CN111146418A - High-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
High-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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Abstract
The invention relates to a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the field of preparation of lithium ion battery cathode materials. The lithium ion battery negative electrode material comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: silica (SiO): amorphous carbon: graphitized anthracite = (5-40): 1-20): 100; in the lithium ion battery cathode material, nano SiO particles are coated on the surfaces of spherical graphitized anthracite particles by amorphous carbon, and a plurality of spherical graphitized anthracite particles and SiO compounds form secondary particle aggregates. The prepared high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material has the specific capacity of more than 1000mAh/g under the discharge condition of 0.1C, the first efficiency of more than 80 percent and the capacity retention rate of more than 80 percent after 1000 cycles.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery cathode materials, and particularly relates to a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the development of the electric automobile industry, lithium ion batteries with high energy density receive more and more extensive attention. The development routes of the high-energy density lithium ion battery are made by various governments. It is important to develop electrode materials with high energy density.
The lithium ion battery cathode materials mainly comprise artificial graphite, natural graphite, mesocarbon microbeads and the like, the theoretical capacity of the cathode materials is 372mAh/g, and if a high-energy-density lithium ion battery is to be developed, the capacity performance of the lithium ion battery needs to be further improved. One of the key technologies for improving the energy density of lithium ion batteries at present is to introduce a silicon-based material into a graphite negative electrode. Silicon has extremely high theoretical lithium intercalation capacity, abundant resources and better rate characteristic. During the charging of the battery, the lithium intercalation of silicon forms a lithium silicon alloy, the volume gradually expands, and the theoretical volume change is 320% when the lithium intercalation capacity is 4200 mAh/g. Such big volume change leads to the easy pulverization of granule, and the pole piece drops from the mass flow body easily. The surface of the silicon cathode exposed in the electrolyte is not easy to form a stable surface passivation film (SEI), so that the first week and the week coulombic efficiency of the battery are low, and the cycle performance of the full battery is poor.
In order to solve these problems, various technical solutions have been proposed in the past 20 years, and at present, carbon-coated silica and carbon-coated nano-silicon carbon composites with reversible capacity of 450mAh/g or less have been used in lithium ion batteries in some occasions, although the cycle life thereof cannot be compared with that of graphite-based negative electrodes. However, if a lithium ion battery with higher energy density is developed, a lithium ion battery cathode material with higher capacity is also needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art and solve the technical problem of low energy density of the lithium ion battery cathode material, the invention provides the high-energy density lithium ion battery cathode material and the preparation method thereof.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme.
The high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: silica (SiO): amorphous carbon: graphitized anthracite = (5-40): 1-20): 100; in the lithium ion battery cathode material, nano SiO particles are coated on the surfaces of spherical graphitized anthracite particles by amorphous carbon, and a plurality of spherical graphitized anthracite particles and SiO compounds form secondary particle aggregates.
Further, the specific capacity of the high-energy-density lithium ion battery negative electrode material under the 0.1C discharge condition is more than 1000mAh/g, the first efficiency is more than 80%, and the capacity retention rate is more than 80% after 1000 cycles.
Furthermore, the graphitized anthracite particles are prepared from anthracite through graphitization, crushing, grading and granulation, and compared with conventional graphite particles, the graphitized anthracite particles have rough surfaces and have nano-scale fine cracks.
Furthermore, the graphitized anthracite is graphitized high-quality anthracite, the graphitization degree of the graphitized high-quality anthracite is more than 85%, and the particle size is 5-20 μm.
Further, the amorphous carbon is prepared by carbonizing an organic precursor capable of being carbonized, wherein the organic precursor comprises one or more of coal-based asphalt, petroleum-based asphalt, phenolic resin, furfural resin and epoxy resin.
Further, the particle size of the nano SiO particles is 50-300 nm.
A preparation method of a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material comprises the following steps:
s1, graphitizing the anthracite particles in a graphitizing furnace at 2800-3300 ℃, and then crushing and grading the graphitized anthracite particles to screen graphitized anthracite particles with the particle size range of 5-20 mu m for later use;
s2, mixing the graphitized anthracite particles obtained in the step S1 with the nano SiO particles according to the mass ratio of 100 (40-5), and performing ball milling treatment after mixing;
s3, adding a solution of a carbonizable organic precursor into the mixture of the graphitized anthracite and the nano SiO particles obtained in the step S2, and uniformly mixing to form a primary particle structure, wherein the mass ratio of the organic precursor to the graphitized anthracite is (1-20): 100;
s4, carrying out spray granulation treatment on the uniformly mixed organic precursor solution in the step S3 and the mixture of graphitized anthracite particles and nano SiO particles to form a secondary particle structure;
and S5, carbonizing the solid powder obtained after the spray granulation treatment in the step S4 at the carbonization temperature of 800-1200 ℃, and finally obtaining a secondary agglomeration structure consisting of nano SiO-coated graphitized anthracite particles to obtain the high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material.
The general preparation method of the graphite/silicon-based negative electrode material with lower capacity at present comprises the following steps: ball-milling the nano Si or SiO particles and the spherical graphite particles, then adding a carbonization precursor solution, removing solvation and carrying out carbonization treatment to form the composite material of the nano Si or SiO particles coated with the graphite particles.
Compared with the method, the method has the following advantages:
(1) as volatile components in the anthracite are removed in the graphitization process, the surface of the particle is rough compared with spherical graphite obtained by other process methods, and meanwhile, nano-scale fine cracks exist. The nano SiO particles can be well fixed on the surface of the anthracite graphite particles and are not easy to fall off from the electrode in the charge and discharge processes of the lithium ion battery;
(2) after spray granulation, a plurality of graphitized anthracite particles coated by nano SiO particles are agglomerated together to form a secondary particle structure, and certain gaps are formed among the particles, so that the volume change of the SiO particles in the charge and discharge process is further slowed down, and the capacity and the cycle performance of the cathode material are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the microstructure of a Silica (SiO)/amorphous carbon/graphitized anthracite secondary particle, wherein the layers are flaky to represent graphitized anthracite particles and the solid dots represent nano SiO particles.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and examples.
Example 1
S1, graphitizing the anthracite particles in a graphitizing furnace at 3000 ℃, and then crushing and grading the graphitized anthracite particles to screen graphitized anthracite particles with the particle size range of 5-20 microns and the D50 of 10 microns for later use;
s2, mixing the graphitized anthracite particles obtained in the step S1 with nano SiO particles according to the mass ratio of 100:30, and performing ball milling treatment after mixing, wherein the particle size of the nano SiO particles is 100 nm;
s3, adding a solution of a carbonizable organic precursor into the mixture of the graphitized anthracite and the nano SiO particles obtained in the step S2, and uniformly mixing to form a primary particle structure, wherein the mass ratio of the organic precursor to the graphitized anthracite is 5: 100;
s4, carrying out spray granulation treatment on the uniformly mixed organic precursor solution in the step S3 and the mixture of graphitized anthracite particles and nano SiO particles to form a secondary particle structure;
s5, carbonizing the solid powder obtained after the spray granulation treatment in the step S4 at the carbonization temperature range of 1000 ℃, and finally obtaining a secondary agglomeration structure consisting of nano SiO-coated graphitized anthracite particles to obtain the high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material, wherein the microstructure of the high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material is shown in figure 1.
Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacity is 1250mAh/g under the 0.1C discharge condition, the first efficiency is 81.2%, and the capacity retention rate is 80.5% after 1000 cycles.
Example 2
S1, graphitizing the anthracite particles in a graphitizing furnace at 2900 ℃, and then crushing and grading the graphitized anthracite particles to screen graphitized anthracite particles with the particle size range of 5-20 mu m and the D50 of 13 mu m for later use;
s2, mixing the graphitized anthracite particles obtained in the step S1 with nano SiO particles according to the mass ratio of 100:20, and performing ball milling treatment after mixing, wherein the particle size of the nano SiO particles is 80 nm;
s3, adding a solution of a carbonizable organic precursor into the mixture of the graphitized anthracite and the nano SiO particles obtained in the step S2, and uniformly mixing to form a primary particle structure, wherein the mass ratio of the organic precursor to the graphitized anthracite is 10: 100;
s4, carrying out spray granulation treatment on the uniformly mixed organic precursor solution in the step S3 and the mixture of graphitized anthracite particles and nano SiO particles to form a secondary particle structure;
and S5, carbonizing the solid powder obtained after the spray granulation treatment in the step S4 at the carbonization temperature of 900 ℃, and finally obtaining a secondary agglomeration structure consisting of nano SiO-coated graphitized anthracite particles to obtain the high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material.
Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacity is 1200mAh/g under the 0.1C discharge condition, the first efficiency is 82.5%, and the capacity retention rate is 81% after 1000 cycles.
Example 3
S1, graphitizing the anthracite particles in a graphitizing furnace at 3200 ℃, and then crushing and grading the graphitized anthracite particles to screen graphitized anthracite particles with the particle size range of 5-20 microns and the D50 size of 8 microns for later use;
s2, mixing the graphitized anthracite particles obtained in the step S1 with nano SiO particles according to the mass ratio of 100:20, and performing ball milling treatment after mixing, wherein the particle size of the nano SiO particles is 80 nm;
s3, adding a solution of a carbonizable organic precursor into the mixture of the graphitized anthracite and the nano SiO particles obtained in the step S2, and uniformly mixing to form a primary particle structure, wherein the mass ratio of the organic precursor to the graphitized anthracite is 15: 100;
s4, carrying out spray granulation treatment on the uniformly mixed organic precursor solution in the step S3 and the mixture of graphitized anthracite particles and nano SiO particles to form a secondary particle structure;
and S5, carbonizing the solid powder obtained after the spray granulation treatment in the step S4 at the carbonization temperature range of 1100 ℃, and finally obtaining a secondary agglomeration structure consisting of nano SiO-coated graphitized anthracite particles to obtain the high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material.
Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacity is 1100mAh/g under the 0.1C discharge condition, the first efficiency is 83.1%, and the capacity retention rate is 81.6% after 1000 cycles.
Example 4
S1, graphitizing the anthracite particles in a graphitizing furnace at 3100 ℃, then crushing and grading the graphitized anthracite particles, and screening out graphitized anthracite particles with the particle size range of 5-20 microns and the D50 of 15 microns for later use;
s2, mixing the graphitized anthracite particles obtained in the step S1 with nano SiO particles according to the mass ratio of 100:15, and performing ball milling treatment after mixing, wherein the particle size of the nano SiO particles is 150 nm;
s3, adding a solution of a carbonizable organic precursor into the mixture of the graphitized anthracite and the nano SiO particles obtained in the step S2, and uniformly mixing to form a primary particle structure, wherein the mass ratio of the organic precursor to the graphitized anthracite is 18: 100;
s4, carrying out spray granulation treatment on the uniformly mixed organic precursor solution in the step S3 and the mixture of graphitized anthracite particles and nano SiO particles to form a secondary particle structure;
and S5, carbonizing the solid powder obtained after the spray granulation treatment in the step S4 at the carbonization temperature range of 1150 ℃, and finally obtaining a secondary agglomeration structure consisting of nano SiO-coated graphitized anthracite particles to obtain the high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material.
Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacity is 1180mAh/g under the 0.1C discharge condition, the first efficiency is 83%, and the capacity retention rate is 82.7% after 1000 cycles.
Example 5
S1, graphitizing the anthracite particles in a graphitizing furnace at 3250 ℃, and then crushing and grading the graphitized anthracite particles to screen graphitized anthracite particles with the particle size range of 5-20 mu m and the D50 of 7 mu m for later use;
s2, mixing the graphitized anthracite particles obtained in the step S1 with nano SiO particles according to the mass ratio of 100:8, and performing ball milling treatment after mixing, wherein the particle size of the nano SiO particles is 230 nm;
s3, adding a solution of a carbonizable organic precursor into the mixture of the graphitized anthracite and the nano SiO particles obtained in the step S2, and uniformly mixing to form a primary particle structure, wherein the mass ratio of the organic precursor to the graphitized anthracite is 4: 100;
s4, carrying out spray granulation treatment on the uniformly mixed organic precursor solution in the step S3 and the mixture of graphitized anthracite particles and nano SiO particles to form a secondary particle structure;
and S5, carbonizing the solid powder obtained after the spray granulation treatment in the step S4 at the carbonization temperature range of 850 ℃, and finally obtaining a secondary agglomeration structure consisting of nano SiO-coated graphitized anthracite particles to obtain the high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material.
Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacity is 1060mAh/g under the 0.1C discharge condition, the first efficiency is 82.7%, and the capacity retention rate is 81.4% after 1000 cycles.
Comparative examples
(1) Ball-milling spherical graphite with the particle size of D50 being 10 mu m and nano SiO particles according to the mass ratio of 100:30, wherein the particle size of the nano SiO particles is 100 nm;
(2) adding coal-based asphalt into the spherical graphite/nano SiO particles obtained in the step (1), wherein the mass ratio of the coal-based asphalt to the spherical graphite is 5: 100;
(3) and (3) carbonizing the solid powder obtained in the step (2), wherein the carbonization temperature range is 1000 ℃.
Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacity is 850mAh/g under the 0.1C discharge condition, the first efficiency is 76%, and the capacity retention rate is 70.8% after 1000 cycles.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. The high-energy density lithium ion battery cathode material is characterized in that: the lithium ion battery negative electrode material comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: silicon monoxide: amorphous carbon: graphitized anthracite = (5-40): 1-20): 100; in the lithium ion battery cathode material, nano-sized silicon dioxide particles are coated on the surfaces of spherical graphitized anthracite particles by amorphous carbon, and a plurality of spherical graphitized anthracite particles and a compound of the silicon dioxide form secondary particle aggregates.
2. The high energy density lithium ion battery negative electrode material of claim 1, wherein: the specific capacity of the high-energy-density lithium ion battery negative electrode material under the discharge condition of 0.1C is more than 1000mAh/g, the first efficiency is more than 80%, and the capacity retention rate is more than 80% after 1000 cycles.
3. The high energy density lithium ion battery negative electrode material of claim 1, wherein: the graphitized anthracite particles are prepared from anthracite through graphitization, crushing, grading and granulation, and compared with conventional graphite particles, the graphitized anthracite particles have rough surfaces and have nano-scale fine cracks.
4. The high energy density lithium ion battery negative electrode material according to claim 1 or 3, wherein: the graphitized anthracite is graphitized high-quality anthracite, the graphitization degree of the graphitized high-quality anthracite is more than 85%, and the particle size is 5-20 mu m.
5. The high energy density lithium ion battery negative electrode material of claim 1, wherein: the amorphous carbon is prepared by carbonizing a carbonizable organic precursor, wherein the organic precursor comprises one or more of coal-based asphalt, petroleum-based asphalt, phenolic resin, furfural resin and epoxy resin.
6. The high energy density lithium ion battery negative electrode material of claim 1, wherein: the particle size of the nano-silicon oxide particles is 50-300 nm.
7. The preparation method of the high energy density lithium ion battery negative electrode material according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, graphitizing the anthracite particles in a graphitizing furnace at 2800-3300 ℃, and then crushing and grading the graphitized anthracite particles to screen graphitized anthracite particles with the particle size range of 5-20 mu m for later use;
s2, mixing the graphitized anthracite particles obtained in the step S1 with the nano-silicon oxide particles according to the mass ratio of 100 to 40-5, and performing ball milling treatment after mixing;
s3, adding a solution of a carbonizable organic precursor into the mixture of the graphitized anthracite and the nano-silicon oxide particles obtained in the step S2, and uniformly mixing to form a primary particle structure, wherein the mass ratio of the organic precursor to the graphitized anthracite is (1-20): 100;
s4, carrying out spray granulation treatment on the mixture of the organic precursor solution, the graphitized anthracite particles and the nano-silicon oxide particles which are uniformly mixed in the step S3 to form a secondary particle structure;
and S5, carbonizing the solid powder obtained after the spray granulation treatment in the step S4 at the carbonization temperature of 800-1200 ℃, and finally obtaining a secondary agglomeration structure formed by the nano-silicon oxide coated graphitized anthracite particles to obtain the high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material.
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