CN111117418A - Anticorrosive coating composition - Google Patents

Anticorrosive coating composition Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111117418A
CN111117418A CN201811292368.4A CN201811292368A CN111117418A CN 111117418 A CN111117418 A CN 111117418A CN 201811292368 A CN201811292368 A CN 201811292368A CN 111117418 A CN111117418 A CN 111117418A
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Prior art keywords
coating composition
epoxy resin
component
present
bisphenol
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
杨琳
何红兵
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PPG Coatings Kunshan Co Ltd
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PPG Coatings Kunshan Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201811292368.4A priority Critical patent/CN111117418A/en
Priority to PCT/CN2019/115006 priority patent/WO2020088647A1/en
Publication of CN111117418A publication Critical patent/CN111117418A/en
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    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09DCOATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D163/00Coating compositions based on epoxy resins; Coating compositions based on derivatives of epoxy resins
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    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/50Amines
    • C08G59/5033Amines aromatic
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/20Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the epoxy compounds used
    • C08G59/22Di-epoxy compounds
    • C08G59/24Di-epoxy compounds carbocyclic
    • C08G59/245Di-epoxy compounds carbocyclic aromatic
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    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/44Amides
    • C08G59/46Amides together with other curing agents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/50Amines
    • C08G59/5006Amines aliphatic
    • C08G59/5013Amines aliphatic containing more than seven carbon atoms, e.g. fatty amines
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/50Amines
    • C08G59/56Amines together with other curing agents
    • C08G59/60Amines together with other curing agents with amides
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/62Alcohols or phenols
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/62Alcohols or phenols
    • C08G59/621Phenols
    • C08G59/623Aminophenols
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/68Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the catalysts used
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09DCOATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/08Anti-corrosive paints
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2650/00Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2650/28Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule characterised by the polymer type
    • C08G2650/50Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule characterised by the polymer type containing nitrogen, e.g. polyetheramines or Jeffamines(r)
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2205/00Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
    • C08L2205/02Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
    • C08L2205/025Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2205/00Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
    • C08L2205/03Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
    • C08L2205/035Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend containing four or more polymers in a blend

Abstract

The present invention relates to an anticorrosive coating composition comprising a component a comprising an epoxy resin; a hydrocarbon resin; and a modified aromatic hydrocarbon resin, and a B component comprising: a polyetheramine; an alkyl diamine containing an aromatic ring; and an epoxy resin. The component B further comprises an adduct formed by reacting an alkyl diamine containing an aromatic ring with an epoxy resin. The coating composition of the present invention is an anticorrosive coating composition having improved corrosion resistance, a balanced combination of properties and good surface tolerance.

Description

Anticorrosive coating composition
Technical Field
The present invention relates to an anticorrosive coating composition. More particularly, the present invention relates to an anticorrosive coating composition having improved corrosion resistance, a balanced combination of properties and good surface tolerance.
Background
Anticorrosive coatings are widely used in various industrial fields to protect coated substrates from external attack.
CN102471457A relates to a coating for food containers which produces a coating film having low permeability to oxygen and flavor substances and which exhibits low processing viscosity without the addition of solvents. In the B component of the coating, a compound formed by reacting aromatic monoglycidyl ether with an excess of diaminoalkylbenzene is contained.
CN105492488A relates to a hardener composition comprising an adduct of a difunctional epoxide and m-xylylenediamine (MXDA) and an adduct of a difunctional epoxide and isophorone diamine. The hardener is further mixed with other epoxy resins to form a coating.
CN104968738A relates to a two-component coating composition comprising an MXDA mannich modified curing agent. The MXDA Mannich modification curing agent is obtained by performing Mannich condensation on phenols, aldehydes and m-xylidine.
While various efforts have been made to improve the corrosion resistance of coatings, it is difficult to obtain an anticorrosive coating composition having a balanced combination of properties and high tolerance to various substrate surfaces.
Disclosure of Invention
To solve the above and other problems in the prior art, the present invention provides, in one aspect, a coating composition comprising:
a component a comprising:
a1) an epoxy resin;
a B component comprising:
b1) a polyetheramine;
b2) an alkyl diamine containing an aromatic ring; and
b3) and (3) epoxy resin.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises:
a component a comprising:
a1) an epoxy resin;
a B component comprising:
b1) a polyetheramine;
b2) an alkyl diamine containing an aromatic ring; and
b3) an epoxy resin, and a curing agent,
wherein the process comprises reacting the b2) aromatic ring-containing alkyl diamine with the b3) epoxy resin to form an adduct.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a substrate coated with the coating composition of the present invention.
The coating composition of the present invention provides improved adhesion to a substrate. At the same time, the coating composition of the present invention also provides a balanced combination of properties, including improved corrosion resistance and improved hardness. In addition, the coating compositions of the present invention have good substrate tolerance and provide the above properties even on substrates that have not been subjected to advanced treatment.
Detailed Description
For purposes of the following detailed description, it is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. Moreover, other than in any operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about". Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of "1 to 10" should be considered to include any and all subranges between the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, the minimum value is equal to or greater than 1 and the maximum value is equal to or less than 10.
In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural and plural encompasses singular, unless specifically stated otherwise. Further, in this application, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless specifically stated otherwise, even though "and/or" may be explicitly used in some instances. In addition, in this application, the use of "a" or "an" means "at least one" or "at least one" unless specifically stated otherwise. For example, "an" epoxy resin, "a" hydrocarbon resin, and/or "a" diamine, and the like, refers to one or more of anything.
The coating compositions of the present invention are typically referred to as two-component coating compositions, or "2K" coating compositions. The coating composition of the present invention comprises a component a as a base component or binder in a two-component coating.
The a component of the coating composition of the present invention comprises an epoxy resin. The epoxy resin includes bisphenol a type epoxy resin, bisphenol F type epoxy resin and mixtures thereof. These epoxy resins may be of liquid type or of solid type. The liquid type epoxy resin has a relatively high viscosity, and a relatively low epoxy equivalent weight. The liquid type epoxy resin used in the present invention has a viscosity of about 8,000 to about 16,000cps, for example about 10,000 to 12,000cps at 25 ℃. The viscosity is measured according to standard methods common in the art. The liquid epoxy resin used in the present invention has an epoxy equivalent of about 150 to about 350g/eq v., for example about 170 to about 300g/eq v., for example about 180 to about 270g/eq v., further for example about 180 to about 250g/eq v. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, epoxy equivalent refers to the grams of epoxy resin containing 1 equivalent of epoxy groups.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of epoxy resin in the a-side of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 25 to about 40 weight percent, preferably from about 27 to about 35 weight percent, based on the total weight of the a-side of the coating composition. In some embodiments of the present invention, component a of the coating composition of the present invention comprises both a liquid bisphenol a epoxy resin and a solid bisphenol a epoxy resin. In such embodiments, the amount of liquid bisphenol-a epoxy resin is from about 20 to about 28 weight percent, preferably from about 22 to about 26 weight percent, more preferably from about 23 to about 25 weight percent, based on the total weight of the a component of the coating composition of the present invention. In these embodiments, the amount of solid bisphenol A epoxy resin is from about 4 to about 10 weight percent, preferably from about 5 to about 9 weight percent, and more preferably from about 6 to about 8 weight percent.
The epoxy resins used in the A-component of the coating compositions of the present invention are commercially available.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the a component of the coating composition of the present invention may optionally comprise a petroleum resin. Petroleum resins are also known as hydrocarbon resins. The petroleum resin is a thermoplastic resin produced by pretreating, polymerizing, distilling and the like C5 and C9 fractions generated by petroleum cracking. In general, petroleum resins are classified into aliphatic resins based on C5 or dicyclopentadiene, and aromatic resins based on C9 aromatic components, such as vinyl toluene or indene. In these embodiments, the a component of the coating composition of the present invention may optionally comprise a modified petroleum resin. The modified petroleum resin is a low-viscosity liquid resin, and compared with common petroleum resin, the aromatic hydrocarbon functional group of the modified petroleum resin contains inactive hydroxyl, so that the modified petroleum resin can be used for solvent type, solvent-free type or high-solid-content epoxy systems. The petroleum resin and modified petroleum resin used in the embodiments of the present invention may be commercially available.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of petroleum resin in the A component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 0 to about 5 weight percent, preferably from about 2 to about 4 weight percent, more preferably from about 3 to about 4 weight percent, based on the total weight of the A component of the coating composition. In various embodiments of the present invention, the total weight of the modified petroleum resin in the A component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 0 to about 4 weight percent, preferably from about 1 to about 3 weight percent, more preferably from about 2 to about 3 weight percent, based on the total weight of the A component of the coating composition.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the a component of the coating composition of the present invention may comprise one or more solvents. Solvents commonly used in the coating art may be used in the present invention. Specific examples of solvents include, but are not limited to: propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate and derivatives thereof, acetone, pentyl propionate, anisole, benzene, butyl acetate, cyclohexane, dialkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol dibenzoate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethoxybenzene, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, isobutanol, methylcyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl propionate, propylene carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, benzyl alcohol, 2-methoxyethyl ether, 3-propanediol methyl ether, and mixtures thereof.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of the one or more solvents in the a-side of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 5 to about 10 weight percent, preferably from about 6 to about 9 weight percent, more preferably from about 7 to about 9 weight percent, based on the total weight of the a-side of the coating composition.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the a component of the coating composition of the present invention may also optionally comprise one or more additives. Such additives include, but are not limited to, thickeners, leveling agents, adhesion promoters, fillers, pigments, antioxidants, and the like.
Thickeners are used to improve and/or maintain the consistency of the coating composition. Examples of thickeners in the a component of the coating compositions of the present invention, in various embodiments of the present invention, include colloidal silica, aluminum silicate hydrate (bentonite), aluminum tristearate, aluminum monostearate, xanthan gum, chrysotile, fumed silica, hydrogenated castor oil, organically modified clays, polyamide waxes, polyethylene waxes, and the like. The amount of thickener can be selected by the person skilled in the art according to the actual need. For example, the amount of thickener in the a-side of the coating composition of the present invention can be from about 0.5 to about 1.5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the a-side of the coating composition.
The leveling agent can promote the coating to form a flat, smooth and uniform coating film in the drying film-forming process. Examples of the leveling agent used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, silicones, acrylics, fluorines, unsaturated polyesters, and the like. For example, the amount of the leveling agent in the a-component of the coating composition of the present invention may be from about 0 to about 0.3 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the a-component of the coating composition.
Adhesion promoters are used to improve the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. For example, the amount of adhesion promoter in the a-side of the coating composition of the present invention may be from about 0 to about 0.4 weight percent, preferably from about 0.2 to about 0.3 weight percent, based on the total weight of the a-side of the coating composition.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the a component of the coating composition of the present invention comprises a filler. Such fillers include, but are not limited to, talc, silica, mica, montmorillonite, kaolin, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, natural and synthetic zeolites, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, sodium aluminum silicate, glass particles, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and the like. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the a-component of the coating composition of the present invention may comprise talc and silica as fillers. In a further embodiment, the a-side of the coating composition of the present invention may also optionally comprise barium sulfate as a filler. In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of filler in the a-side of the coating composition of the present invention can range from about 10 to about 50 weight percent, such as from about 12 to about 48 weight percent, for example from about 13 to about 47 weight percent, based on the total weight of the a-side of the coating composition.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the a component of the coating composition of the present invention comprises a colorant. Colorant is any substance that imparts color and/or other opacity and/or other visual effect to the composition. The colorant can be added to the composition in any suitable form, such as discrete particles, dispersions, solutions, and/or flakes. A single colorant or a mixture of two or more colorants can be used in the coating of the present invention.
Examples of colorants include pigments, dyes and toners, such as those used in the paint industry and/or listed in the dry powder pigment manufacturers association (DCMA) and special effect compositions. The colorant may comprise, for example, a finely divided solid powder that is insoluble but wettable under the conditions of use. The colorant may be organic or inorganic and may be aggregated or non-aggregated. The colorant may be incorporated into the coating by grinding or simple mixing. The colorant can be incorporated into the coating by using a grind vehicle, such as an acrylic grind vehicle, the use of which will be familiar to those skilled in the art.
Examples of pigments and/or pigment compositions include, but are not limited to, carbazole dioxazine crude pigments, azo, monoazo, diazo, naphthol AS, salt forms (lakes), benzimidazolone, condensates, metal complexes, isoindolones, isoindolines and polycyclic phthalocyanines, quinacridones, perylenes, pyridones, diketopyrrolopyrroles, thioindigoids, anthraquinones, anthrapyrimidines, xanthones, pyranthrones, anthanthrones, dioxazines, triarylcarboniums, quinophthalone pigments, diketopyrrolopyrrole red ("DPPBO red"), titanium dioxide, carbon black, carbon fibers, graphite, other conductive pigments and/or fillers, and mixtures thereof. The terms "pigment" and "colored filler" may be used interchangeably.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of colorant or pigment in the a-side of the coating composition of the present invention may range from about 5 to about 15 weight percent, such as from about 7 to about 14 weight percent, for example from about 8 to about 12 weight percent, based on the total weight of the a-side of the coating composition.
The coating composition of the present invention also comprises a B-component as a curing agent component or a hardener component in a two-component coating.
The B component of the coating composition of the present invention comprises an amine component. The amine component generally includes any compound capable of acting as a nitrogen source. According to embodiments of the present invention, the amine component may include proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, organic amines, polyamines, ammonia, ammonium salts of monomeric polycarboxylic acids, ammonium salts of polymeric polycarboxylic acids, and ammonium salts of inorganic acids or mixtures thereof.
More specifically, the amine component may comprise aliphatic polyamines such as 1, 4-butanediamine, 1, 5-pentanediamine, hexamethylenediamine, 1, 7-heptanediamine, 1, 8-octanediamine, 1, 9-nonanediamine, 1, 10-decanediamine, 1, 11-undecanediamine, 1, 12-dodecanediamine, diethylenetriamine. Preferably, the aliphatic amine further includes aliphatic amines containing an aromatic ring, such as m-xylylenediamine, m-diethylphenylenediamine, p-xylylenediamine, p-diethylphenylenediamine, and the like.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of aliphatic polyamine in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 9 to about 12 weight percent, preferably from about 10 to about 11 weight percent, based on the total weight of the B component of the coating composition.
The amine component may also include a polyamide. Polyamides used as curing agents are generally products obtained by condensing dimer acids (or esters) with polyamines.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of polyamide in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 6 to about 8 weight percent, preferably from about 6.5 to about 7 weight percent, based on the total weight of the B component of the coating composition.
The amine component may also include a polyetheramine. The polyether amine is a compound having a polyether structure as a main chain and further comprising an amine group as a terminal reactive functional group. The polyether amine is obtained by ammoniating polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or ethylene glycol/propylene glycol copolymer at high temperature and high pressure. By selecting different polyoxyalkyl structures, a series of properties such as reactivity, toughness, viscosity and hydrophilicity of the polyether amine can be adjusted, and the amine group provides possibility for the polyether amine to react with various compounds. Polyether amines useful in the present invention include polyether monoamines, polyether diamines, polyether triamines, and the like. Specifically, the polyetheramines used in the present invention may include polyoxyethylene diamine, polyoxypropylene diamine, polyoxybutylene diamine, and polyoxyethylene triamine, polyoxypropylene triamine, polyoxybutylene triamine. Examples of commercially available products of polyetheramines that can be used in the present invention may include, for example, Jeffamine series products. Examples of such polyetheramines include aminated propoxylated pentaerythritol, such as Jeffamine XTJ-616, and those represented by the following formulae (IV) to (VI).
According to formula (IV), the amine-containing compound can comprise or be represented by:
Figure BDA0001850244490000081
wherein y is 0-39 and x + z is 1-68.
Suitable amine-containing compounds represented by formula (IV) of the present invention include, but are not limited to, amine-terminated polyethylene glycols such as Jeffamine ED series of Henmei, such as Jeffamine HK-511, Jeffamine ED-600, Jeffamine ED-900, and Jeffamine ED-2003, and amine-terminated polypropylene glycols such as Jeffamine D series of Henmei, such as Jeffamine D-230, Jeffamine D-400, Jeffamine D-2000, and Jeffamine D-4000.
According to formula (V), the amine-containing compound can comprise or be represented by:
Figure BDA0001850244490000082
wherein each p is independently 2 or 3.
Suitable amine-containing compounds represented by formula (V) herein include, but are not limited to, diamines based on amine-terminated polyethylene glycols, such as the Jeffamine EDR series of Henmei, such as Jeffamine EDR-148 and Jeffamine EDR-176.
According to formula (VI), the amine-containing compound can comprise or be represented by:
Figure BDA0001850244490000083
wherein R is H or C2H5M is 0 or 1, a + b + c is 5-85.
Suitable amine-containing compounds represented by formula (VI) of the present invention include, but are not limited to, amine-terminated propoxylated trimethylolpropane or glycerol, such as Jeffamine T series from Hensman, such as Jeffamine T-403, Jeffamine T-3000, and Jeffamine T-5000.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of polyetheramine in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 15 to about 20 weight percent, preferably from about 16 to about 19 weight percent, more preferably from about 17 to about 18 weight percent, based on the total weight of the B component of the coating composition.
The amine component may also optionally include polyamines containing other functional groups or moieties, such as 2,4, 6-tris (dimethylaminomethyl) phenol.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of polyamine containing other functional groups or moieties in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 0 to about 1.5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.2 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.8 to about 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the B component of the coating composition.
The B component of the coating composition of the present invention also comprises an epoxy resin. The epoxy resin includes bisphenol a type epoxy resin, bisphenol F type epoxy resin and mixtures thereof. The epoxy resin used in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention has an epoxy equivalent weight of from about 150 to about 200g/eqv., for example from about 160 to about 180g/eqv. The B component of the coating composition of the present invention preferably comprises a bisphenol F epoxy resin.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of epoxy resin in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 8 to about 18 weight percent, preferably from about 10 to about 15 weight percent, more preferably from about 12 to about 14 weight percent, based on the total weight of the B component of the coating composition.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the B component of the coating composition of the present invention may optionally comprise a modified petroleum resin. The modified petroleum resin is the same as those usable in the A component described hereinbefore.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of modified petroleum resin in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 0 to about 15 weight percent, preferably from about 5 to about 14 weight percent, more preferably from about 10 to about 13 weight percent, based on the total weight of the B component of the coating composition.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the B component of the coating composition of the present invention may optionally comprise an accelerator. The accelerator is used to promote the reaction between the amine component and the epoxy resin. Exemplary accelerators include, but are not limited to, salicylic acid.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of accelerator in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 0 to about 3 weight percent, preferably from about 1 to about 2.5 weight percent, more preferably from about 1.5 to about 2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the B component of the coating composition.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the B component of the coating composition of the present invention may comprise one or more solvents. The solvents are the same as those that can be used in the a component described previously.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of the one or more solvents in the B component of the coating composition of the present invention is from about 15 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 18 to about 45 weight percent, more preferably from about 20 to about 43 weight percent, based on the total weight of the B component of the coating composition.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the manner of preparation of the A component of the coating composition of the present invention is known to those skilled in the art. For example, each of the A components is mixed and stirred in a vessel at ambient or slightly elevated temperature to achieve the appropriate viscosity. Likewise, the manner of preparation of the B-component of the coating composition of the invention is also known to the person skilled in the art and is similar to the manner of preparation of the A-component described above.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the a-side is mixed with the B-side prior to use of the coating composition of the present invention. The mixing ratio of the component A to the component B is 5: 1-2: 1, e.g. 4: 1: 2.5: 1, yet another example 3.5: 1-3: 1. the manner of mixing the A component with the B component is also well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the prepared A component and B component are mixed and stirred in a container and the resulting coating composition is applied to a substrate. The method of applying the coating composition of the present invention to a substrate is not particularly limited. For example, the manner of application may include brushing, spraying, dipping, rolling, curtain coating, and the like.
The substrate to which the coating composition of the present invention can be applied is not particularly limited. Commonly used substrates include metal substrates, organic material substrates, inorganic material substrates, and the like. The metal substrate includes various steel substrates, aluminum substrates, and the like. The organic substrate includes various plastic substrates, rubber substrates, and the like. The inorganic material substrate includes various cement substrates, ceramic substrates, and the like. In some embodiments, the substrate to which the coating composition of the present invention is applied is not surface treated, or is only lightly surface treated, or is surface treated in some form. The coating composition of the present invention has excellent surface tolerance. In the context of the present invention, surface tolerance means that the coating composition is applied to the substrate without or with only a slight surface treatment, but still achieves the desired effects of coating adhesion and corrosion resistance. For example, after a substrate is exposed to an external environment for a period of time, the surface of the substrate may lose its original shape due to chemical corrosion, rusting, oxidation, dirt deposition, and the like. In this case, if a general coating composition is directly applied to a substrate, adhesion between the formed coating film and the substrate may be reduced, and a desired protective effect may not be achieved. To solve this problem, it is common practice to surface treat the substrate, such as by sanding, pickling, soaking, etc., prior to applying the anticorrosive coating composition, to restore the substrate to its original morphology. However, in the present invention, the coating composition of the present invention can be applied without surface treatment or with only slight surface treatment of the substrate, and still achieve the desired protective effect, thereby saving costs. In a further aspect, the coating of the present invention is particularly suitable for use on the above substrates, particularly metal substrates such as various steels, used in outdoor harsh environments.
Thus, in some aspects of the invention, the invention relates to the use of the coating composition of the invention to form a corrosion protective coating on a substrate that has not been surface treated or has been only lightly surface treated.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in preparing the B component of the coating composition of the present invention, the aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine (B2) therein is reacted with the epoxy resin (B3) to form an adduct, which is then mixed with the other components of the B component. The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that coating hardness, adhesion, corrosion resistance and other properties of the coating composition of the present invention can be further improved by pre-reacting an aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine (B2) with an epoxy resin (B3) to form an adduct, which is then mixed with the other components of the B component and finally forms the coating composition of the present invention. The coating composition of the present invention formed of the B component comprising the adduct formed by pre-reacting the aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine (B2) with the epoxy resin (B3) is further improved in, for example, coating hardness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance, as compared with the coating composition formed of the B component not containing the adduct. In these embodiments, the aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine (b2) is reacted with the epoxy resin (b3) in a ratio of at least 2: 1 to form an adduct. Preferably, the aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine (b2) and the epoxy resin (b3) are completely reacted at such a molar ratio as to form an adduct. In a further embodiment, the curing agent component of the coating of the present invention is free of other adducts than those described above.
In other aspects of the invention, the invention further relates to the use of a curing agent component to improve coating performance in a two-component coating comprising a binder comprising a filler. The curing agent component is the B component of the coating composition of the present invention described above. As noted above, in some embodiments, the B component may comprise an adduct formed by the reaction of an alkyl diamine (B2) with an epoxy resin (B3). The fillers and their content in the base are as described above. The improved coating properties include coating hardness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance.
In order to illustrate the invention in more detail, the following examples are given. It is to be understood, however, that the following examples are illustrative of the present invention only and are not to be considered as limiting the invention to their details. All parts and percentages in the following examples and specification are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Examples
Preparation of the base stock
The base was prepared using the components and amounts as shown in table 1 below.
Table 1: base material composition
Figure BDA0001850244490000121
Figure BDA0001850244490000131
The preparation process of the base material comprises the following steps: in a vessel at room temperature, the epoxy resin and solvent are mixed and stirred uniformly. Slowly stirring, adding polyamide wax, dispersing uniformly, and keeping the temperature not to exceed 40 ℃. Stirring, adding filler and pigment, maintaining the temperature at 55-60 deg.C, and maintaining the temperature for 30 min to obtain a fineness of 60-65 μm. And finally, adding the auxiliary agent and the solvent, uniformly stirring, and adjusting to a proper viscosity range.
Curing agent Components example 1
Curative component 1 was prepared using the components and amounts as shown in table 2 below.
Table 2: composition of curing agent component 1
Figure BDA0001850244490000132
The preparation process of the curing agent component 1 is as follows: in a beaker at room temperature, add solvent and m-xylene diamine and mix well. Adding bisphenol F epoxy resin under stirring, heating to 90-100 ℃, and reacting for 1 hour. Cooling to 70-75 deg.C, adding salicylic acid, and dissolving and dispersing. Finally, other amine components and solvent are added and mixed evenly.
Curing agent Components example 2
Curative component 2 was prepared using the components and amounts as shown in table 3 below.
Table 3: composition of curing agent component 2
Figure BDA0001850244490000141
The preparation process of the curing agent component 2 is as follows: in a beaker at room temperature, add solvent and m-xylene diamine and mix well. The aromatic modified petroleum resin is added with stirring. Then salicylic acid is added and fully dissolved and dispersed. Finally, other amine components and solvent are added and mixed evenly.
Coating example 1
Curing agent component 1 of curing agent component example 1 was mixed with the base material 3: 1 volume ratio is poured into an iron bucket filled with the base material, and simultaneously, the mixture is fully stirred until the mixture is uniform.
Coating example 2
Curing agent component 2 of curing agent component example 2 was mixed with the base material 3: 1 volume ratio is poured into an iron bucket filled with the base material, and simultaneously, the mixture is fully stirred until the mixture is uniform.
And (3) performance testing:
the coating composition of the present invention was compared to two commercially available coating compositions in the tests of the present application.
1. Testing the hardness of the oscillating bar: a smooth flat glass plate of 220mm by 80mm by 3.5mm was selected. The coatings of coating examples 1 and 2 described above and two commercially available coating compositions 1 and 2 were respectively applied to the aforementioned glass plate at normal temperature and pressure to form a dry film thickness of 150 μm. The coated film was dried at room temperature for 4 days and 21 days, respectively, and then tested for pendulum hardness properties at normal temperature and pressure according to ISO 1522 standard. The paint film hardness is evaluated in terms of the number of oscillating turns of the oscillating bar, wherein the greater the number of oscillating turns, the higher the paint film hardness. The test results are reported in table 4 below.
Table 4: pendulum bar hardness test results
Coating example 1 Coating example 2 Commercial coating 1 Commercial coating 2
After 4 days of curing 72 56 57 57
After curing for 21 days 74 63 60 59
2. And (3) testing the drawing adhesion force:
the following three substrates were prepared as follows:
1) grit blasting 150mm by 75mm by 5mm (length by width by thickness) carbon steel sheet and achieving ISO-sa2.5 rating;
2) grit blasting a moist carbon steel sheet of 150mm by 75mm by 5mm (length by width by thickness) and to a rating of ISO-sa 2.5;
3) a rusted 150mm by 75mm by 5mm (length by width by thickness) carbon steel plate was mechanically ground and reached a rating of ISO-st2.0.
The coatings of coating examples 1 and 2 above and two commercially available coating compositions 1 and 2 were each coated onto the aforementioned substrate at normal temperature and pressure to form a dry film thickness of 300 μm. The coated film was dried at room temperature for 14 days to fully cure the paint film. Thereafter, the paint film was lightly sanded with 360-mesh sandpaper and the surface on which the top (dolly) was placed was wiped clean with a solvent. And (5) adhering the top to the paint film by using glue, and standing for 24 hours until the glue is cured. Thereafter, the pull-off adhesion values were tested according to ASTM D4541. The test results are reported in table 5 below.
Table 5: results of the Pull-out adhesion test
Coating example 1 Coating example 2 Commercial coating 1 Commercial coating 2
Iron plate Sa2.5 18.5MPa 14.9MPa 11.6MPa 16MPa
Moist iron sheet Sa2.5 17MPa 12.8MPa 9.4MPa 13.6MPa
Rust iron plate St2.0 11MPa 10MPa 8MPa 9MPa
3. And (3) salt spray testing: a150 mm by 75mm by 1.5mm carbon steel plate is selected and subjected to sand blasting treatment, and the treatment grade reaches ISO-Sa2.5 (SSPCSP-10). The coatings of coating examples 1 and 2 and two commercially available coating compositions 1 and 2 were applied to the aforementioned steel sheet at normal temperature and pressure, respectively, to form a dry film thickness of 300 μm. The coated film was dried at room temperature for 14 days to ensure complete curing of the paint film.
Thereafter, the salt spray test was performed according to ISO 7253/9227. Specifically, a 5cm long, 1mm wide mark was scribed in the middle of the panel with a blade deep enough to expose the underlying steel plate. 3 identical panels as described above were placed in a salt spray cabinet at 5 wt% salt spray concentration. A template was taken out every 500, 1000, 2000 hours for inspection. The paint film was picked with a blade along the previously scribed edge of the trace until the film could not be detached from the substrate. The width in mm of the paint film which can be lifted off is recorded. The test results are reported in table 6 below.
Table 6: results of salt spray testing
Coating example 1 Coating example 2 Commercial coating 1 Commercial coating 2
500 hours 1.5mm 3.4mm 4.5mm 5mm
1000 hours 2.1mm 4.7mm 6.2mm 5.8mm
2000 hours 4mm 5mm 7mm 6.7mm
4. Cathodic protection test: a 150mm by 1.5mm carbon steel plate was selected and pre-grit blasted. The treatment grade reaches ISO-Sa2.5 (SSPCSP-10). The coatings of coating examples 1 and 2 and two commercially available coating compositions 1 and 2 were applied to the aforementioned steel sheet at normal temperature and pressure, respectively, to form a dry film thickness of 300 μm. The coated film was dried at room temperature for 14 days to ensure complete curing of the paint film.
Thereafter, salt spray testing was performed according to ASTM G8. Specifically, a 5cm long, 1mm wide mark was scribed in the middle of the panel with a blade deep enough to expose the underlying steel plate. 3 identical panels as described above were placed in a cathodic protection box. Every 2,4 and 6 months, a sample plate is taken out for inspection. The paint film was picked with a blade along the previously scribed edge of the trace until the film could not be detached from the substrate. The width in mm of the paint film which can be lifted off is recorded. The test results are reported in table 7 below.
Table 7: results of cathodic protection tests
Time of measurement Coating example 1 Coating example 2 Commercial coating 1 Commercial coating 2
2 months old 8mm 16mm 16mm 14mm
4 months old 12mm 18mm 21mm 17mm
6 months old 13mm 25mm 28mm 25mm
From the above various test results, it can be seen that the coating composition of the present invention provides significant improvements in coating hardness (pendulum hardness test), adhesion (pull adhesion test) and corrosion resistance (salt spray test and cathodic protection test) over the two commercially available coating compositions. Furthermore, the coating composition of the present invention comprising the pre-reacted adduct (coating example 1) achieves a further significant improvement in each of the above properties compared to the coating composition not comprising the adduct (coating example 2).
It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the concepts disclosed in the foregoing description. Accordingly, the particular aspects described in detail herein are illustrative only and are not limiting to the invention, which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.

Claims (33)

1. A coating composition comprising:
a component a comprising:
a1) an epoxy resin;
a B component comprising:
b1) a polyetheramine;
b2) an alkyl diamine containing an aromatic ring;
b3) and (3) epoxy resin.
2. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the a1) epoxy resin comprises bisphenol a epoxy resin, bisphenol F epoxy resin, and mixtures thereof.
3. The coating composition of claim 2 wherein the a1) epoxy resin is a bisphenol a epoxy resin.
4. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the a component further comprises a2) a hydrocarbon resin.
5. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the a component further comprises a3) a modified aromatic hydrocarbon resin.
6. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the b1) polyether amine comprises a polyether monoamine, a polyether diamine, and a polyether triamine.
7. The coating composition of claim 6 wherein the b1) polyetheramine is a polyethertriamine.
8. The coating composition of claim 7 in which the polyether triamine is a trifunctional primary amine based on propylene oxide.
9. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the b2) aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine comprises m-xylylenediamine, p-xylylenediamine, and mixtures thereof.
10. The coating composition of claim 9 wherein said b2) aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine is m-xylylenediamine.
11. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the b3) epoxy resin comprises bisphenol a epoxy resin, bisphenol F epoxy resin, and mixtures thereof.
12. The coating composition of claim 11 wherein the b3) epoxy resin is a bisphenol F epoxy resin.
13. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the a-side and/or B-side of the coating composition further comprises a solvent.
14. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises an additive comprising one or more of a thickener, a leveling aid, an adhesion promoter, a filler, a pigment.
15. The coating composition of any of claims 1-14 wherein the B component comprises an adduct formed by reacting B2) an aromatic ring-containing alkyl diamine with the B3) epoxy resin.
16. The coating composition of claim 15 wherein said B component comprises B2) an aromatic ring-containing alkyl diamine and said B3) an epoxy resin in a ratio of at least 2: 1, in a molar ratio.
17. A method of preparing a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises:
a component a comprising:
a1) an epoxy resin;
a2) a hydrocarbon resin; and
a3) modified aromatic hydrocarbon resins
A B component comprising:
b1) a polyetheramine;
b2) an alkyl diamine containing an aromatic ring; and
b3) an epoxy resin, and a curing agent,
wherein the process comprises mixing a1), a2), and a3) to form a base stock, and mixing b1), b2), and b3) to form a curative component, and then mixing the base stock with the curative component.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the a1) epoxy resin comprises bisphenol a epoxy resin, bisphenol F epoxy resin, and mixtures thereof.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the a1) epoxy resin is a bisphenol a epoxy resin.
20. The method of claim 17 wherein the b1) polyether amines include polyether monoamines, polyether diamines, and polyether triamines.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the b1) polyetheramine is a polyether triamine.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the polyether triamine is a trifunctional primary amine based on propylene oxide.
23. The method of claim 17 wherein said b2) aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine comprises m-xylylenediamine, p-xylylenediamine, and mixtures thereof.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the b) aromatic ring-containing alkyldiamine is m-xylylenediamine.
25. The method of claim 17 wherein the b3) epoxy resin comprises bisphenol a epoxy resin, bisphenol F epoxy resin, and mixtures thereof.
26. The method of claim 18 wherein the b3) epoxy resin is a bisphenol F epoxy resin.
27. The method of claim 17, wherein the a-side and/or B-side of the coating composition further comprises a solvent.
28. The method of claim 17, wherein the a-side and/or B-side of the coating composition further comprises additives comprising one or more of thickeners, leveling aids, adhesion promoters, fillers, pigments.
29. The process of any one of claims 17-28, wherein the process comprises reacting the b2) aromatic ring-containing alkyl diamine with the b3) epoxy resin to form an adduct.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein said B component comprises B2) an aromatic ring-containing alkyl diamine and said B3) epoxy resin in a ratio of at least 2: 1, in a molar ratio.
31. A substrate coated with a coating composition according to any one of claims 1-16 or a coating composition prepared according to the method of any one of claims 17-30.
32. The substrate of claim 31, wherein the substrate is a metal substrate.
33. The substrate of claim 32, wherein the metal substrate is a steel substrate.
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