CN111175141B - Method for selecting and matching particle cushion layer with reasonable particle size and free of damage to geomembrane - Google Patents

Method for selecting and matching particle cushion layer with reasonable particle size and free of damage to geomembrane Download PDF

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CN111175141B
CN111175141B CN202010082155.XA CN202010082155A CN111175141B CN 111175141 B CN111175141 B CN 111175141B CN 202010082155 A CN202010082155 A CN 202010082155A CN 111175141 B CN111175141 B CN 111175141B
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geomembrane
particle
pressure
particles
cushion layer
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CN111175141A (en
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岑威钧
都旭煌
文震宇
王辉
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Hohai University HHU
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
    • G01N3/12—Pressure testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
    • G01N2203/0019—Compressive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
    • G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
    • G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
    • G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
    • G01N2203/0262—Shape of the specimen
    • G01N2203/0278—Thin specimens
    • G01N2203/0282—Two dimensional, e.g. tapes, webs, sheets, strips, disks or membranes

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for selecting and matching particle cushion layers with reasonable particle sizes, which can prevent geomembranes from being damaged, and comprises the following steps: establishing a relation between the allowable maximum particle size of the geomembrane particle cushion layer and the overlying pressure by developing a local deformation damage test of the geomembrane under pressure on the cushion layers with different particle sizes under the action of water pressure; drawing a relation curve of the maximum allowable particle size of the granular cushion layer and overlying water pressure, and determining a safety area and a damage area of the particle size of the granular cushion layer, which are used for preventing the geomembrane from being burst by local water pressure; and determining the allowable maximum particle size of the cushion layer particles of the geomembrane without being damaged according to the water pressure borne by the geomembrane in the actual engineering by using the drawn relation curve, and further selecting and matching the reasonable particle size composition of the particle cushion layer according to the grading continuous requirement. The invention has important scientific research significance and engineering application value for guiding the design of the cushion layer when the geomembrane is prevented from being damaged by local deformation under pressure.

Description

Method for selecting and matching particle cushion layer with reasonable particle size and free of damage to geomembrane
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of hydraulic engineering construction, in particular to a method for selecting and matching particle cushion layers with undamaged geomembranes in reasonable particle sizes.
Background
The geomembrane has the advantages of good seepage-proofing performance, strong adaptive deformability, low construction cost, high construction speed and the like, and is widely applied to seepage-proofing projects such as dams, reservoir trays, water storage tanks, refuse landfills and the like. In geomembrane barrier structures, geomembranes are often laid over particulate underlayment. Different geomembrane anti-seepage projects of different types have different requirements on cushion materials. Generally, the membrane backing layer is usually made of granular materials such as gravel and sand-gravel. After the geomembrane impounds water, the geomembrane on the particle cushion layer can be locally concave and deformed in gaps among cushion layer particles. The larger the particle size of the cushion layer particles is, the larger the local concave deformation of the geomembrane is. If the deformation exceeds the geomembrane deformation allowance value, the geomembrane is burst, resulting in seepage control failure. Therefore, the capability of the geomembrane for resisting the bursting deformation of the water pressure and the particle size of the underlayer particles have a remarkable relation.
Therefore, based on the test of local deformation and damage of the geomembrane under pressure on the bedding layers with different particle sizes under the action of water pressure, a mathematical model of the particle size of the lower bedding layer and the overlying pressure when the geomembrane is damaged is established, the particle size of the granular bedding layer of the geomembrane can be reasonably valued according to the mathematical model, and the method has important scientific research significance and engineering application value for guiding the reasonable bedding layer design of the geomembrane.
The prior art has the following defects:
1. the geomembrane bursting standard test in the prior SL/T235-1999 geosynthetic material test procedure adopts a single round ball or cylindrical ejector rod with fixed size, can not simulate the local deformation behavior of the geomembrane on the particle cushion layer under the action of water pressure, and is completely different from the working state of the geomembrane in the actual engineering.
2. In the geomembrane bursting tests containing the cushion layer in the prior art, the influence of the shape and the size of the cushion layer on the local compressive deformation destructive characteristic of the geomembrane under the action of water pressure is not considered, and the real cushion layer particle effect cannot be effectively reflected. Meanwhile, the prior art only tests the local compressive failure strength of the geomembrane, has single test result and cannot be used for selecting the reasonable particle size of the cushion layer under the condition of known covering pressure of the geomembrane.
3. At present, no mathematical model can be used for selecting the maximum allowable particle size of the particles of the geomembrane cushion layer, and the local hydraulic bursting of the geomembrane on the particle cushion layer under the action of the hydraulic pressure in the operation period is ensured.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of the prior art and provides a method for selecting and matching the particle cushion layer reasonable particle size of a geomembrane without damage, wherein the method for selecting and matching the particle cushion layer reasonable particle size of the geomembrane without damage establishes a relation between the maximum allowable particle size of the particle cushion layer of the geomembrane and the overlying pressure through a local deformation damage test of the geomembrane on cushion layers with different particle sizes; drawing a relation curve of the maximum allowable particle size of the granular cushion layer and overlying water pressure, and determining a safety area and a damage area of the particle size of the granular cushion layer, wherein the geomembrane is prevented from being damaged; and determining the allowable maximum particle size of the cushion layer particles of the geomembrane without being burst by local water pressure according to the water pressure borne by the geomembrane in the actual engineering by using the drawn relation curve, and further selecting the reasonable particle size composition of the particle cushion layer according to the continuous requirements of gradation. The invention has important scientific research significance and engineering application value for guiding the design of the cushion layer when the geomembrane is prevented from being damaged by local deformation under pressure.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a method for selecting and matching particle cushion layers with reasonable particle sizes for preventing geomembranes from being damaged is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, establishing allowable maximum particle size D of geomembrane underlayer particlessMathematical model with overlying pressure p: and aiming at the geomembrane with the set thickness, carrying out a local deformation test of the geomembrane under the action of water pressure. During the local deformation test of the geomembrane under pressure, the allowable maximum particle diameter D is changed by changing the particles of the liner layer of the geomembranesValue, obtaining the maximum allowable particle size D of different cushion particlessQuantitative relationship to corresponding overlying pressure p, thereby establishing DsAnd a mathematical model of p.
Step 2, drawing DsGraph with p: d established according to step 1sMathematical model of p, drawing DsGraph with p. Because the overlying pressure p does not exceed 3MPa in the actual engineering, D has the significance of the actual engineeringsThe graph of the relationship with p is always on the left of 3 MPa.
Step 3, characteristic partitioning: drawing the step 2 to be finished DsThe graph of the relation with p is divided into a safety area and a damage area. Suppose a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is DsAt some point in the graph relating to p, then:
the safety zone is a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is located at DsThe area on the p-curve and below. In the safety zone, the pressure is applied on the settingThe geomembrane is protected from damage by selecting the maximum particle size of the geomembrane cushion gradation under the action of force.
The failure zone is a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is located at DsThe region above the p-dependence. In the failure zone, the geomembrane must fail under the action of the underlayment and overlying pressure.
And 4, selecting the particle cushion layer with the reasonable particle size for preventing the geomembrane from being damaged, wherein the specific selection method comprises the following steps.
Step 41, calculating a maximum overburden pressure pmax: obtaining the design water depth born by the geomembrane according to the actual engineering design data, and calculating to obtain the maximum overlying pressure p according to the design water depthmax。
42, calculating the upper limit D of the particle size of the underlayer particlessmax: will be covered with pressure pmaxSubstitution into DsIn the mathematical model of p and according to the characteristic partition of the step 3, obtaining the maximum overlying pressure p of the geomembranemaxUpper limit of particle size of lower cushion layer particle Dsmax。
Step 43, selecting and matching the particle cushion layer with the geomembrane free from damage with reasonable particle size: in actual engineering, the bedding material under the geomembrane has different particle sizes. The geomembrane at the contact site with the large-sized particles in the mat is more easily damaged when the geomembrane on the mat is pressurized with water, so that the upper limit D of the particle size of the particles of the under-mat layer to be protected from damage, which is determined in step 42, is set from the viewpoint of safetysmaxThe method is used as a guide basis for the upper limit grain size of the practical engineering underlayer. Therefore, the maximum particle size of the selected particle cushion layer is ensured not to exceed DsmaxUnder the premise of (1), continuous gradation is provided.
In step 1, the maximum allowable particle size D of the established geomembrane underlayer particlessThe mathematical model for the overburden pressure p is:
Figure BDA0002380699190000031
in the formula, DsThe allowable maximum particle size of cushion layer particles, m; fpCBR burst strength, N, for geomembranes; zεpeakIs the yield strain factor of the geomembrane; p is the overburden pressure, Pa; dCBRThe fixed value of the ejector rod diameter of the CBR test is 0.05 m; alpha and beta are fitting parameters.
In step 1, the method for determining the parameters α and β in the formula (1) includes the following steps.
Step 11, cutting a geomembrane sample: and cutting the geomembrane into a set size.
Step 12, equivalent padding layer materials: selecting sand and gravel bedding materials with different grain diameters and different shapes, which are prepared to be used in actual engineering, and classifying the selected sand and gravel particles into spheroidal spherical particles and ellipsoidal-like particles through classification analysis of geometrical characteristics. Selecting sand and gravel particles with three different representative particle sizes and simplifying the particles into particles with a diameter Ds1、Ds2And Ds3Equivalent spherical particles of (1). Wherein D iss1、Ds2And Ds3Are not equal to each other.
Step 13, installing a cushion chamber: the cushion chamber is fixed on the base.
Step 14, filling equivalent spherical particle bedding materials: filling the cushion chamber with a particle size Ds1The equivalent spherical particles are compacted according to a preset relative density to form the bedding material. Then, a piece of tinfoil paper is placed on the upper surface of the bedding material.
Step 15, laying a geomembrane and fixing a pressure chamber: and (3) paving the geomembrane sample cut in the step (11) on the upper surface of the tinfoil paper in the step (14), then coaxially arranging a pressure chamber above the cushion layer chamber, and fixing the geomembrane between the pressure chamber and the cushion layer chamber through a clamp.
Step 16, assembling a pressurizing device: and (3) carrying out air tightness detection on the pressure chamber, connecting the pressure chamber with a pressurizing device through a pressurizing pipe after the air tightness detection is qualified, and connecting a pressure sensor in the pressurizing device with a computer.
Step 17, carrying out a local deformation test of the geomembrane under pressure under the action of water pressure: starting the pressurizing device, applying pressure to the geomembrane through the water body injected into the pressure chamber, and monitoring the water pressure in the pressure chamber in real time by the pressure sensor and transmitting the water pressureTo the computer. In the test process, the computer draws a relation curve A of the overlying pressure and time in real time, when the relation curve A is observed to be suddenly reduced, the fact that the geomembrane is subjected to local deformation and damage under pressure is indicated, and the overlying pressure p for damage of the geomembrane is recorded1。
Step 18, calculating the yield strain factor Z of the geomembrane1The calculation method comprises the following steps:
step 18a) calculating the geomembrane vertical displacement h1: and taking out the tinfoil paper in the pressure chamber, and measuring the vertical distance from the top point of the projection of the tinfoil paper to the lower edge of the projection, namely the vertical displacement of the tinfoil paper. Because the tinfoil paper is tightly attached to the geomembrane, the vertical displacement of the tinfoil paper is the vertical displacement of the geomembrane and is recorded as h1。
Step 18b) calculating the diameter D corresponding to the contact area of the spherical cushion layer when the geomembrane is damagedc1，Dc1The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
Figure BDA0002380699190000041
step 18c) calculating the geomembrane yield strain factor Z1: will Ds1And D calculated in step 18b)c1Substituting the following formula:
Figure BDA0002380699190000042
step 19, repeatedly carrying out a pressure local deformation test of the geomembrane under different particle sizes under the action of water pressure: the particle diameter in the step 14 is Ds1The bedding materials are respectively changed into D particle diameterss2And Ds3Repeating the steps 14 to 18 to obtain the following padding materials: the particle diameter of the cushion layer is Ds2While the rupture of the geomembrane is overlying the pressure p2Yield strain factor of Z2. The particle diameter of the cushion layer is Ds3While the rupture of the geomembrane is overlying the pressure p3Yield strain factor of Z3。
Step 20, determining formula parameters alpha and beta: taking logarithm of two sides of formula (1), and converting to obtain the following formula:
Figure BDA0002380699190000043
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002380699190000044
Figure BDA0002380699190000045
the 3 sets of data (D) in steps 14 to 19s1，p1，Z1)、(Ds2，p2，Z2) And (D)s3，p3，Z3) And substituting the parameters into formulas (4) to (6), and fitting to obtain parameters alpha and beta.
In step 43, it is ensured that the maximum particle size of the selected particle mat should not exceed DsmaxOn the premise of (1), the content of the particles with the particle size of less than 5mm is 20-50%, and the content of the particles with the particle size of less than 0.075mm is 4-8%. And then, drawing a grading curve of the matched granular cushion layer, and calculating the grading index of the matched granular cushion layer according to the grading curve.
In step 12, the spherical and ellipsoidal particles are equivalent to have a diameter Ds1、Ds2And Ds3The method for making spherical particles comprises the following steps.
Step 12a) classification: the cushion particles in the actual engineering are classified into spherical particle like particles and elliptical particle like particles, and the classification principle is quantitatively characterized by an irregular coefficient gamma. And classifying the cushion granules with gamma more than 0.5 into spheroidal granules, and classifying the cushion granules with gamma less than 0.5 into ellipsoidal granules.
Step 12b) quasi-spherical particle equivalence: equivalent spherical particles with radius r1The spherical and spherical particles of (1), then:
Figure BDA0002380699190000051
wherein A issThe maximum cross-sectional area of the quasi-spherical particles before equivalence is obtained by a projection method.
Step 12c) ellipsoid particle-like equivalence: equating the quasi-ellipsoidal particles to radius r2The spherical and spherical particles of (1), then:
Figure BDA0002380699190000052
wherein l is a long axis or a short axis of the quasi-ellipsoidal particles before equivalence obtained by a projection method. h is the contact height of the geomembrane and the cushion layer particles.
In step 12a), the irregular coefficient γ is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002380699190000053
in the formula: r is the degree of roundness and S is the sphericity. The roundness R and sphericity S were calculated by ImageJ software.
In step 14, the size requirements of the placed tinfoil paper are as follows: the diameter of the tin foil paper needs to be smaller than the inner diameter of the cushion chamber by 3-5 mm, so that the tin foil paper is not influenced by the side wall of the pressure chamber and can freely deform along with the geomembrane.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the local deformation and damage test of the geomembrane under pressure under the action of water pressure, the invention establishes the particle diameter D of the cushion layer particlessAnd the mathematical model of the overlying pressure p can reasonably select the particle size of the cushion layer of the geomembrane with the specific thickness, and breaks through the bottleneck that the conventional granular cushion layer design is only based on experience.
2. The invention provides an equivalent method for the shape and the particle size of the actual cushion layer particles, the test data obtained after the particle size is equivalent is closer to the reality, and the particle size can be more reasonably selected in the actual design, so that the invention can be suitable for the actual complex particle cushion layer design, and the practicability and the universality are greatly improved.
3. The invention is based on the particle diameter D of the geomembrane cushion layersAnd overlying water pressure p relationshipThe graph is drawn to define two different characteristic regions, a safety region and a damage region. The grain size range of the cushion layer can be directly determined according to the curve graph and the defined two areas, so that the complex calculation is avoided, the grain size design process of the cushion layer is simplified, and the popularization and the application are facilitated.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a geomembrane compression local deformation failure test device on a granular cushion layer.
Figure 2 shows a schematic view of compressive deformation of geomembranes on spherical pellets.
Fig. 3 shows an equivalent schematic diagram of the local deformation damage of the geomembrane on the actual good-grade bedding layer and the local deformation damage of the geomembrane on the test uniform-particle-diameter spherical bedding layer when the geomembrane is under the action of the overlying water pressure P.
FIG. 4 shows the allowable maximum particle size D of the underlayment particles for a geomembrane 0.5mm thicksVersus overlying pressure p.
Among them are: 1. a base; 2. a cushion chamber; 3. tin foil paper; 4. a clamp; 5. a pressure chamber; 6. a geomembrane; 7. bedding material; 8. a drain pipe; 9. a water delivery pipe; 10. a pressurizing device; 11. a computer; 12. a valve; 13. good grading; 14. spherical particles; 15. and bursting the area.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific preferred embodiments.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "left side", "right side", "upper part", "lower part", etc., indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and that "first", "second", etc., do not represent an important degree of the component parts, and thus are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. The specific dimensions used in the present example are only for illustrating the technical solution and do not limit the scope of protection of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a test device for selecting a reasonable particle size of a granular cushion layer of a geomembrane without damage comprises a geomembrane assembling system, a pressurizing system, a displacement measuring system and a computer.
The geomembrane assembly system comprises a base 1, a cushion chamber 2, a pressure chamber 5 and a clamp 4.
The cushion chamber is fixed on the base, preferably fixed on the base by bolts, the lower part of the cushion chamber is connected with a drain pipe 8, the cushion chamber is used for filling cushion materials 7, and tin foil paper 3 is placed on the filled cushion materials.
The pressure chamber is coaxially arranged at the upper part of the cushion layer chamber, the geomembrane 6 is paved between the cushion layer chamber and the pressure chamber, and the clamp is used for clamping and fixing the pressure chamber, the geomembrane and the cushion layer chamber.
The pressurizing system comprises a water conveying pipe 9, a pressurizing device 10 and a valve 12.
The pressure sensor in the pressurizing device is connected with the computer 11 and can automatically record the pressure change value.
A method for selecting a particle cushion layer with a reasonable particle size for preventing a geomembrane from being damaged comprises the following steps.
Step 1, establishing allowable maximum particle size D of geomembrane underlayer particlessAnd a mathematical model of the overlying pressure p.
And (3) carrying out a CBR bursting test on the geomembrane aiming at the geomembrane with the thickness of 0.5mm to obtain bursting strength. Aiming at a geomembrane with the thickness of 0.5mm, carrying out a local deformation test of the geomembrane under the action of water pressure; during the local deformation test of the geomembrane under pressure, the allowable maximum particle diameter D is changed by changing the particles of the liner layer of the geomembranesValue, obtaining the maximum allowable particle size D of different cushion particlessQuantitative relationship to corresponding overlying pressure p, thereby establishing DsMathematical model with p:
Figure BDA0002380699190000071
in the formula: dsThe maximum allowable particle size of the mat particles, m. FpCBR burst strength, N, for geomembranes; the bursting strength of the earthwork film with the thickness of 0.5mm is 650N. ZεpeakOf geomembranesYield strain factor. p is the overlying pressure, Pa. dCBRThe fixed value is 0.05m for the ejector rod diameter of the CBR test. Alpha and beta are fitting parameters.
According to the mathematical model, for the geomembrane with a certain specific thickness, as the particle size of the lower cushion particles is increased, the overlying pressure required by the geomembrane to be damaged is gradually reduced, and the strain value when the geomembrane is damaged is larger, namely, the particle size of the lower cushion particles of the geomembrane is inversely proportional to the overlying pressure and is directly proportional to the strain value of the geomembrane.
The method for determining the parameters alpha and beta is described by taking a geomembrane with the thickness of 0.5mm as an example, and comprises the following steps.
Step 11, cutting a geomembrane sample: the geomembrane is cut into a set size, for example, the geomembrane with the thickness of 0.5mm is cut into a circular sample of 30 cm.
Step 12, equivalent padding layer materials: in order to avoid the penetration of the geomembrane by the cushion particles, relatively smooth sand and gravel particles with different particle sizes and shapes are often selected as the cushion material under the geomembrane in practical engineering. Selecting sand and gravel bedding materials with different grain diameters and different shapes, which are prepared to be used in actual engineering, and classifying the selected sand and gravel particles into spheroidal spherical particles and ellipsoidal-like particles through classification analysis of geometrical characteristics. Selecting sand and gravel particles with three different particle sizes and equivalent to diameter Ds1、Ds2And Ds3Equivalent spherical particles of (a); wherein D iss1、Ds2And Ds3Are not equal to each other; in this application, Ds1、Ds2And Ds3Preferably 25mm, 20mm and 14mm respectively.
The spherical and elliptical particles are equivalent to a particle having a diameter Ds1、Ds2And Ds3The method for making spherical and spherical equivalent particles of (1), preferably comprises the following steps.
Step 12a) classification: the cushion particles in the actual engineering are classified into spherical particle like particles and elliptical particle like particles, and the classification principle is quantitatively characterized by an irregular coefficient gamma. And classifying the cushion granules with gamma more than 0.5 into spheroidal granules, and classifying the cushion granules with gamma less than 0.5 into ellipsoidal granules.
Step 12b) quasi-spherical ballParticle equivalence: equivalent spherical particles with radius r1The spherical and spherical particles of (1), then:
Figure BDA0002380699190000081
wherein A issThe maximum cross-sectional area of the quasi-spherical particles before equivalence is obtained by a projection method.
Step 12c) ellipsoid particle-like equivalence: equating the quasi-ellipsoidal particles to radius r2The spherical and spherical particles of (1), then:
Figure BDA0002380699190000082
wherein l is a long axis or a short axis of the quasi-ellipsoidal particles before equivalence obtained by a projection method. h is the contact height of the geomembrane and the cushion layer particles.
In step 12a), the irregular coefficient γ is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002380699190000083
in the formula: r is the degree of roundness and S is the sphericity. The roundness R and sphericity S were calculated by ImageJ software.
Step 13, installing a cushion chamber: the cushion chamber is preferably bolted to the base.
Step 14, filling equivalent spherical particle bedding materials: filling the cushion chamber with a particle size Ds1(preferably 25mm) equivalent spherical particles and compacted at a predetermined relative density to form a mat material. Then, a piece of tinfoil paper is placed on the upper surface of the bedding material. Wherein, the size requirement of the placed tinfoil paper is as follows: the diameter of the tin foil paper needs to be smaller than the inner diameter of the cushion chamber by 3-5 mm, so that the tin foil paper is not influenced by the side wall of the pressure chamber and can freely deform along with the geomembrane.
Step 15, laying a geomembrane and fixing a pressure chamber: and (3) paving the geomembrane sample cut in the step (11) on the upper surface of the tinfoil paper in the step (14), then coaxially arranging a pressure chamber above the cushion layer chamber, and fixing the geomembrane between the pressure chamber and the cushion layer chamber through a clamp.
Step 16, assembling a pressurizing device: and (4) performing airtightness detection on the pressure chamber, such as filling the upper chamber of the pressure chamber with water and sealing. And after the air tightness is detected to be qualified, the pressure chamber is connected with a pressurizing device through a pressurizing pipe (such as a water conveying pipe 9), and a pressure sensor in the pressurizing device is connected with a computer.
Step 17, carrying out a local deformation test of the geomembrane under pressure under the action of water pressure: and starting the pressurizing device, applying pressure to the geomembrane through the water body injected into the pressure chamber, and monitoring the water pressure in the pressure chamber in real time by the pressure sensor and transmitting the water pressure to the computer. In the test process, the computer draws a relation curve A of the overlying pressure and time in real time, when the relation curve A is observed to be suddenly reduced, the fact that the geomembrane is subjected to local deformation and damage under pressure is indicated, and the overlying pressure p for damage of the geomembrane is recorded1。
Step 18, calculating the yield strain factor Z of the geomembrane1The calculation method comprises the following steps.
Step 18a) calculating the geomembrane vertical displacement h1: and taking out the tinfoil paper in the pressure chamber, and measuring the vertical distance from the top point of the projection of the tinfoil paper to the lower edge of the projection, namely the vertical displacement of the tinfoil paper. Because the tinfoil paper is tightly attached to the geomembrane, the vertical displacement of the tinfoil paper is the vertical displacement of the geomembrane and is recorded as h1。
Step 18b) calculating the diameter D corresponding to the contact area of the spherical cushion layer when the geomembrane is damagedc1。
As shown in FIG. 2, Dc1、Ds1And h1The following relationships exist:
Figure BDA0002380699190000091
and theta is a central angle corresponding to an area in contact with the spherical cushion layer when the geomembrane is damaged.
Calculating the vertical displacement h of the geomembrane in the step 18a)1Substituting into formula (2) to obtain Dc1The value is obtained.
Step 18c) calculating the geomembrane yield strain factor Z1: will Ds1And D calculated in step 18b)c1Substituting the following formula:
Figure BDA0002380699190000092
based on existing data Dc1And Ds1And calculating to obtain a geomembrane yield strain factor Z1＝0.719。
Step 19, repeatedly carrying out a pressure local deformation test of the geomembrane under different particle sizes under the action of water pressure: the particle diameter in the step 14 is Ds1The bedding materials are respectively changed into D particle diameterss2(preferably 20mm) and Ds3(preferably 14mm) bedding material, repeating steps 14 to 18 to give: the particle diameter of the cushion layer is Ds2While the rupture of the geomembrane is overlying the pressure p2Yield strain factor of Z2. The particle diameter of the cushion layer is Ds3While the rupture of the geomembrane is overlying the pressure p3Yield strain factor of Z3. When the thickness t of the geomembrane is 0.5mm, D is obtainedsData for p and Z are shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1 geomembrane overburden water pressure and yield strain factor
Figure BDA0002380699190000093
And step 20, determining formula parameters alpha and beta.
Firstly, taking logarithm of two sides of formula (1) respectively, and obtaining lgD by conversionsAnd
Figure BDA0002380699190000094
the linear relation of (1):
Figure BDA0002380699190000101
for the measurement in step 14 to step 19Data of 3 sets obtained in test (D)s1，p1，Z1)、(Ds2，p2，Z2) And (D)s3，p3，Z3) I.e., (25, 0.56, 0.719), (20, 1.489, 0.779) and (14, 1.898, 0.784), the geomembrane yield strain factors at different mat sizes obtained by the test are close, taking the average yield strain factor, i.e.:
Figure BDA0002380699190000102
order to
Figure BDA0002380699190000103
Equation (10) is reduced to:
Figure BDA0002380699190000104
3 sets of data (D) in steps 14 to 19s1，p1，Z1)、(Ds2，p2，Z2) And (D)s3，p3，Z3) The equations (4) to (6) are substituted, and the parameters α to 131.462 and β to 0.4042 are obtained by fitting.
At this time, the formula (1) can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002380699190000105
step 2, drawing DsGraph with p: d established according to step 1sMathematical model of p, drawing DsGraph with p, shown as the solid curve in fig. 4. In practical engineering, the overlying pressure p does not exceed 3MPa, so DsThe graph of the relationship with p is always on the left of the 3MPa line. The 3MPa line is a broken line as shown in FIG. 4.
Step 3, drawing the D finished in the step 2sA relation curve chart of p, which is divided into a safety area and a damage area;suppose a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is DsAt some point in the graph relating to p, then:
the safety zone is a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is located at DsAnd the region at and below the p-curve; in the safety zone, the geomembrane is prevented from being damaged by selecting the maximum grain size of the geomembrane cushion gradation under the action of the set overlying pressure.
The failure zone is a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is located at DsThe region above the p-curve; in the failure zone, the geomembrane must fail under the action of the underlayment and overlying pressure.
And 4, selecting and matching the particle cushion layer with the geomembrane free of damage with reasonable particle size: the specific matching method comprises the following steps.
Step 41, calculating a maximum overburden pressure pmax: obtaining the design water depth born by the geomembrane according to the actual engineering design data, and calculating to obtain the maximum overlying pressure p according to the design water depthmax。
42, calculating the upper limit D of the particle size of the underlayer particlessmax: will be covered with pressure pmaxSubstitution into DsIn the mathematical model of p and according to the characteristic partition of the step 3, obtaining the maximum overlying pressure p of the geomembranemaxUpper limit of particle size of lower cushion layer particle Dsmax。
Step 43, selecting and matching the particle cushion layer with the geomembrane free from damage with reasonable particle size: in actual engineering, the bedding material under the geomembrane has different particle sizes. The geomembrane at the contact site with the large-sized particles in the mat is more easily damaged when the geomembrane on the mat is pressurized with water, so that the upper limit D of the particle size of the particles of the under-mat layer to be protected from damage, which is determined in step 42, is set from the viewpoint of safetysmaxThe method is used as a guide basis for the upper limit grain size of the practical engineering underlayer. Therefore, the maximum particle size of the selected particle cushion layer is ensured not to exceed DsmaxUnder the premise of (1), continuous gradation is provided.
In actual engineering, a geomembrane underlayment is typically a good graded underlayment with varying sized particle sizes. When the geomembrane on the cushion layer is acted by water pressureThe geomembrane in contact with the large particle size particles is more susceptible to damage and the upper limit of the uniform particle size of the undamaged underlayment particles D determined in step 42 is from a safety standpointsmaxCan be used as a guide basis for the upper limit particle size of the practical engineering underlayer, as shown in figure 3. Therefore, to ensure that the geomembrane is not damaged by the maximum overlying pressure, the maximum particle size of the selected particle mat should not exceed Dsmax。
Further, the bedding material should have a continuous gradation, preferably with a content of particles having a particle size of less than 5mm of 30%, preferably a content of particles having a particle size of less than 0.075mm of 4%. Then, drawing a grading curve of the matched granular cushion layer, and calculating the grading index of the matched granular cushion layer according to the grading curve: coefficient of non-uniformity CuAnd coefficient of curvature CcRequirement Cu>5，1<Cc<3, ensuring the good gradation of the particle cushion layer, and controlling the porosity of the cushion layer to be 18 percent when the cushion layer is filled.
The above-mentioned non-uniformity coefficient CuAnd coefficient of curvature CcThe calculation formula of (a) is as follows:
Figure BDA0002380699190000111
Figure BDA0002380699190000112
in the formula: d10、d30And d60The particle size values (abscissa) corresponding to the ordinate (percentage of the mass of particles smaller than a certain particle size) on the particle grading curve being equal to 10%, 30% and 60%, respectively.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, the present invention is not limited to the details of the embodiments, and various equivalent modifications can be made within the technical spirit of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is also within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. A method for selecting and matching particle cushion layers with reasonable particle sizes for preventing geomembranes from being damaged is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, establishing allowable maximum particle size D of geomembrane underlayer particlessMathematical model with overlying pressure p: aiming at the geomembrane with the set thickness, carrying out a local deformation test of the geomembrane under the action of water pressure; during the local deformation test of the geomembrane under pressure, the allowable maximum particle diameter D is changed by changing the particles of the liner layer of the geomembranesValue, obtaining the maximum allowable particle size D of different cushion particlessQuantitative relationship to the corresponding overlying pressure p, thereby establishing D as shown belowsMathematical model with p:
Figure FDA0002825709720000011
in the formula, DsThe allowable maximum particle size of cushion layer particles, m; fpCBR burst strength, N, for geomembranes; zεpeakIs the yield strain factor of the geomembrane; p is the overburden pressure, Pa; dCBRThe diameter of the ejector rod in the CBR test; alpha and beta are fitting parameters;
step 2, drawing DsGraph with p: d established according to step 1sMathematical model of p, drawing DsGraph of relationship with p; because the overlying pressure p does not exceed 3MPa in the actual engineering, D has the significance of the actual engineeringsThe relation curve graph with p is always positioned on the left side of 3 MPa;
step 3, characteristic partitioning: drawing the step 2 to be finished DsA relation curve chart of p, which is divided into a safety area and a damage area; suppose a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is DsAt some point in the graph relating to p, then:
the safety zone is a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is located at DsThe area at and below the p-relation curve; in a safety area, under the action of a set overlying pressure, the geomembrane is prevented from being damaged by selecting the maximum grain size of grading of a geomembrane cushion layer;
the failure zone is a two-dimensional coordinate point (D)sP) is located at DsRegion above p-curve(ii) a In the damage area, the geomembrane is inevitably damaged under the action of the lower cushion layer and the overlying pressure;
and 4, selecting and matching the particle cushion layer with the geomembrane free of damage with reasonable particle size: the specific matching method comprises the following steps:
step 41, calculating a maximum overburden pressure pmax: obtaining the design water depth born by the geomembrane according to the actual engineering design data, and calculating to obtain the maximum overlying pressure p according to the design water depthmax；
42, calculating the upper limit D of the particle size of the underlayer particlessmax: maximum overlying pressure pmaxSubstitution into DsIn the mathematical model of p and according to the characteristic partition of the step 3, obtaining the maximum overlying pressure p of the geomembranemaxUpper limit of particle size of lower cushion layer particle Dsmax；
Step 43, selecting and matching the particle cushion layer with the geomembrane free from damage with reasonable particle size: in actual engineering, the bedding materials under the geomembrane have different particle sizes; the geomembrane at the contact site with the large-sized particles in the mat is more easily damaged when the geomembrane on the mat is pressurized with water, so that the upper limit D of the particle size of the particles of the under-mat layer to be protected from damage, which is determined in step 42, is set from the viewpoint of safetysmaxAs a guide basis for the upper limit grain diameter of the practical engineering underlayer; therefore, the maximum particle size of the selected particle cushion layer is ensured not to exceed DsmaxUnder the premise of (1), continuous gradation is provided.
2. The geomembrane damage free reasonable size fit method for a granular underlayment of claim 1, wherein: in step 1, the method for determining the parameters α and β in the formula (1) comprises the following steps:
step 11, cutting a geomembrane sample: cutting the geomembrane into a set size;
step 12, equivalent padding layer materials: selecting sand and gravel bedding materials with different grain diameters and different shapes, which are prepared to be used in actual engineering, and classifying the selected sand and gravel particles into spheroidal spherical particles and ellipsoidal-like particles through classification analysis of geometrical characteristics; selecting sand comprising three different representative particle sizesPebble granules and reduced to a diameter Ds1、Ds2And Ds3Equivalent spherical particles of (a); wherein D iss1、Ds2And Ds3Are not equal to each other;
step 13, installing a cushion chamber: fixing the cushion layer chamber on the base;
step 14, filling equivalent spherical particle bedding materials: filling the cushion chamber with a particle size Ds1Compacting the equivalent spherical particles according to a preset relative density to form a bedding material; then, placing a piece of tin foil paper on the upper surface of the cushion material;
step 15, laying a geomembrane and fixing a pressure chamber: laying the geomembrane sample cut in the step 11 on the upper surface of the tinfoil paper in the step 14, coaxially arranging a pressure chamber above a cushion layer chamber, and fixing the geomembrane between the pressure chamber and the cushion layer chamber through a clamp;
step 16, assembling a pressurizing device: performing air tightness detection on the pressure chamber, connecting the pressure chamber with a pressurizing device through a pressurizing pipe after the air tightness detection is qualified, and connecting a pressure sensor in the pressurizing device with a computer;
step 17, carrying out a local deformation test of the geomembrane under pressure under the action of water pressure: starting a pressurizing device, applying pressure to the geomembrane through a water body injected into the pressure chamber, and monitoring the water pressure in the pressure chamber in real time by a pressure sensor and transmitting the water pressure to a computer; in the test process, the computer draws a relation curve A of the overlying pressure and time in real time, when the relation curve A is observed to be suddenly reduced, the fact that the geomembrane is subjected to local deformation and damage under pressure is indicated, and the overlying pressure p for damage of the geomembrane is recorded1；
Step 18, calculating the yield strain factor Z of the geomembrane1The calculation method comprises the following steps:
step 18a) calculating the geomembrane vertical displacement h1: taking out the tinfoil paper in the pressure chamber, and measuring the vertical distance from the top point of the projection of the tinfoil paper to the lower edge of the projection, namely the vertical displacement of the tinfoil paper; because the tinfoil paper is tightly attached to the geomembrane, the vertical displacement of the tinfoil paper is the vertical displacement of the geomembrane and is recorded as h1；
Step 18b) calculating geomembrane damageDiameter D corresponding to the contact area of the spherical cushionc1，Dc1The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
Figure FDA0002825709720000031
step 18c) calculating the geomembrane yield strain factor Z1: will Ds1And D calculated in step 18b)c1Substituting the following formula:
Figure FDA0002825709720000032
step 19, repeatedly carrying out a pressure local deformation test of the geomembrane under different particle sizes under the action of water pressure: the particle diameter in the step 14 is Ds1The bedding materials are respectively changed into D particle diameterss2And Ds3Repeating the steps 14 to 18 to obtain the following padding materials: the particle diameter of the cushion layer is Ds2While the rupture of the geomembrane is overlying the pressure p2Yield strain factor of Z2(ii) a The particle diameter of the cushion layer is Ds3While the rupture of the geomembrane is overlying the pressure p3Yield strain factor of Z3；
Step 20, determining formula parameters alpha and beta: taking logarithm of two sides of formula (1), and converting to obtain the following formula:
Figure FDA0002825709720000033
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002825709720000034
Figure FDA0002825709720000035
the 3 sets of data (D) in steps 14 to 19s1，p1，Z1)、(Ds2，p2，Z2) And (D)s3，p3，Z3) And substituting the parameters into formulas (4) to (6), and fitting to obtain parameters alpha and beta.
3. The geomembrane damage free reasonable size fit method for a granular underlayment of claim 1, wherein: in step 43, it is ensured that the maximum particle size of the selected particle mat should not exceed DsmaxOn the premise of (1), the content of the particles with the particle size of less than 5mm is 20-50%, and the content of the particles with the particle size of less than 0.075mm is 4-8%; and then, drawing a grading curve of the matched granular cushion layer, and calculating the grading index of the matched granular cushion layer according to the grading curve.
4. The geomembrane damage free reasonable size fit method for a granular underlayment of claim 3, wherein: grading index of the granular mat layer comprises a non-uniformity coefficient CuAnd coefficient of curvature CcRequirement Cu>5，1<Cc<3, ensuring the good gradation of the particle cushion layer, and controlling the porosity of the cushion layer to be between 15 and 20 percent when the particle cushion layer is filled.
5. The geomembrane damage free reasonable size fit method for a granular underlayment according to claim 2, wherein: in step 12, the spherical and ellipsoidal particles are equivalent to have a diameter Ds1、Ds2And Ds3The method for making equivalent spherical particles comprises the following steps:
step 12a) classification: the cushion particles in the actual engineering are classified into spherical particle like particles and elliptical particle like particles, and the classification principle is quantitatively characterized by an irregular coefficient gamma; classifying the cushion granules with gamma more than 0.5 into spheroidal ball granules, and classifying the cushion granules with gamma less than 0.5 into ellipsoidal ball granules;
step 12b) quasi-spherical particle equivalence: equivalent spherical particles with radius r1The spherical and spherical particles of (1), then:
Figure FDA0002825709720000041
wherein A issThe maximum cross-sectional area is obtained by a projection method for quasi-spherical particles before equivalence;
step 12c) ellipsoid particle-like equivalence: equating the quasi-ellipsoidal particles to radius r2The spherical and spherical particles of (1), then:
Figure FDA0002825709720000042
wherein l is a long axis or a short axis of the quasi-ellipsoidal particles before equivalence, which is obtained by a projection method; h is the contact height of the geomembrane and the cushion layer particles.
6. The geomembrane damage free particle mat proper size matching method according to claim 5, wherein: in step 12a), the irregular coefficient γ is calculated by the following formula:
Figure FDA0002825709720000043
in the formula: r is the degree of roundness, and S is the sphericity; the roundness R and sphericity S were calculated by ImageJ software.
7. The geomembrane damage free reasonable size fit method for a granular underlayment according to claim 2, wherein: in step 14, the size requirements of the placed tinfoil paper are as follows: the diameter of the tin foil paper needs to be smaller than the inner diameter of the cushion chamber by 3-5 mm, so that the tin foil paper is not influenced by the side wall of the pressure chamber and can freely deform along with the geomembrane.
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