, and crushing the biochar adsorbent after natural cooling to obtain carbonized biomass;
secondly, adding the carbonized biomass into a trichloromethane solution of pyridine, dropwise adding 4-bromobutyryl chloride, sealing the reaction mixed solution, carrying out oscillation reaction for 10-16 h, filtering, and washing with trichloromethane to obtain the cleaned biomass;
and thirdly, mixing polyethyleneimine, KOH and tert-amyl alcohol to obtain a mixed modified solution, immersing the cleaned biomass into the mixed modified solution, carrying out oscillation reaction at the temperature of 70-80 ℃, cleaning, and drying to obtain the chemically grafted and modified biomass adsorbent.
The biomass adsorbent modified by chemical grafting prepared by the invention has great advantages in heavy metal adsorption, and is mainly embodied in the following aspects:
(1) the biochar has a loose and porous structure, large specific surface area, high porosity, large total pore volume and high specific surface energy, and provides more effective sites for heavy metal adsorption;
(2) the surface of the biochar contains various functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino and the like; and may contain mineral components such as P, etc. for promoting adsorption efficiency;
(3) the integral structure of the biochar is highly aromatic, has higher stability and is not easy to be oxidized, so that the problem that other adsorption materials are easy to be oxidized in the reaction process is solved;
(4) the surface of the biochar has more negative charges, so that the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the biochar is larger, and heavy metal ions are generally positively charged, so that the electrostatic attraction between the biochar and the heavy metal ions is enhanced, and the biochar shows good adsorption characteristics.
The synthesis of the cellulose graft copolymer in the biomass adsorbent is mostly free radical polymerization, namely, free radical chain polymerization with single electron is adopted as an active monomer. The reaction process is that free radicals are formed on free hydroxyl groups on D-hexacyclic glucose group (after ring breaking), and chain reaction is carried out on the free radicals and a grafting monomer, so that a new functional branched chain is introduced, and the adsorption effect on heavy metals is increased.
The invention prepares the novel efficient environment-friendly modified biomass adsorbent by combining physical and chemical activation and modifying through carbonization and graft copolymerization.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an electron microscope image of a biomass adsorbent chemically grafted and modified according to the first preparation example.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows: the preparation method of the chemically grafted and modified biomass adsorbent is implemented according to the following steps:
firstly, carrying out pyrolysis treatment on a biomass material at 350-600 ℃ by adopting an oxygen-limited heating carbonization method to obtain a biochar adsorbent, and crushing the biochar adsorbent after natural cooling to obtain carbonized biomass;
secondly, adding the carbonized biomass into a trichloromethane solution of pyridine, dropwise adding 4-bromobutyryl chloride, sealing the reaction mixed solution, carrying out oscillation reaction for 10-16 h, filtering, and washing with trichloromethane to obtain the cleaned biomass;
and thirdly, mixing polyethyleneimine, KOH and tert-amyl alcohol to obtain a mixed modified solution, immersing the cleaned biomass into the mixed modified solution, carrying out oscillation reaction at the temperature of 70-80 ℃, cleaning, and drying to obtain the chemically grafted and modified biomass adsorbent.
The embodiment can change the physical or chemical characteristics of the surface of the reaction substrate through graft polymerization, and the adsorption performance of the crop wastes can be improved by introducing specific functional groups on the surface through carbonization and graft polymerization reactions, so that the efficient adsorbent based on the agricultural wastes is prepared.
The second embodiment is as follows: the difference between the present embodiment and the first embodiment is that the oxygen-limited temperature-rising carbonization method in the first step is to heat the biomass material to 350-600 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃/min under the anoxic (oxygen-free) condition, and then to carry out the pyrolysis treatment.
The third concrete implementation mode: the difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiment is that the biomass material in the first step is mushroom bran, corn straw, rice hull or hemp.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the difference between the first embodiment and the first to third embodiments is that the biomass material is pyrolyzed at 350-600 ℃ for 3.5-4.5 h.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment is different from the first to fourth embodiments in that the particle size of the biomass carbonized in the first step is 0.2mm to 0.3 mm.
The sixth specific implementation mode: this embodiment is different from the first to fifth embodiments in that the molar ratio of pyridine to 4-bromobutyryl chloride in the second step is 6 to 8: 10.
The seventh embodiment: the embodiment is different from the first to sixth embodiments in that the molar ratio of the polyethyleneimine to the 4-bromobutyryl chloride in the mixed modification solution in the third step is 280-320: 1.
The specific implementation mode is eight: the difference between the present embodiment and one of the first to seventh embodiments is that the third step is performed with shaking reaction at a temperature of 70-80 ℃ for 20-30 h.
The specific implementation method nine: the difference between this embodiment and the first to eighth embodiments is that the cleaning in the third step is performed by sequentially using methanol and deionized water.
The first embodiment is as follows: the preparation method of the biomass adsorbent modified by chemical grafting is implemented according to the following steps:
firstly, an oxygen-limited heating carbonization method is adopted, namely, under the anoxic condition, the temperature is raised to 500 ℃ at the heating rate of 10 ℃/min, the hemp stalk biomass material is subjected to pyrolysis treatment for 4 hours to obtain a charcoal adsorbent, the charcoal adsorbent is naturally cooled, crushed to 0.25mm (60 meshes), and placed in a sealing bag for sealing and storage to obtain carbonized biomass;
adding 10g of carbonized biomass into a mixed solution of 2.5mL of pyridine and 95mL of trichloromethane, dropwise adding 5mL of 4-bromobutyryl chloride, sealing the reaction mixed solution, carrying out slow oscillation reaction at 25 ℃ for 12h, filtering, washing with trichloromethane to wash away unreacted 4-bromobutyryl chloride, and thus obtaining a washed biomass;
and thirdly, mixing 10g of polyethyleneimine, 0.1g of KOH and 90mL of tertiary amyl alcohol to obtain a mixed modified solution, immersing the cleaned biomass into the mixed modified solution, carrying out oscillation reaction at the temperature of 75 ℃ for 24 hours, cleaning with excessive methanol and deionized water, and drying to constant weight to obtain the chemical grafting modified biomass adsorbent.
Taking 100ml of Cd-containing solution (4.47mg/L), respectively adding 0.01g, 0.02g, 0.03g, 0.04g and 0.05g of the biomass adsorbent chemically grafted and modified by the embodiment into the Cd-containing solution, and reacting for 2 hours, wherein the adsorption rates are 87.96%, 91.38%, 94.22%, 95.81% and 96.30%.
The biomass adsorbent modified by chemical grafting obtained in the embodiment has high adsorption capacity and adsorption selectivity to metal ions.
Example two: the difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiment is that in the first step, an oxygen-limited temperature-rising carbonization method is adopted, namely, the temperature is raised to 350 ℃ at a temperature-rising rate of 10 ℃/min under an anoxic condition, and the hemp stalk biomass material is subjected to pyrolysis treatment for 4 hours to obtain the charcoal adsorbent.
The biomass adsorbent modified by chemical grafting obtained in the example adsorbs a low-concentration Cd solution (<5mg/L), and the adsorption rate is 87.65%.
Example three: the difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiment is that in the first step, an oxygen-limited temperature-rising carbonization method is adopted, namely, the temperature is raised to 400 ℃ at a temperature-rising rate of 10 ℃/min under an anoxic condition, and the hemp stalk biomass material is subjected to pyrolysis treatment for 4 hours to obtain the charcoal adsorbent.
The biomass adsorbent (0.01g) chemically grafted and modified in the example adsorbs a low-concentration Cd solution (<5mg/L), and the adsorption rate is 92.19%.
Example four: the difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiment is that in the first step, an oxygen-limited temperature-rising carbonization method is adopted, namely, the temperature is raised to 450 ℃ at a temperature-rising rate of 10 ℃/min under an anoxic condition, and the hemp stalk biomass material is subjected to pyrolysis treatment for 4 hours to obtain the charcoal adsorbent.
The biomass adsorbent (0.01g) modified by chemical grafting obtained in the example adsorbs a low-concentration Cd solution (<5mg/L), and the adsorption rate is 93.47%.
Example five: the difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiment is that in the first step, an oxygen-limited temperature-rising carbonization method is adopted, namely, the temperature is raised to 600 ℃ at a temperature-rising rate of 10 ℃/min under an anoxic condition, and the hemp stalk biomass material is subjected to pyrolysis treatment for 4 hours to obtain the charcoal adsorbent.
The biomass adsorbent (0.01g) modified by chemical grafting obtained in the example adsorbs a low-concentration Cd solution (<5mg/L), and the adsorption rate is 96.30%.