CN111149952A - 一种发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,将豆渣和过碳酸钠粉末混合后加入到高压容器中,进行汽爆,汽爆后的豆渣在进行发酵,发酵完成后干燥,再挤压成型,制备成固态颗粒。一方面能显著提供豆渣蛋白的利用率,一方面制备得到的鱼饲料便于存储和运输,能够得到广泛的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于鱼饲料领域,尤其涉及一种发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法。
背景技术
豆渣是生产豆腐、豆筋、腐竹、豆浆等大豆制品过程中的副产品。在亚洲,很多国家大豆制品消费量很大,尤其中国,每年产豆渣约280万吨。产量如此丰富的豆渣却仅仅只有小部分直接用于家畜饲养,绝大部分作为废弃物浪费掉。此举不但降低了大豆的利用率,也对环境造成了一定的污染。在现如今的饲料行业,大宗饲料原料价格不断上涨,所以开发质优价廉饲料原料已是燃眉之急。豆渣营养成分丰富,不仅含有较为丰富的蛋白,还含有膳食纤维、大豆多糖、大豆异黄酮等活性成分。因此,寻求合理的加工处理豆渣的方法,可以让豆渣成为一种新型的优质的饲料蛋白原料。
现豆渣大多直接用作饲料,其利用价值较低,且易酸败变质,豆渣制备而成的鱼饲料需要便于储藏和运输,才能得到广泛的应用。同时,为提高豆渣的利用率,将豆渣进行微生物发酵,合适的发酵方法可以显著提高豆渣中蛋白质的含量,同时也提高豆渣的利用率,发酵豆渣制备成的鱼饲料,可作为配合饲料中的蛋白饲料来源,部分可代替鱼粉或者豆粕,而且饲养成本也会有所下降。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,一方面能显著提供豆渣蛋白的利用率,一方面制备得到的鱼饲料便于存储和运输,能够得到广泛的应用。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将豆渣和过碳酸钠粉末混合后加入到高压容器中;
(2)向所述高压容器中通入水蒸汽,保持压力为1.0~2.0MPa,升温到110~135℃,并在此温度和压力下保持5~20min;
(3)瞬间释放所述高压容器中的压力,将豆渣汽爆,高压容器中的物料随蒸汽流进入到接受罐中;
(4)将步骤(3)得到的物料经过冷却后,用去离子水洗涤3~5次,干燥后得到豆渣固态培养基;
(5)将经过步骤(4)得到的豆渣固态培养基放入到发酵罐中进行培养,将纤维素酶加入到所述发酵罐中,再加入10%的蒸馏水,将发酵罐的温度保持在35~38℃,并加入发酵种子液和营养液,厌氧发酵15~30天;
(6)发酵后的豆渣干燥,模具挤压成固体颗粒鱼饲料。
优选的,步骤(5)加入的纤维素酶量为3UI/g豆渣。纤维素酶在分解纤维素时起生物催化作用,可以将纤维素分解成寡糖或单糖的蛋白质,有利于豆渣中蛋白的利用。
优选的,步骤(5)种子液为1×108~5×108植物乳杆菌。
进一步的,营养液还包括0.5~2.0%木聚糖酶。木聚糖酶可以分解豆渣中细胞壁以及β-葡聚糖,降低豆渣的粘度,促进有效物质的释放,以及降低豆渣饲料的非淀粉多糖,促进营养物质的吸收利用。
优选的,玉米芯中加入过碳酸钠的质量百分数为0.5~1.5%。
进一步的,固体颗粒鱼饲料的含水率小于12%。
进一步的,固体颗粒鱼饲料的粒径小于5mm。
本发明的有益效果为:
为了提高豆渣的生物发酵利用效率,需要对发酵前的豆渣进行预处理,本发明采用蒸汽爆破的方法对豆渣进行处理,将渗进豆渣组织内部的蒸汽分子瞬时释放完毕,使蒸汽内能转化为机械能并作用于生物质组织细胞层间,从而用较少的能量将原料按目的分解。将粗糙的豆渣分解成内部蓬松的小颗粒,有利于生物发酵。
本发明在蒸汽爆破的同时加入了过碳酸钠粉末,在蒸汽爆破的过程中,碱性的过碳酸钠能够去除部分碱溶性的半纤维素和木质素,酶解具有高度的专一性,因此能够大大减少纤维素类原料水解过程中产生的发酵抑制剂,从而提高发酵生产效率。
本发明固体颗粒鱼饲料的含水率小于12%,粒径小于5mm,不但便于存储,不易变质,小颗粒也有利于鱼的饲养。
具体实施方式
实施例1
称取5kg豆渣,25g过碳酸钠放入到汽爆罐中,关闭阀门后通入蒸汽,汽爆罐中的压力缓慢升至1.0MPa,温度升至110℃,并在此温度和压力下保持5min,瞬间释放高压容器中的压力,将豆渣汽爆,容器中的物料随蒸汽流进入到接受罐中,物料经过冷却后,在接受罐中加入10L去离子水,搅拌2~3min,用纱布将液体过滤,收集纱布中的固体,重复该过程3~5次,收集后的豆渣自然风干使含水率在10%以下,得到豆渣固态培养基。将得到的豆渣固态培养基放入20L的发酵罐中,在120℃下灭菌10min,待冷却至35℃时,向发酵罐中加入2.5L纤维素酶,500g蒸馏水,再加入2L植物乳杆菌,2.5L无菌营养液,营养液的组成为:Na2SO450g/L,KH2PO45g/L,ZnSO430g/L,CaCl230g/L,25g木聚糖酶。密闭发酵罐,将发酵罐的温度保持在35~38℃,厌氧发酵15天;发酵完成后,将发酵罐中的物料过滤,得到的固体用烘干机烘干,使固体含水率小于12%,用挤压机将固体挤压成颗粒,固体颗粒鱼饲料的粒径小于5mm,得到的颗粒鱼饲料为4.2kg。
实施例2
称取5kg豆渣,75g过碳酸钠放入到汽爆罐中,关闭阀门后通入蒸汽,汽爆罐中的压力缓慢升至2.0MPa,温度升至110℃,并在此温度和压力下保持5min,瞬间释放高压容器中的压力,将豆渣汽爆,容器中的物料随蒸汽流进入到接受罐中,物料经过冷却后,在接受罐中加入10L去离子水,搅拌2~3min,用纱布将液体过滤,收集纱布中的固体,重复该过程3~5次,收集后的豆渣自然风干使含水率在10%以下,得到豆渣固态培养基。将得到的豆渣固态培养基放入20L的发酵罐中,在120℃下灭菌10min,待冷却至35℃时,向发酵罐中加入2.5L纤维素酶,500g蒸馏水,再加入2L植物乳杆菌,2.5L无菌营养液,营养液的组成为:Na2SO440g/L,KH2PO410g/L,ZnSO420g/L,CaCl230g/L,100g木聚糖酶。密闭发酵罐,将发酵罐的温度保持在35~38℃,厌氧发酵30天;发酵完成后,将发酵罐中的物料过滤,得到的固体用烘干机烘干,使固体含水率小于10%,用挤压机将固体挤压成颗粒,固体颗粒鱼饲料的粒径小于5mm,得到的颗粒鱼饲料为4.6kg。
实施例3
发酵种子液的培养如下:
(1)平板培养:将植物乳杆菌接种到胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂培养基中,35℃厌氧培养20小时。
(2)摇瓶种子培养:在步骤(1)得到的培养液中加入3%的糖,蛋白胨0.1%,Na2SO440g/L,KH2PO410g/L,ZnSO420g/L,CaCl230g/L,蒸馏水配制。将平板培养的植物乳杆菌接种到装有200ml上述培养基的血清瓶中摇瓶培养,35℃培养20小时,摇床转速为150rpm。
Claims (7)
1.一种发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将豆渣和过碳酸钠粉末混合后加入到高压容器中;
(2)向所述高压容器中通入水蒸汽,保持压力为1.0~2.0MPa,升温到110~135℃,并在此温度和压力下保持5~20min;
(3)瞬间释放所述高压容器中的压力,将豆渣汽爆,高压容器中的物料随蒸汽流进入到接受罐中;
(4)将步骤(3)得到的物料经过冷却后,用去离子水洗涤3~5次,干燥后得到豆渣固态培养基;
(5)将经过步骤(4)得到的豆渣固态培养基放入到发酵罐中进行培养,将纤维素酶加入到所述发酵罐中,再加入10%的蒸馏水,将发酵罐的温度保持在35~38℃,并加入发酵种子液和营养液,厌氧发酵15~30天;
(6)发酵后的豆渣干燥,模具挤压成固体颗粒鱼饲料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)加入的纤维素酶量为3UI/g豆渣。
3.根据权利要求1所述的发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)种子液为1×108~5×108植物乳杆菌。
4.根据权利要求1所述的发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,其特征在于,所述营养液还包括0.5~2.0%木聚糖酶。
5.根据权利要求1所述的发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,其特征在于,所述玉米芯中加入过碳酸钠的质量百分数为0.5~1.5%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,其特征在于,所述固体颗粒鱼饲料的含水率小于12%。
7.根据权利要求1所述的发酵豆渣的鱼饲料制备方法,其特征在于,所述固体颗粒鱼饲料的粒径小于5mm。
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