CN111196698A - Sleeve grouting material for connecting reinforcing steel bars and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Sleeve grouting material for connecting reinforcing steel bars and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111196698A CN111196698A CN202010118082.5A CN202010118082A CN111196698A CN 111196698 A CN111196698 A CN 111196698A CN 202010118082 A CN202010118082 A CN 202010118082A CN 111196698 A CN111196698 A CN 111196698A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/001—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing unburned clay
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/34—Non-shrinking or non-cracking materials
- C04B2111/343—Crack resistant materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/70—Grouts, e.g. injection mixtures for cables for prestressed concrete
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of steel bar connection processes, in particular to a sleeve grouting material for steel bar connection and a preparation method thereof. The sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following components in parts by weight: clay 300-; 100 portions and 150 portions of bone meal; 50-100 parts of rubber powder; 1-2 parts of a defoaming agent; 3-5 parts of a water reducing agent; 5-10 parts of an expanding agent; 1-2 parts of an antirust agent. The invention has the following beneficial effects: the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars is powdery, is easy to transport, has good crack resistance, small volume change during molding, good fluidity and strong applicability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of steel bar connection processes, in particular to a sleeve grouting material for steel bar connection.
Background
When connecting reinforcing bars, a welding method is generally adopted, but the method is labor-consuming when connecting the reinforcing bars, and at present, a connecting method is to connect the reinforcing bars through sleeves. Namely, the two steel bars respectively extend into two ends of the sleeve, then the sleeve is filled with the grouting material blended with water, after the grouting material is formed, the two steel bars are connected through the sleeve, and the connection strength is high.
The Chinese invention patent with the publication number of CN103265253A provides a grouting material, which comprises 45-55% of fine sand and 30-40% of cement by mass percentage; 0.2 to 1.0 percent of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 0.3 to 1.0 percent of grouting material reinforcing modifier and 10 to 15 percent of superfine blending material. But because the sulphoaluminate cement is used as a main cementing material, the early strength of the sulphoaluminate cement develops quickly, but the problem of later strength retraction is more serious.
The invention patent of China with publication number CN104402363B provides a grouting material, which takes compound cement formed by mixing ordinary portland cement and sulphoaluminate cement as a main gel material, and although quartz powder, micro-silicon powder and a modifier are added, when water is used for blending, the compound cement is greatly influenced by temperature and expansion coefficient, and cracks are easy to occur during molding. Resulting in insufficient strength of the reinforcing bar connection.
At present, a sleeve grouting material for connecting reinforcing steel bars, which has the advantages of strong fluidity, high early strength, micro-expansion and small influence of temperature, is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a sleeve grouting material for connecting steel bars, which mainly solves the problem that cracks are easy to occur when the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars in the prior art is formed.
The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions: the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following components in parts by weight:
clay 300-;
100 portions and 150 portions of bone meal;
50-100 parts of rubber powder;
1-2 parts of a defoaming agent;
3-5 parts of a water reducing agent;
5-10 parts of an expanding agent;
1-2 parts of an antirust agent.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, adopt the clay as gel material, because the clay is comparatively inseparable, its shaping is better moreover, and the temperature influence changes not very much, and itself has little expansibility moreover, and the clay has better plasticity moreover, and is not high with the requirement of water cooperation time to the temperature moreover, so comparatively convenient when grout material and water mixed use, in addition the clay is easier to mix with rubber powder, bone meal. The rubber powder can be well combined with the clay, so that the forming strength of the rubber powder is enhanced, and the rubber powder is easy to combine with the clay and bone powder to prevent the grouting material from cracking. The bone meal can be well combined with clay under the adhesion effect of the rubber powder. And can help the clay shaping, make the grout shaping more quick. The antirust agent can be used for well preventing the reinforcing steel bars from being rusted, so that the reduction of the connection strength of the reinforcing steel bars caused by rusting is prevented. The defoaming agent can effectively reduce the foam, prevents that grout material from producing the joint strength that the bubble leads to the reinforcing bar and receives the influence, reduces the foam moreover and can prevent to produce great gap between clay and the aggregate, leads to grout material volume change great when the shaping. The combination of the swelling agent and the clay can enhance the cohesiveness of the clay, and the swelling agent and the clay form a three-dimensional network structure to effectively prevent cracks from being generated. The water reducing agent can provide higher water reducing rate, can improve the fluidity of the grouting material, and reduce excessive bubbles generated by the grouting material due to poor fluidity.
The invention is further configured to: the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following components in parts by weight:
400 parts of clay;
120 parts of bone meal;
85 parts of rubber powder;
1.5 parts of a defoaming agent;
3.5 parts of a water reducing agent;
8 parts of an expanding agent;
and 2 parts of an antirust agent.
By adopting the technical scheme, experiments prove that the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars has good fluidity, high early strength and micro-expansion, is slightly influenced by temperature, and is not easy to crack when being molded.
The invention is further configured to: the clay is kaolin.
By adopting the technical scheme, the kaolin has better plasticity and has low requirement on temperature when being matched with water, so that the grouting material is more convenient to use when being mixed with water, and is easier to be mixed with rubber powder and bone meal.
The invention is further configured to: the rubber powder is resin rubber powder.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, resin glue powder's intensity is high, and its stability is better moreover, can be fine combine with clay, strengthen its shaping intensity.
The resin glue powder is epoxy resin glue powder.
By adopting the technical scheme, the epoxy resin glue powder has better water solubility and can be better dispersed when the grouting material is matched with water. And the stability is better, and the mortar is easy to combine with clay and bone meal to prevent the grouting material from cracking.
The invention is further configured to: the bone meal is ceramic sand.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, the pottery sand is lighter, can alleviate the quality of grout material, has better corrosion resistance moreover, under the adhesive action of rubber powder, can be better combine with clay moreover. In addition, the ceramic sand can help clay molding as bone powder, so that the grouting material is molded more quickly.
The invention is further configured to: the particle size of the bone meal is less than 20 mu m.
By adopting the technical scheme, the particle size of the bone meal is less than 20 mu m, so that the fluidity of the grouting material can be enhanced, the grouting opening on the sleeve is prevented from being blocked due to the overlarge particles, and the strength reduction of the steel bar connection caused by more bubbles in the sleeve due to the poor fluidity during grouting can be prevented.
The invention is further configured to: the antirust agent is benzoic acid.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, benzoic acid can be fine carry out rust-resistant to the reinforcing bar, and it is the solid moreover, and it is comparatively convenient to transport, can be fine mix with the grout material.
The invention is further configured to: the defoaming agent is an organic silicon powder defoaming agent.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, organosilicon class powder defoaming agent can effectively reduce the foam, prevents that grout material from producing the joint strength that the bubble leads to the reinforcing bar and receives the influence, reduces the foam moreover and can prevent to produce great gap between clay and the aggregate, leads to grout material volume change great when the shaping.
The invention is further configured to: the swelling agent is a fiber swelling agent.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, the fibre expanding agent combines clay, forms the space network structure in clay, effectively reduces grouting material because its surface loses water and leads to its volume to produce great change when the shaping. And can be fine prevent the crack to produce, can strengthen the intensity of grout material simultaneously, strengthen the joint strength with the reinforcing bar.
The invention is further configured to: the fiber expanding agent is CAL fiber expanding agent.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, CAL fiber expanding agent is nontoxic, and it combines with clay to make the cohesiveness reinforcing of clay moreover, and CAL fiber expanding agent can improve grouting material's early strength moreover, easily forms three-dimensional network structure with clay moreover, effectively prevents the crack and produces.
The invention is further configured to: the water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent.
By adopting the technical scheme, the polycarboxylate superplasticizer can provide higher water reducing rate, can improve the fluidity of the grouting material, and reduce the generation of excessive bubbles in the grouting material due to poor fluidity.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a sleeve grouting material for connecting reinforcing bars, so as to process the sleeve grouting material for connecting reinforcing bars.
The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the preparation method of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following specific steps:
s1: mixing clay and bone meal, and crushing to make the particle size of the mixture less than 20 μm;
s2: and adding the rubber powder, the defoaming agent, the water reducing agent, the expanding agent and the antirust agent into the mixture of the smashed clay and bone meal in sequence, and stirring for 30min to uniformly stir the mixture to obtain the product.
By adopting the technical scheme, the clay and the bone meal are mixed and smashed together, so that the particle size of the mixture of the clay and the bone meal is smaller than 20 mu m, the particle size range of the clay and the bone meal is ensured to be smaller than 20 mu m, and the clay and the bone meal are mixed more uniformly in the smashing process. In addition, the loss of other smaller amounts of material when the remaining material is added and broken down can be prevented. Crushing and mixing uniformly, mixing the small substances together, and stirring uniformly to obtain the product. When in use, the mixture is mixed with distilled water in a ratio of 10: 1 uniformly to be grouted into the sleeve.
In conclusion, the beneficial technical effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars has good crack resistance, and cracks are basically absent during molding.
2. When the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars is used, the water consumption is low, and the volume change is small during forming.
3. The sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars has good fluidity and high early strength.
4. The sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars has no specific limitation on temperature when in use, and has strong applicability.
The above description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and in order to make the technical means of the present invention more clear and can be implemented according to the content of the description, the following detailed description is given by the preferred embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The above description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and the technical solutions of the present invention can be more clearly understood and implemented according to the content of the description.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and comparative examples.
The invention is powder material, which is mixed with distilled water according to the proportion of 1: 10 to form slurry for use during grouting.
The kaolin, the ceramic sand, the epoxy resin rubber powder, the organic silicon powder defoaming agent, the polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, the CAL fiber expanding agent and the benzoic acid used in the invention are all commercially available.
Example 1
The preparation method of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following steps:
s1: mixing 400 parts by weight of kaolin and 120 parts by weight of ceramic sand, and crushing to ensure that the particle size of the mixture is less than 20 mu m;
s2: and (3) adding 85 parts by weight of epoxy resin rubber powder, 1.5 parts by weight of organic silicon powder defoaming agent, 3.5 parts by weight of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 8 parts by weight of CAL fiber expanding agent and 2 parts by weight of benzoic acid into the mixture of the smashed kaolin and the ceramic sand in sequence, and stirring for 30min to obtain the product.
Example 2
The preparation method of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following steps:
s1: 420 parts by weight of kaolin and 150 parts by weight of ceramic sand are mixed and smashed, and the particle size of the mixture is smaller than 20 mu m;
s2: and (3) adding 50 parts by weight of epoxy resin rubber powder, 1.8 parts by weight of organic silicon powder defoaming agent, 3 parts by weight of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 7 parts by weight of CAL fiber expanding agent and 2 parts by weight of benzoic acid into the mixture of the smashed kaolin and the ceramic sand in sequence, and stirring for 30min to obtain the product.
Example 3
The preparation method of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following steps:
s1: mixing 300 parts of kaolin and 120 parts of ceramic sand by weight, and crushing to ensure that the particle size of the mixture is less than 20 mu m;
s2: and (3) sequentially adding 70 parts by weight of epoxy resin rubber powder, 1 part by weight of organic silicon powder defoaming agent, 5 parts by weight of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 10 parts by weight of CAL fiber expanding agent and 1.2 parts by weight of benzoic acid into the mixture of the smashed kaolin and the ceramic sand, and stirring for 30min to obtain the product.
Example 4
The preparation method of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following steps:
s1: 450 parts of kaolin and 110 parts of ceramic sand are mixed and smashed, and the particle size of the mixture is smaller than 20 mu m;
s2: and (3) sequentially adding 100 parts by weight of epoxy resin rubber powder, 2 parts by weight of organic silicon powder defoaming agent, 4 parts by weight of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 5 parts by weight of CAL fiber expanding agent and 1 part by weight of benzoic acid into the mixture of the smashed kaolin and the ceramic sand, and stirring for 30min to obtain a product.
Example 5
The preparation method of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following steps:
s1: 420 parts by weight of kaolin and 100 parts by weight of ceramic sand are mixed and smashed, and the particle size of the mixture is smaller than 20 mu m;
s2: and (3) adding 65 parts by weight of epoxy resin rubber powder, 1.8 parts by weight of organic silicon powder defoaming agent, 5 parts by weight of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 9 parts by weight of CAL fiber expanding agent and 1.2 parts by weight of benzoic acid into the mixture of the smashed kaolin and the ceramic sand in sequence, and stirring for 30min to obtain the product.
Comparative example 1
The preparation method of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following steps:
s1: smashing 120 parts of pottery sand to enable the particle size of the pottery sand to be less than 20 mu m;
s2: and sequentially adding 400 parts by weight of cement, 5 parts by weight of epoxy resin rubber powder, 1.5 parts by weight of organosilicon powder defoaming agent, 3.5 parts by weight of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 8 parts by weight of CAL fiber expanding agent and 2 parts by weight of benzoic acid into the smashed ceramic sand, and stirring for 30min to obtain the product.
Comparative example 2
The preparation method of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars comprises the following steps:
400 parts of kaolin, 120 parts of ceramic sand, 85 parts of epoxy resin rubber powder, 1.5 parts of organic silicon powder defoaming agent, 3.5 parts of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 8 parts of CAL fiber expanding agent and 2 parts of benzoic acid are mixed by weight, and the mixture is stirred for 30min to be uniformly stirred, so that the product is obtained.
Comparative example 3
Comparative example 3 differs from example 1 in that the swelling agent is a magnesium oxide swelling agent.
The test data for each example and comparative example are shown in table 1.
The reinforcing bar connecting sleeve grouting materials prepared in examples 1 to 5 were sampled, mixed with distilled water at room temperature at a weight ratio of 10: 1, and stirred uniformly, and set as samples 1 to 5, respectively.
The sleeve grouting material for reinforcing bar connection prepared in the comparative examples 1 to 3 was sampled and mixed with distilled water at room temperature in a weight ratio of 10: 1 and uniformly stirred, and set as comparative examples 1 to 3, respectively, comparative example 4 was prepared by sampling the sleeve grouting material for reinforcing bar connection prepared in example 1, mixing the sampled material with distilled water at 10 ℃ in a weight ratio of 10: 1 and uniformly stirring, and comparative example 5 was prepared by sampling the sleeve grouting material for reinforcing bar connection prepared in example 1 and mixing the sampled material with distilled water at 30 ℃ in a weight ratio of 10: 1, mixing and uniformly stirring to obtain the product.
Experiment of
And testing the fluidity, the compressive strength and the corrosion degree of the steel bars of the test sample and the comparison sample according to the JG/T408-2013 test standard.
The surfaces of the molded samples 1 to 5 and the comparative samples 1 to 5 were observed for the presence of cracks.
The test results are reported in table 1.
TABLE 1
As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the fluidity of the present example 1 is high, the fluidity is good, the compressive strength is high, and in addition, the vertical expansion rate is low, no crack is generated, and the crack resistance is high.
According to embodiment 1-5 and comparison 1 contrast, after changing kaolin into cement, crack quantity increases, can learn that its crack resistance ability that is stronger with clay as main gel material, and the mobility of the sleeve grout material for the bar connection that adopts clay is also better moreover. In addition, clay is used as a main gel material, the pressure resistance is better, and the connection of the steel bars can be more firm.
According to embodiment 1-5 and comparison example 2 contrast, in the process of preparing the sleeve grouting material for connecting the reinforcing steel bars, the particle size of bone powder and clay cannot be guaranteed by directly mixing the raw materials, and the bone powder or the clay with larger particle size is easy to mix. The bone powder or clay with large particle size is in the sleeve grouting material for reinforcing bar connection, which can reduce the fluidity of the sleeve grouting material for reinforcing bar connection, and the bone powder or clay with large particle size can generate bubbles during grouting to reduce the strength of the reinforcing bar connection and influence the crack resistance of the sleeve grouting material for reinforcing bar connection.
Comparing examples 1-5 with comparative example 3, the CAL fiber swelling agent has better vertical swelling rate in combination with clay than the common magnesium oxide swelling agent, and the difference between 24h and 3h is smaller. The better combination of the CAL fiber expanding agent and the clay is shown, and a three-dimensional space network structure is formed inside the CAL fiber expanding agent, so that the crack resistance of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the reinforcing steel bars can be enhanced.
When the temperature of the distilled water is changed, the fluidity and the compressive strength of the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars, which is mixed with the distilled water, are not greatly changed, and cracks are not generated after the sleeve grouting material for connecting the steel bars is formed according to comparison between the example 1 and the comparative examples 4 and 5.
Here, it should be noted that: in the case of no conflict, a person skilled in the art may combine the related technical features in the above examples according to actual situations to achieve corresponding technical effects, and details of various combining situations are not described herein.
The embodiments of the present invention are preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited by these embodiments, so: all equivalent changes made according to the structure, shape and principle of the invention are covered by the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. Sleeve grout material for steel bar connection, its characterized in that: the composition consists of the following components in parts by weight:
clay 300-;
100 portions and 150 portions of bone meal;
50-100 parts of rubber powder;
1-2 parts of a defoaming agent;
3-5 parts of a water reducing agent;
5-10 parts of an expanding agent;
1-2 parts of an antirust agent.
2. The sleeve grouting material for reinforcing steel bar connection according to claim 1, wherein: the clay is kaolin.
3. The sleeve grouting material for reinforcing steel bar connection according to claim 1, wherein: the rubber powder is resin rubber powder.
4. The sleeve grouting material for reinforcing steel bar connection according to claim 1, wherein: the particle size of the bone meal is less than 20 mu m.
5. The sleeve grouting material for reinforcing steel bar connection according to claim 1, wherein: the antirust agent is benzoic acid.
6. The sleeve grouting material for reinforcing steel bar connection according to claim 1, wherein: the defoaming agent is an organic silicon powder defoaming agent.
7. The sleeve grouting material for reinforcing steel bar connection according to claim 1, wherein: the swelling agent is a fiber swelling agent.
8. The sleeve grout for reinforcing bar connection according to claim 7, wherein: the fiber expanding agent is CAL fiber expanding agent.
9. The sleeve grouting material for reinforcing steel bar connection according to claim 1, wherein: the water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent.
10. A method for preparing a sleeve grouting material for connecting steel bars, which is used for processing the sleeve grouting material for connecting steel bars of any one of claims 1 to 9, and the method comprises the following steps:
s1, mixing the clay and the bone meal, and then crushing the mixture to ensure that the particle size of the mixture is less than 20 mu m;
s2: and adding the rubber powder, the defoaming agent, the water reducing agent, the expanding agent and the antirust agent into the mixture of the smashed clay and bone meal in sequence, and stirring for 30min to uniformly stir the mixture to obtain the product.
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CN108147776A (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2018-06-12 | 北京市建筑工程研究院有限责任公司 | A kind of low temperature bar connecting high performance grouting material and preparation method thereof |
CN109020420A (en) * | 2018-08-30 | 2018-12-18 | 成都宏基建材股份有限公司 | A kind of reinforcing bar sleeve for connection grouting material and preparation method thereof with rust prevention function |
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2020
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CN102190464A (en) * | 2010-03-12 | 2011-09-21 | 古金盛 | Inorganic lightweight grouting material, and manufacture method thereof |
US20150113907A1 (en) * | 2011-12-29 | 2015-04-30 | Jonas L. Lu | Low efflorescence tile grout composition |
CN104692751A (en) * | 2015-02-16 | 2015-06-10 | 陕西师范大学 | Earthen site grouting material of fiber bakelite rod grouted rock bolt based on water-based fluorine |
CN108147776A (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2018-06-12 | 北京市建筑工程研究院有限责任公司 | A kind of low temperature bar connecting high performance grouting material and preparation method thereof |
CN107572941A (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2018-01-12 | 洛阳理工学院 | Special grouting material of microdilatancy assembled architecture reinforcing steel bar connecting sleeve tube and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20200526 |