CN111146219A - 小间距图像传感器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本申请案是针对一种小间距图像传感器。图像传感器包含第一半导体材料及安置在所述半导体材料中的多个第一掺杂区域。所述多个第一掺杂区域为多个光电二极管用以接收光且将所述光转换成图像电荷的一部分。第二半导体材料安置在所述第一半导体材料上,且多个第二掺杂区域安置在所述第二半导体中。所述多个第二掺杂区域电耦合到所述多个第一掺杂区域,且所述多个第二掺杂区域为所述多个光电二极管的一部分。
Description
技术领域
本发明大体来说涉及电子装置,且特定来说(但非排他性地)涉及图像传感器。
背景技术
图像传感器已变得无所存在。其广泛用于数码静态相机、蜂窝式电话、安全相机以及医学、汽车及其它应用中。用于制造图像传感器的技术一直继续快速地进展。举例来说,更高分辨率及更低功率消耗的需求已促进了这些装置的进一步小型化及集成。
典型的图像传感器的操作如下。来自外部场景的图像光入射在图像传感器上。图像传感器包含多个光敏元件,使得每一光敏元件吸收一部分入射图像光。包含在图像传感器中的光敏元件,例如光电二极管,每一者在吸收图像光时生成图像电荷。生成的图像电荷的量与图像光的强度成正比。所生成的图像电荷可以用于产生表示外部场景的图像。
在制作图像传感器时,在图像传感器中形成光电二极管的高能注入步骤可能会损坏半导体衬底,从而导致暗电流及其它图像噪声。此外,高能注入物可能限制按比例缩小个别图像传感器像素的大小。
发明内容
在一个方面中,本申请案是针对一种图像传感器,其包括:第一半导体材料;多个第一掺杂区域,其安置在所述第一半导体材料中,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域为多个光电二极管用以接收光且将所述光转换成图像电荷的一部分;第二半导体材料,其安置在所述第一半导体材料上;及多个第二掺杂区域,其安置在所述第二半导体材料中,其中所述多个第二掺杂区域电耦合到所述多个第一掺杂区域,且其中所述多个第二掺杂区域为所述多个光电二极管的一部分。
在另一方面中,本申请案是针对一种图像传感器制作的方法,其包括:提供第一半导体材料;将多个第一掺杂区域注入在所述第一半导体材料中,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域为多个光电二极管用以接收光且将所述光转换成图像电荷的一部分;形成安置在所述第一半导体材料上的第二半导体材料;将多个第二掺杂区域注入在所述第二半导体材料中,其中所述多个第二掺杂区域电耦合到所述多个第一掺杂区域,且其中所述多个第二掺杂区域为所述多个光电二极管的一部分。
附图说明
以下参考下图描述本发明的非限制性及非穷尽实例,其中除非另有规定否则贯穿各种视图相同参考编号指代相同零件。
图1展示根据本发明的教示的小间距图像传感器的横截面图。
图2A到2E根据本发明的教示说明制作图1的小间距图像传感器的方法。
图3根据本发明的教示描绘了包括图1的图像传感器的成像系统的框图。
贯穿图式的若干视图,对应参考字符指示对应组件。所属领域的技术人员将了解,图中的元件是为了简单及清楚而说明,且不一定按比例放置。例如,图中的元件中的一些元件的尺寸可相对于其它元件经放大以帮助提高对本发明的各种实施例的理解。此外,通常未描绘在商业上可行的实施例中有用或必需的常见而众所周知的元件以便促进对本发明的这各种实施例的较不受阻碍的观察。
具体实施方式
本文中描述用于小间距图像传感器的设备及方法的实例。在以下描述中,陈述众多特定细节以提供对实例的透彻理解。然而,所属领域的技术人员将认识到,本文中所描述的技术可在没有一或多个具体细节的情况下实践,或与其它方法、组件、材料等一起实践。在其它情况下,未详细展示或描述预期的结构、材料或操作重复模糊某些方面。
贯穿本说明书对“一个实例”或“一个实施例”的引用意味着结合实例所描述的特定的特征、结构或特性是包含在本发明的至少一个实例中。因此,在贯穿本说明书中的各种地方出现的短语“在一个实例中”或“在一个实施例中”不一定全部是指相同的实例。此外,在一或多个实例中可以任何适合方式组合所述特定特征、结构或特性。
随着像素间距大小变得越来越小(例如,0.9μm或更小),光刻工艺需要为注入层(如深钉扎阱(“DPW”)及深n型钉扎的光电二极管层(“DNPPD1”)制作更小临界尺寸。目前,DPW层及DNPPD1层两者均采用更高能量离子注入步骤形成,所述更高能量离子注入步骤需要更厚的光致抗蚀剂(例如,>2.5μm)以在需要时阻挡注入。因此,使用厚的光致抗蚀剂很难具有小的临界直径。
此处,本发明通过工艺优化提供了减少的DPW及DNPPD1注入能量。使用更低注入能量允许更薄的光致抗蚀剂及改进的分辨率。另外,降低注入能量可以减少对半导体晶格的损坏,并改进图像传感器中的白色像素及暗电流性能。
在本发明的实例中,通过对第一半导体材料执行第一低能量注入来实现更低能量注入。然后,可以在第一半导体材料上外延生长第二半导体材料。然后在外延生长硅中执行第二低能离子注入步骤,因此创建连续阱,其深度与执行高能注入的情况一样,但使用两个低能注入。这允许更小的像素间距。
上文所论述的实施例以及其它实施例将在下文描述为其与附图有关。
图1展示根据本发明的教示的小间距图像传感器100的横截面图。如所展示,图像传感器100包含第一半导体材料101及安置在第一半导体材料101中的多个第一掺杂区103。多个第一掺杂区域103为多个光电二极管用以接收的光且将光转换成图像电荷的一部分。第二半导体材料105安置在第一半导体材料101上,且多个第二掺杂区107安置在第二半导体材料105中。多个第二掺杂区107电耦合到多个第一掺杂区103,且多个第二掺杂区107为多个光电二极管的一部分。换句话说,第一掺杂区103及第二掺杂区107组合形成光电二极管的一部分。
如将在下文更详细地论述,第一半导体材料101可为单晶硅(例如,晶片等),且第二半导体材料105为外延生长硅。在所描绘的实例中,多个第一掺杂区域103与多个第二掺杂区域107物理接触(例如,第二掺杂区域107一直延伸穿过第二半导体材料105以接触第一掺杂区域103)。如所展示,第一掺杂区域103与第二掺杂区域107彼此在横向上共同延伸(例如,区域在页面上沿X方向彼此重叠)。在所描绘实例中,第一掺杂区域103及第二掺杂区域107的边缘垂直对准(例如,以形成连续光电二极管的部分)。在所描绘实例中,由多个光电二极管形成的像素(例如,多组一或多个光电二极管—例如,四个光电二极管)之间的间距为小于0.9μm。在所描绘实例中,此尺寸特定用于捕获高分辨率图像。在一个实例中,多个第一掺杂区域中的掺杂密度不同于(大于或小于,如以原子/cm3为单位所测量)多个第二掺杂区域的掺杂物密度。
在一些实施例中,滤色器及微透镜可以随后形成且经光学对准以将光引导到第一及第二掺杂区域中。滤色器阵列可以为拜耳滤光器阵列等。微透镜可以由聚合物制成,所述聚合物在每一掺杂区域上面回流成圆顶状结构以将光引导到光电二极管中。光可以从微透镜透射穿过滤色器并进入光电二极管(包含第一掺杂区域103及第二掺杂区域107)中。一或多个平面化/透明氧化物层可以形成在滤色器与第一半导体材料101之间,因此滤色器层安置在平面化层与微透镜之间。
图2A到2E根据本发明的教示说明制作图1的小间距图像传感器的方法。一些或所有图在所述方法中出现的次序不应视为限制性的。而是,受益于本发明的所属领域的普通技术人员将理解,所述方法中的一些可以多种未说明的次序来执行或甚至并行地执行。此外,所述方法可以省略某些图以避免模糊某些方面。替代地,所述方法可以包含在本发明的一些实施例/实例中可能不必要的额外图。
图2A展示提供第一半导体材料201,且在第一半导体材料201中注入多个第一掺杂区域203。多个第一掺杂区域203为多个光电二极管用以接收的光且将光转换成图像电荷的一部分。如所展示,在注入多个第一掺杂区域203之前,在第一半导体材料201上形成第一光致抗蚀剂掩模211。由于使用低能量注入,光致抗蚀剂掩模211可以小于2.5μm厚且仍然阻挡离子到达半导体材料101。光致抗蚀剂211可以为负性或正性抗蚀剂。
图2B说明在移除光致抗蚀剂211之后(例如,通过溶剂清洗等)安置在第一半导体材料201中的所得第一掺杂物区域203。
图2C描绘形成安置在第一半导体材料201上的第二半导体材料205。可以通过在第一半导体材料201上外延生长硅来形成第二半导体材料205。第二半导体材料205可以通过将第一半导体材料201放置在反应器中进行化学气相沉积(CVD)、原子层沉积(ALD)等来生长。在所描绘的实例中,沉积硅可以包含使用低于1050℃(例如,950℃)的SiH4基前驱物,以0.1到0.3微米/分钟的速度生长硅在此实例中,温度对于防止第一掺杂区域203在半导体材料201中的扩散至关重要。然而,在其它实例中,可以使用其它前驱物,例如SiCl4(例如,在1150到1250℃下)、SiHCl3(例如,在1100至1200℃下),或SiHCl2(例如,在1050至1150℃下)。
图2D展示在注入多个第二掺杂区域207之前,在第二半导体材料205上形成第二光致抗蚀剂掩模213。如同第一光致抗蚀剂掩模211,第二光致抗蚀剂掩模213可以小于2.5μm厚。
图2D还说明在第二半导体205中注入多个第二掺杂区域207。如所展示,多个第二掺杂区域207电耦合(且直接物理接触)多个第一掺杂区域203。多个第二掺杂区域207也为多个光电二极体的一部分。在其它实施例中,多个第二掺杂区域207可以包含与第一掺杂区域203不同的离子,且具有相反的多数电荷载流子类型(例如,第一掺杂区域203包含砷,且第二掺杂区区域207包含硼)。在此实例中,第二掺杂区域207可以用于形成光电二极管的钉扎层,而第一掺杂区域203形成阱。然而,在其它实例中,注入多个第一掺杂区域203及多个第二掺杂区域207包含注入相同的离子(例如,砷)。
图2E说明清洗掉第二光致抗蚀剂213。这留下了所形成的第一掺杂区域203及第二掺杂区域207(其可以为布置成像素的多个光电二极管的部分)。
图3根据本发明的教示描绘了包括图1的图像传感器的成像系统300的框图。成像系统300包含像素阵列305、控制电路321、读出电路311及功能逻辑315。在一个实例中,像素阵列305为光电二极管或图像传感器像素(例如,像素P1、P2、…、Pn)的二维(2D)阵列。如所说明,光电二极管布置成行(例如,行R1到Ry)及列(例如,列C1到Cx)以获取人、地点、对象等的图像数据,然后可以将其用于渲染人、地点、对象等的2D图像。然而,光电二极管不必布置成行及列,且可以采用其它配置。
在一个实例中,在像素阵列305中的每一图像传感器光电二极管/像素已经获取其图像数据或图像电荷之后,图像数据被读出电路311读出,且然后被传送到功能逻辑315。在各种实例中,读出电路311可以包含放大电路,模数转换电路等。功能逻辑315可仅存储所述图像数据或甚至通过应用图像后效果(例如,剪裁、旋转、移除红眼、调整亮度、调整对比度或其它)来操纵所述图像数据。在一个实例中,读出电路311可沿着读出列线一次读出一行图像数据(所说明)或可使用多种其它技术读出所述图像数据,例如串行读出或同时全并行读出所有像素。
在一个实例中,控制电路321耦合到像素阵列305以控制像素阵列305中的多个光电二极管的操作。例如,控制电路321可生成用于控制图像获取的快门信号。在一个实例中,所述快门信号为用于同时启用像素阵列305内的所有像素以在单一获取窗期间同时捕获其相应图像数据的全局快门信号。在另一实例中,快门信号为滚动快门信号,使得在连续获取窗期间依序启用像素的每一行、列或组。在另一实例中,图像获取与例如闪光灯等照明效果同步。
在一个实例中,成像系统300可以被包含在汽车、移动电话、相机等中。另外,成像系统300可耦合到其它硬件,例如处理器(通用或其它)、存储器元件、输出(USB端口、无线发射器、HDMI端口等)、照明/闪光灯、电输入(键盘、触摸显示器、跟踪垫、鼠标、麦克风等)及/或显示器。其它硬件可向成像系统300递送指令、从成像系统300提取图像数据或操纵由成像系统300供应的图像数据。
包含摘要中所描述内容的本发明的所说明实例的以上描述并非打算为穷尽性的或将本发明限制于所揭示的精确形式。虽然本文中出于说明的目的描述本发明的特定实例,但如所属领域的技术人员将认识到,可在本发明的范围内做出各种修改。
根据以上详细描述,可对本发明进行这些修改。以下权利要求中使用的术语解释被解释为将本发明限制于说明书中所发现的具体实例。而是,本发明的范围将完全由所附权利要求书来确定,所述权利要求书将根据所创建的权利要求解释原则来加以理解。
Claims (20)
1.一种图像传感器,其包括:
第一半导体材料;
多个第一掺杂区域,其安置在所述第一半导体材料中,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域为多个光电二极管用以接收光且将所述光转换成图像电荷的一部分;
第二半导体材料,其安置在所述第一半导体材料上;及
多个第二掺杂区域,其安置在所述第二半导体材料中,其中所述多个第二掺杂区域电耦合到所述多个第一掺杂区域,且其中所述多个第二掺杂区域为所述多个光电二极管的一部分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的图像传感器,其中所述第一半导体材料为单晶硅,且所述第二半导体材料为外延生长硅。
3.根据权利要求2所述的图像传感器,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域与所述多个第二掺杂区域物理接触。
4.根据权利要求3所述的图像传感器,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域中的个别第一掺杂区域与所述多个第二掺杂区域中的个别第二掺杂区域在横向上共同延伸。
5.根据权利要求1所述的图像传感器,其中由所述多个光电二极管形成的像素之间的间距小于0.9μm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的图像传感器,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域及所述多个第二掺杂区域是相反的多数电荷载流子类型。
7.根据权利要求1所述的图像传感器,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域及所述多个第二掺杂区域包含不同的掺杂物离子。
8.根据权利要求1所述的图像传感器,其进一步包括控制电路,所述控制电路耦合到所述多个光电二极管以控制所述多个光电二极管的操作。
9.根据权利要求1所述的图像传感器,其进一步包括读出电路,所述读出电路耦合到所述多个光电二极管以从所述多个光电二极管读出图像电荷。
10.根据权利要求1所述的图像传感器,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域中的掺杂物密度不同于所述多个第二掺杂区域中的所述掺杂物密度。
11.一种图像传感器制作的方法,其包括:
提供第一半导体材料;
将多个第一掺杂区域注入在所述第一半导体材料中,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域为多个光电二极管用以接收光且将所述光转换成图像电荷的一部分;
形成安置在所述第一半导体材料上的第二半导体材料;
将多个第二掺杂区域注入在所述第二半导体材料中,其中所述多个第二掺杂区域电耦合到所述多个第一掺杂区域,且其中所述多个第二掺杂区域为所述多个光电二极管的一部分。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中形成所述第二半导体材料包含在所述第一半导体材料上外延生长硅。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中在所述第一半导体材料上外延生长硅包含使用低于1000℃的SiH4基前驱物沉积所述硅。
14.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其进一步包括在注入所述多个第一掺杂区域之前,在所述第一半导体材料上形成第一光致抗蚀剂掩模,其中所述第一光致抗蚀剂掩模为小于2.5μm厚。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其进一步包括在注入所述多个第二掺杂区域之前,在所述第二半导体材料上形成第二光致抗蚀剂掩模,其中所述第二光致抗蚀剂掩模为小于2.5μm厚。
16.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中注入所述多个第一掺杂区域及所述多个第二掺杂区域包含注入不同的离子。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述不同的离子包含硼及砷。
18.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域与所述多个第二掺杂区域物理接触。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述多个第一掺杂区域中的个别第一掺杂区域与所述多个第二掺杂区域中的个别第二掺杂区域在横向上共同延伸。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中由所述多个光电二极管形成的像素之间的间距小于0.9μm。
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