CN111189687A - Test method for simulating sliding instability of fractured rock mass under action of injected fluid - Google Patents
Test method for simulating sliding instability of fractured rock mass under action of injected fluid Download PDFInfo
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- CN111189687A CN111189687A CN202010158918.4A CN202010158918A CN111189687A CN 111189687 A CN111189687 A CN 111189687A CN 202010158918 A CN202010158918 A CN 202010158918A CN 111189687 A CN111189687 A CN 111189687A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a test method for simulating slippage instability of a fractured rock mass under the action of injected fluid, which comprises the steps of preparing a sample, bonding an upper half sample and a lower half sample along a fracture inclined plane, and drilling a water injection hole in the upper half; the test sample is arranged on a true triaxial test testing device; applying a triaxial stress; performing a water injection test; other tests of the same group; and (6) collating the test data. The method is used for researching a mechanism of inducing the fractured rock mass to slip and destabilize by injecting the fluid and providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the stability and the safety of the engineering rock mass.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fractured rock mass slippage instability, and particularly relates to a test method for simulating fractured rock mass slippage instability under the action of injected fluid.
Background
It is well known that reservoir impoundment, surface and subsurface mining, extraction of subsurface fluids and natural gas, and injection of fluids into subsurface formations all have the potential to induce earthquakes. An earthquake may be triggered by any significant disturbance hydrologic condition, such as fluid injection where a potential active fault has approached instability, increased pore water pressure, or mass production extraction of liquids or gases, may produce sufficient stress or strain changes that over time may result in an abrupt catastrophic earthquake.
The fluid injection can induce geological disasters, but the mechanism is not clear, the influence mechanism of the injected fluid on rock mass or stratum is researched less, the mechanism is mainly based on the analysis of geological data and monitoring data of an engineering site, the mechanism explanation is also concentrated on the pore water pressure, the research means is numerical simulation, and the difference from the actual engineering exists. The results of the experimental study to explain the mechanism of the aspect are more rarely reported, and the main reason is limited to the lack of indoor experimental equipment and experimental means.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a test method capable of realizing injection fluid-induced fractured rock mass slippage instability under a true triaxial stress environment by utilizing a true triaxial test device and combining fractured rock masses, which is used for researching a mechanism of injection fluid-induced fractured rock mass slippage instability and provides a theoretical basis for evaluating the stability and safety of an engineering rock mass.
Therefore, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a test method for simulating the slippage instability of a fractured rock mass under the action of injected fluid comprises the following steps:
step one, sample preparation;
(1) cutting the coal rock block into a hexahedron, further processing the hexahedron by a grinder to ensure that the flatness of the end surface of the hexahedron is within +/-0.02 mm, and cutting the sample along a preset crack inclined plane according to a selected crack inclination angle to obtain symmetrical upper and lower half samples;
(2) drilling a hole in the center of the top of the upper half sample by using a conventional drilling machine, and drilling the upper half sample to form a water injection hole;
(3) respectively coating gypsum as a binder on the cut crack inclined planes of the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample, and attaching and compacting the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample according to the positions before cutting to assemble the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample into a whole;
secondly, mounting the sample on a true triaxial test testing device;
the test device for the true triaxial test comprises a host, a host supporting assembly, a slide rail supporting assembly and servo oil cylinders, wherein six sets of servo oil cylinders are arranged in the up-down, left-right and front-back directions outside the host, the slide rail extends back and forth below the host and is supported on the ground through the slide rail supporting assembly after penetrating through the host, the host comprises an integral annular frame formed by casting, openings are formed in the front and back sides of the integral annular frame, a cover plate is arranged on the outer side of each opening position, the integral annular frame and the cover plates form a host shell, an inner cavity of the host is used for placing a sample, sample cushion blocks are respectively arranged outside the upper, lower, left, right, front and back sides of the sample, and a sample moving support capable of moving back and forth on the slide rail is arranged below the; oil cylinder moving supports capable of moving back and forth on the sliding rails are arranged below the servo oil cylinders on the front side and the rear side respectively, the cover plate can move along with the servo oil cylinders on the corresponding side, the servo oil cylinders on the upper side, the lower side, the left side and the right side are fixedly arranged outside the corresponding sides of the integral annular frame, a load sensor is arranged in the middle of the front end of a piston rod of each servo oil cylinder, and a pressure head is arranged at the front end of each load sensor after penetrating through the main case;
the inner walls of the front, rear, left and right sample cushion blocks are provided with at least four acoustic transmitters which are uniformly distributed, a sample is placed into a cavity formed by the six sample cushion blocks and is sealed into a sample sealing gasket by combining with the edge sealant at the joint of the sample cushion blocks after being quickly locked and assembled, and thus the sample is sealed; the seamed edge sealant is formed by brushing liquid silicon rubber on seamed edges to be sealed, and sealing between sample cushion blocks can be realized after the silicon rubber is solidified;
a water injection pipe facing the water injection hole is fixedly arranged below the upper pressure head, silicon rubber is uniformly coated on the outer wall of the water injection pipe respectively, the sample sealing gasket is arranged on the lower pressure head, the upper pressure head is controlled to move downwards, the water injection pipe is inserted into the water injection hole for bonding and sealing while the upper pressure head is attached to the upper surface of the sample sealing gasket, and finally the front, the rear, the left and the right pressure heads are respectively controlled to move, so that the corresponding pressure heads are respectively attached to the corresponding surfaces of the sample sealing gasket;
step three, applying triaxial stress;
applying stress to the sample to a preset value through the front, rear, left, right, upper and lower six pressure heads;
step four, water injection test;
opening all the acoustic emission instruments, injecting water through preset pressure to enable water to enter a sample through a water injection hole, closing the water injection hole to stop injecting water when the displacement change of the front pressure head, the rear pressure head, the left pressure head, the right pressure head, the upper pressure head and the lower pressure head reaches 0.02mm/s or the pressure change reaches 0.2MPa/s, and recording the pressure and displacement change, acoustic emission information and flow information of the front pressure head, the rear pressure head, the left pressure head, the right pressure head, the upper pressure head and the lower pressure head in the process, wherein the time at the moment is the coal rock slippage instability time;
step five, performing other tests in the same group;
changing a sample, changing the water injection rate, or changing the fracture inclination angle, injecting a fluid medium and the triaxial pressure, and repeating the steps from the first step to the fourth step;
and step six, collating the test data.
Preferably, the sample is a cube and the sample size is 200 × 200 × 200 mm.
More preferably, the extraction holes and the water injection holes are equal in size, the diameter is 10mm, and the depth is 40 mm; the lengths of the extraction pipe and the water injection pipe are 30 mm.
Preferably, the outer ends of the extraction hole and the water injection hole are provided with universal sealing joints.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the novel true triaxial test testing device is adopted, compared with a cavity structure formed by enclosing of an inner layer frame and an outer layer frame in the prior art, only an integral annular frame formed by casting is arranged on a host machine of the testing device, and six sample cushion blocks arranged outside a sample enclose a sample gasket for containing the sample, so that an independent pressure-resistant cavity formed between the inner layer and the outer layer in the prior art is omitted, a pressure head directly abuts against the sample cushion block on the corresponding side after penetrating through a host machine shell, more integral annular frames with larger space arrangement size and thickness can be made, and therefore the cavity can bear larger pressure, and a simulation test in a more complex environment can be met;
(2) because the inner layer frame is omitted, the servo oil cylinder directly applies force to each surface of the sample without penetrating through the pressure-resistant cavity, and the servo oil cylinder penetrates through the pressure-resistant cavity and also needs considering dynamic sealing, the structure is simplified, the cost is reduced, and the reliability is higher; meanwhile, the traditional inner layer frame is thinner than the outer layer frame, so that the inner layer frame is easy to expand and deform under high pressure, and the sealing property between the inner frame and the servo oil cylinder is further influenced;
(3) in the testing device, a pressure head and a sample cushion block are separately designed, and the joint of the sample cushion block is sealed after being coated with liquid silicone rubber and cured, so that injected fluid cannot seep into an external area;
(4) holes are formed in the front side and the rear side of the integral annular frame, a cover plate is arranged on the outer side of each hole, and a host shell is formed by the holes, so that parts on the front side of the sample can be more conveniently installed; in the traditional structure, a cover plate is only arranged at a rear side hole, parts at the front side need to be overhauled or assembled and disassembled, and a sample needs to be moved out of the integral annular frame through a sample moving bracket, so that the traditional structure is very troublesome;
(5) the method is used for researching a mechanism of inducing the fractured rock mass to slip and destabilize by injecting the fluid and providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the stability and the safety of the engineering rock mass.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of a true triaxial test apparatus used in the present invention (including two states of sample loading and unloading).
FIG. 2 is a left side view of the mainframe and the mainframe support assembly of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a sample gasket surrounded by six sample spacers.
Fig. 4 is a front view in cross-section of fig. 3.
FIG. 5 shows the cured state of silicone rubber for sample block edge sealing.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
a test method for simulating the slippage instability of a fractured rock mass under the action of injected fluid comprises the following steps:
step one, sample preparation;
(1) cutting the coal rock block into a hexahedron, further processing the hexahedron by a grinder to enable the flatness of the end surface of the hexahedron to be within +/-0.02 mm, and cutting the sample along a preset fracture inclined plane according to a selected fracture inclination angle (such as the fracture inclination angle is 30 degrees, as shown in figure 4) to obtain symmetrical upper and lower half samples.
(2) And drilling a hole in the top center of the upper half sample by using a conventional drilling machine, and drilling the upper half sample to form a water injection hole 15.
(3) And respectively coating gypsum as a binder on the crack inclined planes of the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample, and attaching and compacting the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample according to the positions before cutting to assemble the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample into a whole.
Preferably, the sample is a cube and the sample size is 200X 200 mm. The water injection hole 15 has a diameter of 12mm, but is not limited thereto.
Secondly, mounting the sample on a true triaxial test testing device;
as shown in fig. 1-4, the true triaxial test testing device mainly comprises a host a, a host supporting assembly B, a slide rail C, a slide rail supporting assembly D and a servo oil cylinder E. The main machine A is supported on the ground through a main machine supporting component B, and six sets of servo oil cylinders E are arranged in the up-down, left-right and front-back directions (namely the three directions of XYZ) outside the main machine A. Slide rail C extends the setting around host computer A below, and slide rail C passes behind the host computer A and supports subaerial through slide rail supporting component D.
The integral annular frame 1 is formed by casting, the front side and the rear side of the integral annular frame 1 are provided with holes, and the outer side of each hole position is provided with a cover plate 2. The whole annular frame 1 and the two cover plates 2 jointly form a main chassis. The inner cavity of the main machine is used for placing a sample 3, and the upper side, the lower side, the left side, the right side, the front side and the rear side of the sample 3 are respectively provided with sample cushion blocks 4, so that six sample cushion blocks 4 are needed. A sample moving bracket 5 which can move back and forth on the slide rail C is arranged below the sample cushion block 4 positioned at the lower side.
The servo oil cylinders E on the front side and the rear side are arranged outside the cover plate 2 on the corresponding side, oil cylinder moving supports 6 capable of moving on the sliding rails C back and forth are arranged below the servo oil cylinders E on the front side and the rear side, and the cover plate 2 can move along with the servo oil cylinders E on the corresponding side. The servo oil cylinders E on the upper, lower, left and right sides are arranged outside the corresponding sides of the integral annular frame.
A load sensor 8 is arranged at the center of the front end of a piston rod 7 of the servo oil cylinder E, and the load sensor 8 is preferably installed in an embedded mode. The front end of the load sensor 8 is provided with a pressure head 9, and the front end of the load sensor 8 penetrates through the main case and is provided with the pressure head 9. When the sample 3 is loaded, the pressure head 9 is directly abutted against the sample cushion block 4 on the corresponding side. Before the test, the sample cushion block 4 is installed outside the sample 3, the joint of the sample cushion block 4 is sealed, after the sealing is completed, the sample 3 is placed on the sample moving support 5, the sample moving support 5 and the oil cylinder moving support 6 on the rear side are sequentially pushed into the inner cavity of the host machine and fixed, and the test is performed after all the pressure heads 9 are directly abutted to the sample cushion block 4 on the corresponding side.
At least four acoustic transmitters 16 are mounted on the inner wall of each sample mat 4 positioned at the front, rear, left, and right, and the acoustic transmitters 16 on each sample mat 4 are not limited to four, and may be five or nine. Placing a sample into a cavity surrounded by six sample cushion blocks 4, assembling and installing the sample through a quick lock 14, and then sealing the sample into a sample sealing gasket by combining with the edge sealant at the joint of the sample cushion blocks 4 so as to seal the sample 3; the liquid silicon rubber is coated on the seamed edge to be sealed, and the seamed edge can be sealed between the sample cushion blocks 4 after the silicon rubber is solidified (as shown in figure 5). The pre-sealing is realized after the silicon rubber is cured, and during the test, the silicon rubber is tightly attached to the sample through the confining pressure of the inner cavity of the host, so that the sealing between the adjacent surfaces of the sample cushion blocks 4 can be realized, and the boundary effect at the edge can be weakened. Preferably, a cylinder displacement sensor 10 is arranged in the servo cylinder E, the servo cylinders E on the upper, lower, left and right sides are fixedly installed on the integral annular frame 1 through end covers 11, the servo cylinders E on the front and rear sides are fixedly installed on the integral annular frame 1 through cover plates 2, and all the positions where the piston rods 7 penetrate through the main case are provided with bushings so as to ensure the sealing property of the inner cavity of the main case.
Preferably, sample deformation displacement sensors 12 are arranged in pairs in the XYZ direction outside a sealed cavity enclosed by six sample cushion blocks 4, the sample deformation displacement sensors 12 are installed outside the edges of the sample cushion blocks 4 through displacement sensor extension rods 13, and a pair of sample deformation displacement sensors 12 in the same direction are arranged in a diagonally staggered manner, so that the measurement of unbalanced and uneven deformation under the condition of true triaxial can be realized.
Preferably, two sets of electro-hydraulic servo superchargers are also arranged to respectively provide confining pressure for the inner cavity of the main machine and provide water injection pressure or osmotic pressure for the sample, so that the confining pressure, the water injection pressure or the osmotic pressure are respectively controlled, and complicated test conditions can be completed. The working pressure of a control high-pressure valve in the electro-hydraulic servo supercharger is greater than the highest output pressure of the supercharging, so as to ensure high reliability and long service life of the work.
Preferably, the axial plunger pump hydraulic source is also arranged, and the hydraulic source is provided with high-low pressure conversion, so that the high-low pressure can be switched smoothly during the test.
Firstly, a sample is filled into a sample sealing gasket surrounded by six sample cushion blocks 4, liquid silicon rubber is coated on edges, after the silicon rubber is solidified, the sample is pushed into an inner cavity of a main machine through a sample moving support 5, finally, cover plates 2 on the front side and the rear side are installed on an integral annular frame 1 through an oil cylinder moving support 6, the inner cavity of the main machine is guaranteed to be sealed during installation, and then, a test is started.
The lower part of the upper pressure head 9 is fixedly provided with a water injection pipe just facing the water injection hole 15, the outer wall of the water injection pipe is respectively and uniformly coated with silicon rubber, the sample sealing gasket is firstly installed on the lower pressure head 9, the upper pressure head 9 is controlled to move downwards, the water injection pipe is inserted into the water injection hole 15 for bonding and sealing when the upper surfaces of the upper pressure head 9 and the sample sealing gasket are laminated, and finally the four pressure heads 9 are respectively controlled to move, so that the corresponding pressure heads 9 are respectively laminated on the corresponding surfaces of the sample sealing gasket.
Preferably, the length of the water injection pipe is 10mm shorter than that of the water injection hole 15, and the universal sealing joint 17 is installed at the outer end of the water injection hole 15.
Step three, applying triaxial stress;
the sample is stressed to a predetermined value by six indenters 9, front, rear, left, right, upper, and lower.
Step four, water injection test;
and (3) opening all the acoustic emission instruments 16, injecting water through preset pressure, enabling the water to enter the sample through the water injection hole 15, closing the water injection hole 15 to stop injecting water when the displacement change of the front, rear, left, right, upper and lower pressure heads reaches 0.02mm/s or the pressure change reaches 0.2MPa/s, and recording the pressure and displacement change, acoustic emission information and flow information of the front, rear, left, right, upper and lower pressure heads in the process, wherein the time at the moment is the coal rock slippage instability time.
Step five, performing other tests in the same group;
and (4) replacing the sample, changing the water injection rate, or changing the fracture inclination angle, injecting a fluid medium and the triaxial pressure, and repeating the steps from the first step to the fourth step.
And step six, collating the test data. The following table shows the recorded data during the test.
Claims (4)
1. A test method for simulating the slippage instability of a fractured rock mass under the action of injected fluid is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, sample preparation;
(1) cutting the coal rock block into a hexahedron, further processing the hexahedron by a grinder to ensure that the flatness of the end surface of the hexahedron is within +/-0.02 mm, and cutting the sample along a preset crack inclined plane according to a selected crack inclination angle to obtain symmetrical upper and lower half samples;
(2) drilling a hole in the center of the top of the upper half sample by using a conventional drilling machine, and drilling the upper half sample to form a water injection hole (15);
(3) respectively coating gypsum as a binder on the cut crack inclined planes of the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample, and attaching and compacting the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample according to the positions before cutting to assemble the upper half part sample and the lower half part sample into a whole;
secondly, mounting the sample on a true triaxial test testing device;
the true triaxial test testing device comprises a host (A), a host supporting component (B), a slide rail (C), a slide rail supporting component (D) and servo oil cylinders (E), wherein six sets of servo oil cylinders (E) are arranged in the upper-lower, left-right and front-back directions outside the host (A), the slide rail (C) extends and is arranged in the front-back direction below the host (A) and passes through the host (A) and then is supported on the ground through the slide rail supporting component (D), the host (A) comprises a cast integral annular frame (1), holes are formed in the front side and the back side of the integral annular frame (1), a cover plate (2) is arranged outside each hole position, the integral annular frame (1) and the cover plate (2) enclose to form a host shell, an inner cavity of the host is used for placing a sample (3), and sample cushion blocks (4) are respectively arranged outside the upper side, the lower side, the left side, the right side, the front, a sample moving bracket (5) which can move back and forth on the slide rail (C) is arranged below the sample cushion block (4) positioned at the lower side; oil cylinder moving supports (6) capable of moving back and forth on a sliding rail (C) are arranged below the servo oil cylinders (E) on the front side and the rear side respectively, the cover plate (2) can move along with the servo oil cylinders (E) on the corresponding side, the servo oil cylinders (E) on the upper side, the lower side, the left side and the right side are fixedly arranged outside the corresponding side of the integral annular frame (1), a load sensor (8) is arranged in the middle position of the front end of a piston rod (7) of each servo oil cylinder (E), and a pressure head (9) is installed at the front end of each load sensor (8) after penetrating through the main machine shell;
at least four acoustic emission instruments (16) which are uniformly distributed are arranged on the inner wall of each sample cushion block (4) which is positioned at the front, the back, the left and the right, a sample is placed in a cavity which is surrounded by the six sample cushion blocks (4), and is combined and arranged through a quick lock (14) and then sealed by combining with the edge sealant at the joint of the sample cushion blocks (4) to form a sample sealing gasket, so that the sample (3) is sealed therein; the seamed edge sealant is formed by brushing liquid silicon rubber on seamed edges to be sealed, and the sealing between the sample cushion blocks (4) can be realized after the silicon rubber is cured;
a water injection pipe facing the water injection hole (15) is fixedly arranged below the upper pressure head (9), the outer wall of the water injection pipe is respectively and uniformly coated with silicon rubber, a sample sealing gasket is firstly arranged on the lower pressure head (9), then the upper pressure head (9) is controlled to move downwards, the water injection pipe is inserted into the water injection hole (15) for bonding and sealing while the upper pressure head (9) is attached to the upper surface of the sample sealing gasket, and finally the front, the rear, the left and the right pressure heads (9) are respectively controlled to move, so that the corresponding pressure heads (9) are respectively attached to the corresponding surfaces of the sample sealing gasket;
step three, applying triaxial stress;
applying stress to the sample to a preset value through a front pressure head (9), a rear pressure head (9), a left pressure head, a right pressure head, an upper pressure head and a lower pressure head;
step four, water injection test;
opening all the acoustic emission instruments (16), injecting water through preset pressure, enabling the water to enter a sample through a water injection hole (15), closing the water injection hole (15) to stop injecting water when the displacement change of the front, rear, left, right, upper and lower pressure heads reaches 0.02mm/s or the pressure change reaches 0.2MPa/s, and recording the pressure and displacement change, acoustic emission information and flow information of the front, rear, left, right, upper and lower pressure heads in the process, wherein the time at the moment is the coal rock slippage instability time;
step five, performing other tests in the same group;
changing a sample, changing the water injection rate, or changing the fracture inclination angle, injecting a fluid medium and the triaxial pressure, and repeating the steps from the first step to the fourth step;
and step six, collating the test data.
2. The test method for simulating the slippage instability of the fractured rock mass under the action of the injected fluid according to claim 1, wherein: the sample is a cube and the sample size is 200X 200 mm.
3. The test method for simulating the slippage instability of the fractured rock mass under the action of the injected fluid according to claim 1, wherein: the diameter of the water injection hole (15) is 12mm, and the length of the water injection pipe is 10mm less than that of the water injection hole (15).
4. The test method for simulating the slippage instability of the fractured rock mass under the action of the injected fluid according to claim 1, wherein: and a universal sealing joint (17) is arranged at the outer side end of the water injection hole (15).
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| CN112461668A (en) * | 2020-11-06 | 2021-03-09 | 武汉大学 | Test method for researching hydraulic fracturing induced fault activation |
| CN117110073A (en) * | 2023-10-19 | 2023-11-24 | 中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心 | Physical simulation experiment method for earthquake induced by hydraulic fracturing of dry-hot rock |
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