CN111175832A - Frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of underground water - Google Patents

Frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of underground water Download PDF

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CN111175832A
CN111175832A CN202010108086.5A CN202010108086A CN111175832A CN 111175832 A CN111175832 A CN 111175832A CN 202010108086 A CN202010108086 A CN 202010108086A CN 111175832 A CN111175832 A CN 111175832A
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groundwater
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刘春明
曹创华
刘嵘
汪鑫强
薛建强
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Central South University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/08—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by objects or geological structures or by detecting devices
    • G01V3/081—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by objects or geological structures or by detecting devices the magnetic field is produced by the objects or geological structures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02A90/30—Assessment of water resources

Abstract

A frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of underground water is characterized in that easily soluble minerals (such as salt) are added to a position connected with the underground water, electric signals with multiple frequencies are transmitted through 2 power supply electrodes, frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration is carried out on at least 3 measuring electrodes, the resistivity change conditions of an exploration area before and after the easily soluble substances are added are detected, the horizontal flow direction, the flow velocity amplitude and the flow of the three-dimensional space of the underground water are estimated by adopting a related formula, and whether the underground water has obvious vertical motion or not is judged, so that the three-dimensional flow characteristics of the underground water are obtained. The method has the advantages of rapidness, no damage, low cost and the like, and is suitable for estimating the characteristics of horizontal flow direction, flow velocity, flow and the like of a three-dimensional space of the underground water with the exposed part at the upstream.

Description

Frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of underground water
Technical Field
The invention relates to a frequency domain electromagnetic induction electrical method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of underground water in the field of exploration geophysics, which can estimate the three-dimensional flow characteristics such as horizontal flow direction, flow velocity, flow and the like of the underground water with an upstream exposed part.
Background
The current regional groundwater flow field mainly considers the height difference of the whole topography of the region and judges the flow direction of groundwater by contrasting with a related geological environment map set.
The flow characteristics such as local underground water flow direction are mainly judged by drilling an observation well and adding some auxiliary tests.
As in the conventional chemical ion tracing method, the basic principle of the method is that a certain chemical substance is put into underground water through an observation well and then dissolved into chemical ions. If chemical ions are put in the test, the underground water of the putting point and the receiving point can be proved to be communicated, and the underground water flow direction can be roughly estimated according to the time difference monitored by each well. The method requires a plurality of observation points or observation wells, and the cost of auxiliary facilities for observation is too high.
For example, the three-point method of an isocratic line method, the method for determining the flow direction and the flow speed of the groundwater comprises the following steps: 1) Selecting three well points which are not on a straight line, respectively measuring the elevation of the well, and respectively measuring the buried depth of the underground water level (the distance from the ground of a well head to the water surface); 2) subtracting the underground water level buried depth from the well mouth ground elevation to be equal to the underground water level elevation, accurately positioning the three well points on the topographic base map, connecting the three points to form a triangle, interpolating elevation values on each edge, and connecting equal elevation values to form a curve, namely an equal water level line; 3) the direction of the vertical equal water level line is from high water level to low water level, namely the direction of underground water; 4) after the underground water flow direction is determined, carrying out a water pumping test to determine parameters of an aquifer; 5) and finally, calculating the flow rate value of the groundwater according to Darcy's law. The method needs to drill a large-caliber water pumping well, and is particularly unfavorable for the condition that the aquifer is buried deeply. The reliability of the calculated groundwater flow velocity is poor because there is a possibility that large errors may exist in the relevant parameters due to the heterogeneity of aquifers and the like. The groundwater flow direction, hydraulic gradient, permeability coefficient and flow velocity values obtained by the method are weighted average values of the parameters at various points in a certain range of an investigation area, and the representative range of each parameter is large. The implementation of the method needs a plurality of observation wells, and the more observation wells, the higher the precision; therefore, the cost of the auxiliary facilities is too high, but the accuracy of the estimation result of the method is higher.
Such as ambient isotope age method. The method is to determine the flow direction and flow rate of underground water by applying the age measurement of environmental isotopes such as hydrogen or carbon and the like and matching the analysis of factors such as geology, hydrogeology and the like. If the general direction of groundwater flow is known in a regional groundwater flow system, the difference in isotope ages in samples taken in the direction of flow can be used to calculate the regional average groundwater flow rate, identified by the isotope, and delineating a section of the groundwater system where the age of groundwater is old and the flow rate is low. This method is high in accuracy, but the isotope age measurement efficiency is low, it is difficult to directly obtain the flow characteristics of the groundwater on site, and the method also requires a plurality of sampling points, so that the cost of the auxiliary facilities is high.
Such as the natural electric field method. The method is characterized in that the flow direction of the underground water is analyzed according to the 8-shaped characteristics of the natural potential by measuring the natural potential of a certain center in different directions. The method has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency and the like, but cannot estimate the characteristics of the flow velocity, the flow rate and the like of the underground water. And the measurement accuracy of the natural electric field is lower, and the anti-interference capability is weak.
Such as a charging method. The method is characterized in that a measuring electrode is arranged by taking a drill hole for exposing underground water as a center, salt is thrown in the drill hole, the drill hole is used for supplying power, and an isoelectric point is measured, so that the flow direction and the flow rate of the underground water are judged. The method has the characteristic of high precision, but in actual exploration, because the isoelectric point needs to be found, multiple times of exploration of a plurality of measuring points are needed so as to find the real isoelectric point, so that the exploration efficiency is low, and in addition, the environmental adaptability of the method is weak, and the underground water exploration work of exploration areas with steep terrain, vegetation development and a plurality of buildings is difficult to meet. In addition, the method cannot estimate the flow of the underground water.
The flow characteristic of the underground water is estimated by adopting a conduction electrical method, if the flow characteristic of the underground water at a certain position is estimated, the conduction electrical method is more convenient, but if the three-dimensional characteristic estimation of the underground water is carried out, power supply electrodes at different positions need to be arranged by the conduction electrical method, and if the underground water with large depth needs to be estimated, the workload of arranging the power supply electrodes is larger, and the exploration depth is more limited. Therefore, the conduction electric method is suitable for estimating the horizontal flow characteristics of the groundwater in the shallow part.
The invention content is as follows:
the invention provides a frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of underground water based on advantages and disadvantages of the existing underground water flow characteristic measurement method, in particular based on advantages and disadvantages of a charging method. The method can estimate the three-dimensional horizontal flow characteristics of the underground water such as horizontal flow direction, horizontal flow velocity, horizontal flow and the like, thereby providing a new choice for measuring the three-dimensional horizontal flow characteristics of the underground water. Compared with the charging method, the method has the following advantages: 1) the working efficiency is higher, and the exploration cost is low; according to the method, the horizontal flow characteristic of the underground water can be obtained only by arranging a plurality of fixed measuring electrodes without searching for an isoelectric point; 2) the horizontal flow three-dimensional characteristics of the underground water can be obtained; the method can obtain the flow characteristics of the underground water in different depth ranges by changing the frequency value of the power supply signal, and not only estimates the plane flow characteristics of the underground water; 3) the time characteristic of the underground water can be obtained; according to the method, the flow characteristics of the underground water along with time change can be measured by measuring the flow characteristics of the underground water at different time, namely the four-dimensional flow characteristics of the underground water can be obtained; 4) the flow characteristics of the underground water can be obtained; according to the method, due to the fact that power supply signals of multiple frequencies are used, depth information can be obtained, and therefore the flow characteristics of underground water can be estimated.
A frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of underground water comprises the following specific steps:
a) selecting an exploration area needing to estimate the flow characteristics of underground water, arranging at least 3 measuring electrodes (any 3 measuring electrodes are not on the same straight line) and 2 power supply electrodes, and acquiring coordinates of the measuring electrodes and the power supply electrodes, wherein the coordinates of the measuring electrodes are (CXi, CYi), and the coordinates of the power supply electrodes are (GXk, GYk); wherein i belongs to [1, n ], k belongs to [1,2], and n is the total number of the measuring electrodes; preferably, all the measuring electrodes are uniformly distributed with the central part of the dew point of the groundwater in which the easily soluble minerals are put as the center, and with equal angles and equal horizontal distances with the central part of the dew point of the groundwater in which the easily soluble minerals are put. The horizontal distance from each power supply electrode to the central part S of the groundwater dew point where the easily soluble minerals are put is not less than 3 times of the horizontal distance from any measuring electrode to the central part S of the groundwater dew point where the easily soluble minerals are put; if a higher accuracy of the flow characteristics of the groundwater is to be obtained, the number of measuring electrodes can be increased, i.e. the greater the number of measuring electrodes, the higher the exploration accuracy, but it is necessary to pay attention that any 3 measuring electrodes are not in a straight line in order to improve the measurement accuracy. The solid easily soluble minerals are generally selected from common salt, so that the pollution can be reduced, the exploration cost is reduced, and the common salt is easy to obtain.
b) Supplying power through 2 power supply electrodes, wherein each time the supplied signals are multi-frequency signals, and measuring the signals on the adjacent 2 measuring electrodes; when 2 power supply electrodes are powered on, signals on all adjacent 2 measuring electrodes are measured simultaneously, and corresponding frequency f, corresponding measuring electrodes (i and j measuring electrodes) and corresponding measuring time (t) are converted0) Apparent resistivity parameter of
Figure BDA0002389036430000051
Wherein i and j are the numbers of 2 measuring electrodes, and i and j are not equal; t is t0When the power supply electrode is powered, the time of measuring signals on the i and j measuring electrodes for the first time; i is an e [1, n ]],j∈[1,n]N is the total number of measurement electrodes; f is the frequency value of the single-frequency signal in the power supply signal; the main purpose of the simultaneous measurement of the electrical signals between all adjacent measuring electrodes is to reduce random interference, and if the number of the measuring electrodes is too large and the number of the measuring channels of the electrical method instrument is not enough to measure simultaneously, the lag time is reduced as much as possible so as to reduce the influence degree of the random interference. The multi-frequency signal on the power supply electrode is preferably a pseudo-random signal which has a single-frequency difference of 2 times and is modulated by a plurality of frequencies.
c) After the electrical signal is measured for the first time, harmless and solid easily soluble mineral substances Z (such as salt) are immediately put into the underground water through the dew point of the underground water, and the easily soluble mineral substances Z in a solid state always exist in the solid easily soluble mineral substances put into the underground water in the measuring process; recording coordinates (Xs, Ys) of the central part of the groundwater dew point, in which harmless and solid easily soluble minerals Z are put; s represents the central part of the groundwater outlet point; therefore, the solid soluble mineral substance in the measurement process is required to be kept in a solid state, and the soluble mineral substance in the underground water is ensured to be in a saturated state as much as possible, so that the estimation accuracy of the flow characteristic is ensured as much as possible.
d) After the soluble mineral substance Z is put in, the power is supplied by 2 power supply electrodes at intervals, the signal fed in each time is a multi-frequency signal which is the same as the signal in the step b), the signals on any adjacent 2 measuring electrodes are measured simultaneously, and the corresponding frequency f, the corresponding measuring electrodes (i and j measuring electrodes) and the apparent resistivity parameter rho at the corresponding measuring time t are convertedi,j,t,f(ii) a Wherein i and j are the numbers of 2 measuring electrodes, and i and j are not equal; i is an e [1, n ]],j∈[1,n]N is the total number of measurement electrodes; t is the time when the power supply electrode supplies power after the soluble mineral Z is put in, and the measuring signals on the measuring electrodes i and j are measured; f is the frequency value of the single-frequency signal in the power supply signal; the interval time in the step needs to be determined based on the conditions of selected electric instruments and other equipment, if the electric instruments are suitable for rapid measurement, the interval time can be reduced, and the general conditions of underground water are properly considered, for example, the interval time can be reduced if the flow rate of underground water is high; if the flow rate is slow, the interval time can be increased.
e) Selecting t0And apparent resistivity value at time tD, where tD>t0And tD is the moment of measuring signals on the measuring electrode when the power supply electrode supplies power after the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put in, and the apparent resistivity rho of the same measuring electrode and the same frequency at the momenti,j,t,fAnd t0Apparent resistivity at a moment
Figure BDA0002389036430000063
Not all are equal; according to the formula (1), according to the coordinates of measuring electrode and central position S of groundwater dew point in which the harmless and solid soluble mineral Z is added, firstly the same time node and a certain time node are obtainedVector of a certain measuring electrode pair (i and j measuring electrodes) at frequency f
Figure BDA0002389036430000061
Then, the sum of all vectors with the same frequency is obtained, so that when the frequency is f, the depth is estimated
Figure BDA0002389036430000062
Figure BDA0002389036430000071
The horizontal flow direction of the groundwater in the range (in meters), i.e. the horizontal flow direction of the groundwater in the depth range, is the vector in the formula (1)
Figure BDA0002389036430000072
The orientation of (1);
Figure BDA0002389036430000073
where i and j are not equal, i ∈ [1, n ]],j∈[1,n]N is the total number of measurement electrodes;
Figure BDA0002389036430000074
indicating when the feeding electrode is fed with power t0Apparent resistivity calculated from signals of frequency f measured at the i and j measurement electrodes at the time; rhoi,j,tD,fApparent resistivity calculated from signals with frequency f measured on the i and j measurement electrodes at the moment tD when the power supply electrode is powered; the timing of tD is important and critical, if the easily soluble minerals are not passed through the measuring electrodes, the apparent resistivity obtained on all measuring electrodes at this time is relative to t0At that moment, the apparent resistivity has not changed, i.e. it is
Figure BDA0002389036430000075
The calculation result of equation (1) is 0, but the groundwater does not flow but the change state of the groundwater has not been measured by the measuring electrode, so the time of tD needs to satisfy "the apparent resistivity of the same measuring electrode at that time
Figure BDA0002389036430000076
And t0Apparent resistivity at a moment
Figure BDA0002389036430000077
Not all equal "conditions, thereby ensuring that the flow characteristics of the groundwater have been measured at that moment. The horizontal flow directions of a plurality of different tD moments can be independently obtained, and then the average value is obtained, so that the estimation result with higher precision is obtained.
f) Depth when estimating a signal of frequency f by equation (2)
Figure BDA0002389036430000081
Amplitude V of the flow velocity of groundwater in the meter rangef；
Figure BDA0002389036430000082
Wherein i belongs to [1, n ], j belongs to [1, n ], i and j are unequal, and n is the total number of the measuring electrodes;
wherein S is the central part of the groundwater outlet point where the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put, Oi,jDenotes the midpoint of the connecting line between the measurement electrodes No. i and No. j, SOi,jShowing the center S of the dew point of groundwater in which the easily soluble minerals Z are put to the midpoint O of the measuring electrodes No. i and No. ji,jDistance of (d), in meters; t is tmin,i,j,fMeasuring time when apparent resistivity calculated for signals with frequency values f on the ith and jth measuring electrodes reaches a minimum value for the first time; t is t0When no easily soluble mineral substance Z is added, measuring the measuring time of the signal with the frequency value f on the ith measuring electrode and the jth measuring electrode for the first time, wherein the parameter in the formula (2) is the same value as the first time is the same time; S-Oi,jDenotes S and Oi,jThe connecting line between; thetai,j,fDepth for a signal of frequency f
Figure BDA0002389036430000091
Flow of groundwater in the meter rangeVector in (i.e. formula (1))
Figure BDA0002389036430000092
Orientation of) and S-Oi,jThe acute included angle; max () is a function that finds the maximum value; when the frequency is f, the numbers of the i and j measuring electrodes corresponding to the maximum value result in the maximum value function in the formula (2) are named pf and qf respectively; if a plurality of maximum values exist in the variables in the maximum function in the formula (2), the numbers of the measurement electrodes i and j corresponding to any one of the maximum values are named pf and qf respectively;
g) depth when estimating a signal of frequency f by equation (3)
Figure BDA0002389036430000093
Flow rate W of groundwater in the meter rangef；
Figure BDA0002389036430000094
Wherein
Figure BDA0002389036430000095
When power is supplied to the power supply electrode t0Apparent resistivities measured on the pf and qf measurement electrodes at the time;
Figure BDA0002389036430000096
when power is supplied to the power supply electrode tmin,pf,qf,fApparent resistivity calculated from signals with the frequency f measured on the pf and qf measuring electrodes at the moment; t is tmin,pf,qf,fMeasuring time when apparent resistivity calculated for signals with the frequency f measured on the pf and qf measuring electrodes reaches a minimum value for the first time; pf and qf are the number of the measuring electrodes determined in step f); vfCalculating the flow velocity amplitude of formula (2), namely the flow velocity amplitude of the underground water, and the unit is meter/hour;
Figure BDA0002389036430000101
the unit is meter; dpf,qfThe distance between the electrodes is measured for pf and qf numbers in meters, i.e.
Figure BDA0002389036430000102
S-Opf,qfShowing the center S and O of the dew point of groundwater in which easily soluble minerals Z are putpf,qfLine between, thetapf,qf,fIs a depth of
Figure BDA0002389036430000103
Flow direction of groundwater in the meter range and S-Opf,qfThe acute included angle;
h) the flow direction, the flow velocity amplitude and the flow result of the groundwater in different depths reflected by different frequency values f are processed according to different depth values
Figure BDA0002389036430000104
Figure BDA0002389036430000105
Forming a three-dimensional coordinate by a plane coordinate of a central part S of an exposed point of the groundwater in which the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put, and taking the flow direction or flow velocity amplitude or flow result of the groundwater in different depths as a measured value so as to obtain the three-dimensional flow characteristic of the groundwater in the exploration area;
the same frequency (f) of 2 measurement electrodes (i and j measurement electrodes) is obtained1) At certain two moments (t)1And t2) Of the apparent resistivity of (a) is an absolute value Δ ρ of the difference1The same 2 measuring electrodes (i and j measuring electrodes) and the same frequency (f) are obtained2) Two moments in time (t)1And t2) Of the apparent resistivity of (a) is an absolute value Δ ρ of the difference2Wherein f is1>f2(ii) a If Δ ρ1<Δρ2Then judging that the groundwater between the 2 measuring electrodes exists from the depth
Figure BDA0002389036430000111
In meters to depth
Figure BDA0002389036430000112
(in meters) vertical motion.
The above
Figure BDA0002389036430000113
The denominator ((n-1) n) in the accumulation formula in the formula is 2 times of the number of all accumulated apparent resistivities determined according to the number of the measuring electrodes, if some apparent resistivity values do not participate in accumulation, the denominator in the corresponding accumulation formula is also correspondingly adjusted, namely the accumulation formula is to calculate the average value of the apparent resistivities participating in calculation and then calculate the depth value by using the resistivity average value.
In addition, the measurement electrode numbers i and j in the accumulation formula in this patent do not distinguish the order, for example, i is 1, j is 3, and i is 3 and j is 1.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of groundwater according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a field layout of a frequency domain electromagnetic induction survey method of the present invention for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of groundwater;
wherein the cross symbols and the numbers a and B in fig. 2 represent the positions and numbers of 2 feeding electrodes, respectively; black circle solid points and numbers (1/2/3) respectively represent 3 measuring points and numbers; black circular hollow dot and number (O)1,2、O2,3、O1,3) Respectively representing the midpoint and the number of the connecting line of the adjacent measuring electrodes; the black triangular solid point and the number (S) are the central part of the groundwater dew point and are used as the part for putting solid easily soluble mineral substances.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments with reference to fig. 1 and 2.
The method is implemented according to the steps in the flow chart of the frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating the three-dimensional flow characteristic of the underground water, which is shown in FIG. 1, and the specific steps are as follows:
a) as shown in fig. 2, selecting an exploration area needing to estimate the flow characteristics of the groundwater, arranging 3 measuring electrodes (such as 1/2/3 measuring electrodes in fig. 2) (and 3 measuring electrodes are not in a straight line) and 2 power supply electrodes (such as a and B in fig. 2), and acquiring coordinates of the measuring electrodes (such as 1/2/3 measuring electrodes in fig. 2) and the power supply electrodes (such as a and B in fig. 2), wherein the coordinates of the measuring electrodes are (CXi, CYi) (such as the coordinates of measuring electrode No. 1 in fig. 2 are (CX1 ═ 10, CY1 ═ 50), the coordinates of measuring electrode No. 2 are (CX2 ═ 70, CY2 ═ 10), and the coordinates of measuring electrode No. 3 are (CX3 ═ 90, CY3 ═ 70)); the coordinates of the feeding electrodes (for example, the coordinates of the feeding electrode a in fig. 2 are (GXA ═ 20, GYA ═ 100), and the coordinates of the feeding electrode B are (GXB ═ 70, GYB ═ 100)); where i ∈ [1,3], 3 is the total number of measurement electrodes. The horizontal distance from each power supply electrode (such as A and B in figure 2) to the central part S of the groundwater outlet point where the easily soluble minerals Z are put is not less than 3 times of the horizontal distance from any measuring electrode (such as 1/2/3 measuring electrode in figure 2) to the central part S of the groundwater outlet point where the easily soluble minerals Z are put. The solid soluble mineral Z is selected from salt.
b) The power is supplied by 2 power supply electrodes (such as A and B in figure 2), and the signal supplied each time comprises 2 single frequencies (f)1And f2And f is1＝2f2) Measuring signals on adjacent 2 measuring electrodes (e.g., 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in fig. 2); when 2 supply electrodes are supplied (e.g. A and B in FIG. 2), the signals on all adjacent 2 measuring electrodes (e.g. 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 in FIG. 2) are measured simultaneously and the corresponding frequencies are scaled (f)1And f2) Respective measuring electrodes (such as 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in fig. 2)), respective measuring instants (t)0) Apparent resistivity parameter of
Figure BDA0002389036430000131
And
Figure BDA0002389036430000132
wherein i and j are the numbers of 2 measuring electrodes, and i and j are not equal; t is t0When the power supply electrode is powered, the time of measuring signals on the i and j measuring electrodes for the first time; i is an e [1,3]],j∈[1,3]And 3 is the total number of measurement electrodes; f. of1And f2The frequency values of 2 single-frequency signals in the power supply signal; all adjacent measuring electrodesThe main purpose of the simultaneous measurement of electrical signals in between is to reduce random interference. The multi-frequency signal passing through the power supply electrode has a single frequency ratio of 2 times (i.e. f)1＝2f2) And 2 frequency-modulated pseudo-random signals.
c) After the electrical signal is measured for the first time, harmless and solid easily soluble mineral Z (such as salt) is immediately put into the underground water through the dew point of the underground water, and the solid easily soluble mineral Z put into the underground water in the measuring process always exists in a solid easily soluble mineral Z; recording coordinates (Xs, Ys) of a central part S of an underground water dew point, in which harmless and solid easily soluble minerals Z are put; s represents the central part of the groundwater outlet point; therefore, the solid soluble mineral substance Z kept in the measuring process exists in a solid state, and the soluble mineral substance Z in the underground water is ensured to be in a saturated state as much as possible, so that the estimation accuracy of the flow characteristic of the underground water can be ensured as much as possible.
d) After the soluble mineral substance Z is added, every time (such as measuring once every 1 hour), the power is supplied by 2 power supply electrodes (such as A and B in figure 2), the signal supplied each time is a multifrequency signal identical to the signal in the step B), the signals on any adjacent 2 measuring electrodes (such as 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in figure 2) are measured simultaneously, and the corresponding frequency (f) is converted1And f2) Corresponding measuring electrodes (such as 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in fig. 2), apparent resistivity parameters at corresponding measuring time t
Figure BDA0002389036430000142
And
Figure BDA0002389036430000143
wherein i and j are the numbers of 2 measuring electrodes, and i and j are not equal; i is an e [1,3]],j∈[1,3]And 3 is the total number of measurement electrodes; t is the time when the power supply electrode supplies power after the soluble mineral Z is put in, and the measuring signals on the measuring electrodes i and j are measured; f. of1And f2Is the frequency value of the single frequency signal in the power supply signal.
e) Selecting t0And apparent resistivity value at time tD, where tD>t0And tD is the time when the measuring signals are measured on the measuring electrodes (such as 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in fig. 2) when the power is supplied to the power supply electrodes (such as A and B in fig. 2) after the easily soluble mineral substance Z is added, and the apparent resistivity rho of the same measuring electrode and the same frequency at the timei,j,t,fAnd t0Apparent resistivity at a moment
Figure BDA0002389036430000144
Not all of them are equal (f is f)1Or f2) (ii) a According to the formula (1), the coordinates of the measuring electrodes (such as 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 in figure 2) and the central part S of the groundwater dew point where the harmless and solid easily soluble minerals Z are put are firstly used for obtaining the same time node and a certain frequency (f)1Or f2) The vector of a certain measuring electrode pair (e.g. 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in fig. 2)
Figure BDA0002389036430000141
Then, the same frequency (f) is obtained1Or f2) Is calculated by summing all vectors of (a) to thereby estimate the frequency f1Or f2At a depth of
Figure BDA0002389036430000151
(f is f)1Or f2) In meters), i.e., the horizontal flow direction of groundwater in the depth range is the vector in equation (1)
Figure BDA0002389036430000152
The orientation of (1);
Figure BDA0002389036430000153
wherein (f is f1Or f2) (ii) a i and j are not equal, i ∈ [1,3]],j∈[1,3]And 3 is the total number of measurement electrodes;
Figure BDA0002389036430000154
indicates when the feeding electrodes (A and B in FIG. 2) are fed with power t0Measuring electrodes at time i and j(e.g., 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measurement electrodes in FIG. 2) at a frequency of (f is f)1Or f2) The apparent resistivity calculated from the signal of (a); rhoi,j,tD,fThe frequency measured at the time tD on the i and j measurement electrodes (e.g., 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measurement electrodes in fig. 2) at the time of supplying power to the power supply electrodes (e.g., a and B in fig. 2) is (f is f)1Or f2) The apparent resistivity calculated from the signal of (a); the timing of tD is important and critical, if the injected easily soluble minerals Z have not passed the measuring electrodes, then the apparent resistivity obtained on all measuring electrodes (e.g. 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in fig. 2) at that time is relative to t0At that moment, the apparent resistivity has not changed, i.e. it is
Figure BDA0002389036430000155
(f is f)1Or f2) Then the calculation result of equation (1) is 0, but not the groundwater does not flow, but the measuring electrodes (e.g., the measuring electrodes 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 in fig. 2) have not measured the change state of the groundwater, so the time of tD needs to satisfy "the apparent resistivity of the same measuring electrodes (e.g., the measuring electrodes 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 in fig. 2) at that time
Figure BDA0002389036430000161
And t0Apparent resistivity at a moment
Figure BDA0002389036430000162
Not all equal "conditions, thereby ensuring that the flow characteristics of the groundwater have been measured at that moment.
f) Estimating the frequency f (f is f) by equation (2)1Or f2) Time of signal of (2), depth
Figure BDA0002389036430000163
(in meters) (f is f)1Or f2) Amplitude V of flow velocity of groundwater within rangef；
Figure BDA0002389036430000164
Wherein f is f1Or f2；i∈[1,3],j∈[1,3]I and j are not equal, 3 is the total number of measurement electrodes; wherein S is the central part of the groundwater outlet point where the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put, Oi,jDenotes the midpoint of the connecting line between the measurement electrodes No. i and No. j, SOi,jShowing the center S of the dew point of groundwater in which the easily soluble minerals Z are put to the midpoint O of the measuring electrodes No. i and No. ji,jDistance of (d), in meters; t is tmin,i,j,fFrequency values f on the measurement electrodes of No. i and No. j (f is f)1Or f2) The measurement time when the apparent resistivity calculated by the signal reaches a minimum value for the first time; t is t0When no soluble mineral Z is added, the frequency values of the measurement electrodes of the ith and the jth are measured for the first time to be f (f is f)1Or f2) The first measurement is the same measurement, so the parameter in formula (2) is the same value; S-Oi,jDenotes S and Oi,jThe connecting line between; thetai,j,fIs a frequency f (f is f)1Or f2) Time of signal of (2), depth
Figure BDA0002389036430000171
(in meters) (f is f)1Or f2) Flow direction of groundwater within range (i.e. vector in equation (1))
Figure BDA0002389036430000172
Orientation of) and S-Oi,jThe acute included angle; max () is a function that finds the maximum value; frequency f (f is f)1Or f2) The numbers of the measuring electrodes i and j corresponding to the maximum value result in the maximum value function in the formula (2) are named pf and qf respectively (f is f)1Or f2) (ii) a If a plurality of maximum values exist in the variables in the maximum value function in the formula (2), the numbers of the measurement electrodes i and j corresponding to any one of the maximum values are named pf and qf respectively (f is f)1Or f2)；
g) Estimating the frequency f (f is f) by equation (3)1Or f2) Time of signal of (2), depth
Figure BDA0002389036430000173
(in meters) (f is f)1Or f2) Flow rate W of groundwater within rangef；
Figure BDA0002389036430000174
Wherein f is f1Or f2；
Figure BDA0002389036430000175
When power is supplied to the power supply electrode t0Apparent resistivities measured on the pf and qf measurement electrodes at the time;
Figure BDA0002389036430000186
when power is supplied to the power supply electrode tmin,pf,qf,fThe frequency of the signal measured at the time on the pf and qf measuring electrodes is f (f is f)1Or f2) The apparent resistivity of the signal calculation; t is tmin,pf,qf,fThe frequency of the signal measured at the measuring electrodes for pf and qf numbers is f (f is f)1Or f2) The measurement time when the apparent resistivity calculated by the signal reaches a minimum value for the first time; pf and qf are the number of the measuring electrodes determined in step f); vfCalculating the flow velocity amplitude of formula (2), namely the flow velocity amplitude of the underground water, and the unit is meter/hour;
Figure BDA0002389036430000181
the unit is meter; dpf,qfThe distance between the electrodes is measured for pf and qf numbers in meters, i.e.
Figure BDA0002389036430000182
S-Opf,qfShowing the center S and O of the dew point of groundwater in which easily soluble minerals Z are putpf,qfLine between, thetapf,qf,fIs a depth of
Figure BDA0002389036430000183
Flow direction of groundwater in the meter range and S-Opf,qfThe acute included angle; wherein f is f1Or f2
h) Different frequency values f (f is f)1Or f2) Reflected flow direction, flow velocity amplitude and flow result of the groundwater in different depths according to different depth values
Figure BDA0002389036430000184
Figure BDA0002389036430000187
(f is f)1Or f2) Forming a three-dimensional coordinate by a plane coordinate of a central part S of an exposed point of the groundwater in which the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put, and taking the flow direction or flow velocity amplitude or flow result of the groundwater in different depths as a measured value so as to obtain the three-dimensional flow characteristic of the groundwater in the exploration area;
i) the same 2 measuring electrodes (such as 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in FIG. 2) and the same frequency (f) are obtained1) At certain two moments (t)1And t2) Of the apparent resistivity of (a) is an absolute value Δ ρ of the difference1The same 2 measuring electrodes (such as 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in FIG. 2) and another same frequency (f) are obtained2) Two moments in time (t)1And t2) Of the apparent resistivity of (a) is an absolute value Δ ρ of the difference2Wherein f is1＝2f2(ii) a If Δ ρ1<Δρ2Then, it is judged that groundwater existing between the 2 measuring electrodes (e.g., 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1 measuring electrodes in FIG. 2) exists from the depth
Figure BDA0002389036430000191
In meters to depth
Figure BDA0002389036430000192
(in meters) vertical motion. Where i ∈ [1,3]],j∈[1,3]I and j are not equal, 3 is the total number of measurement electrodes.
The above description is only exemplary of the invention and should not be taken as limiting, since any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like, which are within the spirit and principle of the invention, are intended to be included therein.

Claims (7)

1. A frequency domain electromagnetic induction exploration method for estimating three-dimensional flow characteristics of underground water comprises the following specific steps:
a) selecting an exploration area needing to estimate the flow characteristics of underground water, arranging at least 3 measuring electrodes (any 3 measuring electrodes are not on the same straight line) and 2 power supply electrodes, and acquiring coordinates of the measuring electrodes and the power supply electrodes, wherein the coordinates of the measuring electrodes are (CXi, CYi), and the coordinates of the power supply electrodes are (GXk, GYk); wherein i belongs to [1, n ], k belongs to [1,2], and n is the total number of the measuring electrodes;
b) supplying power through 2 power supply electrodes, wherein each time the supplied signals are multi-frequency signals, and measuring the signals on the adjacent 2 measuring electrodes; when 2 power supply electrodes are powered on, signals on all adjacent 2 measuring electrodes are measured simultaneously, and corresponding frequency f, corresponding measuring electrodes (i and j measuring electrodes) and corresponding measuring time (t) are converted0) Apparent resistivity parameter of
Figure FDA0002389036420000011
Wherein i and j are the numbers of 2 measuring electrodes, and i and j are not equal; t is t0When the power supply electrode is powered, the time of measuring signals on the i and j measuring electrodes for the first time; i is an e [1, n ]],j∈[1,n]N is the total number of measurement electrodes; f is the frequency value of the single-frequency signal in the power supply signal;
c) after the electrical signal is measured for the first time, immediately putting harmless and solid easily soluble mineral substances Z into the underground water through the dew point of the underground water, and keeping the solid easily soluble mineral substances Z which are put into the underground water in the measuring process always in a solid state; recording coordinates (Xs, Ys) of the central part of the groundwater dew point, in which harmless and solid easily soluble minerals Z are put; s represents the central part of the groundwater outlet point;
d) after the soluble mineral substance Z is put in, the power is supplied by 2 power supply electrodes at intervals, the signal fed in each time is a multi-frequency signal which is the same as the signal in the step b), the signals on any adjacent 2 measuring electrodes are measured at the same time, and the corresponding frequency f and the corresponding measuring electrodes (measuring electrodes I and J) are convertedApparent resistivity parameter rho of corresponding measuring time ti,j,t,f(ii) a Wherein i and j are the numbers of 2 measuring electrodes, and i and j are not equal; i is an e [1, n ]],j∈[1,n]N is the total number of measurement electrodes; t is the time when the power supply electrode supplies power after the soluble mineral Z is put in, and the measuring signals on the measuring electrodes i and j are measured; f is the frequency value of the single-frequency signal in the power supply signal;
e) selecting t0And apparent resistivity value at time tD, where tD>t0And tD is the moment of measuring signals on the measuring electrode when the power supply electrode supplies power after the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put in, and the apparent resistivity rho of the same measuring electrode and the same frequency at the momenti,j,t,fAnd t0Apparent resistivity at a moment
Figure FDA0002389036420000021
Not all are equal; according to the formula (1), according to the coordinates of measuring electrode and central position S of groundwater dew point where the harmless and solid soluble mineral Z is thrown in, firstly, the vector of the same time node, a certain frequency f and a certain measuring electrode pair (i and j measuring electrodes) is obtained
Figure FDA0002389036420000022
Then, the sum of all vectors with the same frequency is obtained, so that when the frequency is f, the depth is estimated
Figure FDA0002389036420000023
Figure FDA0002389036420000024
The horizontal flow direction of the groundwater in the range (in meters), i.e. the horizontal flow direction of the groundwater in the depth range, is the vector in the formula (1)
Figure FDA0002389036420000025
The orientation of (1);
Figure FDA0002389036420000031
where i and j are not equal, i ∈ [1, n ]],j∈[1,n]N is the total number of measurement electrodes;
Figure FDA0002389036420000032
indicating when the feeding electrode is fed with power t0Apparent resistivity calculated from signals of frequency f measured at the i and j measurement electrodes at the time; rhoi,j,tD,fApparent resistivity calculated from signals with frequency f measured on the i and j measurement electrodes at the moment tD when the power supply electrode is powered;
f) depth when estimating a signal of frequency f by equation (2)
Figure FDA0002389036420000033
Amplitude V of the flow velocity of groundwater in the meter rangef；
Figure FDA0002389036420000034
Wherein i belongs to [1, n ], j belongs to [1, n ], i and j are unequal, and n is the total number of the measuring electrodes;
wherein S is the central part of the groundwater outlet point where the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put, Oi,jDenotes the midpoint of the connecting line between the measurement electrodes No. i and No. j, SOi,jShowing the center S of the dew point of groundwater in which the easily soluble minerals Z are put to the midpoint O of the measuring electrodes No. i and No. ji,jDistance of (d), in meters; t is tmin,i,j,fMeasuring time when apparent resistivity calculated for signals with frequency values f on the ith and jth measuring electrodes reaches a minimum value for the first time; t is t0When no easily soluble mineral substance Z is added, measuring the measuring time of the signal with the frequency value f on the ith measuring electrode and the jth measuring electrode for the first time, wherein the parameter in the formula (2) is the same value as the first time is the same time; S-Oi,jDenotes S and Oi,jThe connecting line between; thetai,j,fDepth for a signal of frequency f
Figure FDA0002389036420000041
(in meters) rangeFlow direction of groundwater within the enclosure (i.e., vector in equation (1))
Figure FDA0002389036420000042
Orientation of) and S-Oi,jThe acute included angle; max () is a function that finds the maximum value; when the frequency is f, the numbers of the i and j measuring electrodes corresponding to the maximum value result in the maximum value function in the formula (2) are named pf and qf respectively; if a plurality of maximum values exist in the variables in the maximum function in the formula (2), the numbers of the measurement electrodes i and j corresponding to any one of the maximum values are named pf and qf respectively;
g) depth when estimating a signal of frequency f by equation (3)
Figure FDA0002389036420000043
Flow rate W of groundwater in the meter rangef；
Figure FDA0002389036420000044
Figure FDA0002389036420000051
Wherein
Figure FDA0002389036420000052
When power is supplied to the power supply electrode t0Apparent resistivities measured on the pf and qf measurement electrodes at the time;
Figure FDA0002389036420000053
when power is supplied to the power supply electrode tmin,pf,qf,fApparent resistivity calculated from signals with the frequency f measured on the pf and qf measuring electrodes at the moment; t is tmin,pf,qf,fMeasuring time when apparent resistivity calculated for signals with the frequency f measured on the pf and qf measuring electrodes reaches a minimum value for the first time; pf and qf are the number of the measuring electrodes determined in step f); vfCalculation of the magnitude of the flow velocity of equation (2), i.e. the flow velocity magnitude of groundwaterValues in meters per hour;
Figure FDA0002389036420000054
the unit is meter; dpf,qfThe distance between the electrodes is measured for pf and qf numbers in meters, i.e.
Figure FDA0002389036420000055
S-Opf,qfShowing the center S and O of the dew point of groundwater in which easily soluble minerals Z are putpf,qfLine between, thetapf,qf,fIs a depth of
Figure FDA0002389036420000056
Flow direction of groundwater in the meter range and S-Opf,qfThe acute included angle;
h) the flow direction, flow velocity amplitude and flow rate results of the groundwater in different depths reflected by different frequency values f are processed according to different depth values L: (
Figure FDA0002389036420000057
(unit is meter)) and the plane coordinates of the central part S of the dew point of the groundwater in which the easily soluble mineral Z is put form three-dimensional coordinates, and the flow direction or flow velocity amplitude or flow result of the groundwater in different depths is taken as a measured value, so that the three-dimensional flow characteristic of the groundwater in an exploration area is obtained;
i) the same frequency (f) of 2 measurement electrodes (i and j measurement electrodes) is obtained1) At certain two moments (t)1And t2) Of the apparent resistivity of (a) is an absolute value Δ ρ of the difference1The same 2 measuring electrodes (i and j measuring electrodes) and the same frequency (f) are obtained2) Two moments in time (t)1And t2) Of the apparent resistivity of (a) is an absolute value Δ ρ of the difference2Wherein f is1>f2(ii) a If Δ ρ1<Δρ2Then judging that the groundwater between the 2 measuring electrodes exists from the depth
Figure FDA0002389036420000061
In meters to depth
Figure FDA0002389036420000062
(in meters) vertical motion.
2. The frequency domain electromagnetic induction survey method of estimating three dimensional flow characteristics of groundwater as claimed in claim 1 wherein: preferably, all the measuring electrodes are uniformly distributed with the central part S of the dew point of the groundwater in which the easily soluble mineral Z is put as the center, and with equal angle and equal distance to the central part S of the dew point of the groundwater in which the easily soluble mineral Z is put.
3. The frequency domain electromagnetic induction survey method of estimating three dimensional flow characteristics of groundwater as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the distance from any power supply electrode to the central part S of the groundwater dew point where the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put is not less than 3 times of the distance from any measuring electrode to the central part S of the groundwater dew point where the easily soluble mineral substance Z is put.
4. The frequency domain electromagnetic induction survey method of estimating three dimensional flow characteristics of groundwater as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the multi-frequency signal on the power supply electrode is preferably a pseudo-random signal which has a single-frequency difference of 2 times and is modulated by a plurality of frequencies.
5. The frequency domain electromagnetic induction survey method of estimating three dimensional flow characteristics of groundwater as claimed in claim 1 wherein: when the signal obtained from the measuring electrode is calculated as apparent resistivity, the calculation is preferably performed by adopting a whole-region apparent resistivity calculation formula of a frequency domain electromagnetic induction method.
6. The frequency domain electromagnetic induction survey method of estimating three dimensional flow characteristics of groundwater as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the ground water is water in which the easily soluble mineral Z contained in the water is not saturated when the harmless easily soluble mineral Z is not added.
7. The frequency domain electromagnetic induction survey method of estimating three dimensional flow characteristics of groundwater as claimed in claim 1 wherein: when the formula (1) is used for calculating the horizontal flow direction of underground water, the horizontal flow directions of a plurality of different tD moments can be independently obtained, then the average value is obtained, and the estimation result with higher precision is obtained.
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