CN111043878A - Checking method of closed cooling tower for steam condensation - Google Patents
Checking method of closed cooling tower for steam condensation Download PDFInfo
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- CN111043878A CN111043878A CN201811194278.1A CN201811194278A CN111043878A CN 111043878 A CN111043878 A CN 111043878A CN 201811194278 A CN201811194278 A CN 201811194278A CN 111043878 A CN111043878 A CN 111043878A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
- F28C1/00—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers
- F28C1/14—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers comprising also a non-direct contact heat exchange
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2200/00—Prediction; Simulation; Testing
Abstract
The invention provides a checking method of a closed cooling tower for steam condensation, which is characterized in that parameters such as the air volume of a fan of the known closed cooling tower, the spraying water volume, a cooling task, a heat exchange coil pipe, a tower type and the like are subjected to thermal analysis through an energy conservation, a basic formula of heat transfer science and a heat and mass transfer empirical formula, an iterative calculation idea is adopted, the area of a cold area of a wet area and the mass transfer process of the wet area are considered, the actual heat exchange coefficient and the mass transfer coefficient of the coil pipe are calculated, the average temperature of spraying water is predicted, the temperature of steam leaving the tower is checked, and whether the design of the closed cooling tower for steam condensation can meet. The invention adopts the idea of iterative computation, and improves the normative and the accuracy of the design process. The closed cooling tower checking method can be used for closed tower checking in the design stage and the operation stage after the closed cooling tower is built, so that the design comparison and efficiency are improved, and the optimized upgrading of the closed cooling tower of an enterprise is accelerated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a checking calculation method, which aims at the checking process of the existing closed cooling tower and belongs to the field of cooling tower design.
Background
The closed cooling tower has a good cooling effect, the cooling medium is not in direct contact with the outside, the cleanness of the cooling medium is guaranteed, and the closed cooling tower has a wide market prospect in the fields of air-conditioning refrigeration and chemical industry. However, the domestic closed-type tower checking method is not mature, many manufacturers only design and produce according to engineering experience or a heat exchanger design method, and the cooling performance of the closed-type cooling tower cannot be guaranteed without a checking process. Particularly, for a closed cooling tower for steam condensation, a checking calculation method in the industry at present is not mature, and a set of complete checking method and steps are needed to verify the cooling performance of the closed cooling tower.
The traditional closed cooling tower thermodynamic calculation method focuses on heat transfer analysis. In the actual heat transfer process, besides heat transfer calculation, the heat of hot water in the pipe is more transferred to air by vaporization latent heat of spray water, and the air takes away the heat, so that heat transfer and mass transfer analysis of the spray water and the air outside the pipe is also an indispensable part of closed cooling tower thermal analysis. But the conventional checking calculation often lacks the comprehensive consideration of heat transfer analysis and mass transfer analysis.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for checking a closed cooling tower for steam condensation, which utilizes an energy conservation, a heat and mass transfer basic formula and a round tube heat and mass transfer empirical formula to perform thermal analysis on the closed cooling tower with hot water as fluid in a tube, verifies the cooling capacity of the closed cooling tower and guides the optimization design of the closed cooling tower.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is realized by the following design: a checking method of a closed cooling tower for steam condensation comprises the following steps:
s1: starting;
s2: the cooling task and the ambient weather conditions are determined. And (3) cooling task: single tower cooling steam flowQ(t/h) vapor entry temperatureT 1 (DEG C) water temperature of water discharged from the towerT 2 (. degree. C.); local environmental meteorological conditions: ambient atmospheric pressurePa(kPa) ambient air Dry bulb temperatureθ(° c), ambient air wet bulb temperatureτThe relative humidity is calculated according to a thermodynamic calculation formula (DEG C)φ i Moisture content of air entering the towerx i Dry bulb temperature corresponding to saturated steam partial pressurep θ Wet bulb temperature corresponds to saturated steam partial pressurep τ Density of wet air entering towerρ i Enthalpy of air entering towerh i ；
S3: and determining the structural parameters of the coil pipe and the tower type parameters. The structural parameters of the coil pipe comprise: the heat exchanger comprises a pipe type (an oval pipe), the outer diameter of a coil pipe, the wall thickness of the coil pipe, the number of the coil pipes in each process, the length of a single-layer coil pipe, an arrangement mode, a pipe center distance, the length of a heat exchanger, the width of the heat exchanger and the height of the heat exchanger. Tower type parameters: tower length, tower width and tower height;
s4: and determining the air quantity of the fan. Determining the air quantity of a single-tower fanV a Obtaining the values of the head-on wind speed and the wind speed among pipes;
s5: assuming average temperature of spray watert w Calculating the logarithmic mean temperature difference△T m ；
S6: determining the spray water quantity of a single towerV w Calculating single wide flowv w ；
S7: assuming the temperature of the condensed water in the tubet wf Calculating the physical property parameter of the medium in the pipe at the condensation temperature;
s8: calculating heat transfer coefficientK o ’. Respectively calculating the heat exchange coefficient between the outer surface of the tube and the spray water according to the heat transfer theory basic formula by the determined heat exchanger structure, the spray water amount and the fan air amounta o Coefficient of convective heat transfer between cooling medium in tube and wall surfacea i Thermal resistance of pipe wallR p Thermal resistance to fouling of inner wall of coilR i Fouling resistance of coil outer wallR p The total heat exchange coefficient of the coil can be calculated according to the following formula
；
S9: mass transfer analysis was performed. Obtaining the mass transfer coefficient according to the convective heat transfer coefficient a' between the spray water and the airk m ’Analyzing the values of the evaporation capacity of spray water, heat and the air temperature and moisture content after mass transfer in the mass transfer process;
s10: the wet zone cooling area was calculated. Obtaining the cooling area of the wet area according to the water film spraying area;
s11: calculating the water film area Cooling numberMw. Calculating the water film area cooling number according to the mass transfer coefficient;
s12: calculating the outlet temperature of the condensed waterT’ 2 ；
S13: calculating the average temperature of the spray watert fc . Calculating the temperature of the medium condensation outlet in the pipe and the condensation temperatureCalculating the average temperature of the spray water according to the law of conservation of energy by using the enthalpy value of saturated water at the temperature;
s14: comparing the average temperature of the showerst fc And assuming the average temperature of the spray watert w . If the two are equal, continuing to operate; otherwise, the flow returns to S4 to re-assume the average temperature of the spray watert w Until the two are equal;
s15: comparing and calculating the outlet temperature of the condensed waterT’ 2 And assuming the temperature of the condensed water in the pipet wf . When the spraying water temperature t is calculated in S13 fc And assuming the average temperature of the spray watert w When they are close, compareT’ 2 Andt wf if the two are equal, continuing the operation; if the two are not equal, returning to S6 to assume the temperature of the condensed water in the pipe again until the two are equal;
s16: comparing condensate outlet temperaturesT’ 2 Design outlet temperature of closed towerT 2 If the hot water outlet temperature is calculatedT’ 2 Less than or equal to the design outlet temperatureT 2 And in a certain error range, the designed air quantity, the sprayed water quantity and the heat exchange coil pipe strip can meet the cooling requirement, and the tower is reasonable in design. If the outlet temperature of the condensed water is calculatedT’ 2 Greater than design outlet temperatureT 2 If the error range is exceeded, the air quantity and the spraying water quantity of the fan are selected to be incapable of meeting the cooling requirement under the condition of the heat exchange coil, and the design of the tower is unreasonable;
s17: and (6) ending.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method for checking and calculating the closed tower for steam condensation not only comprises the thermodynamic calculation of the traditional heat exchanger, but also considers the mass transfer process of spray water in a wet area, increases mass transfer analysis, and increases the rigor and reliability of the design and checking of the closed tower. And (3) adopting an iterative calculation idea, assuming the temperature of the fluid in the pipe and the average temperature of the spray water, and repeatedly iterating to determine the equivalence of the cooling temperature of the fluid in the pipe, the average temperature of the spray water and the air parameter out of the tower, thereby verifying the rationality of the closed tower design. The method provides a mature checking calculation theory for the production of the conventional unconventional closed cooling tower, verifies the rationality of the design of the closed tower, improves the design efficiency and ensures the operation safety of equipment.
Drawings
Other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon reading of the detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the following drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for checking a closed cooling tower for steam condensation according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example 1.
Designing a working condition: the flow rate of the single-tower cooling steam is 3t/h, the condensation temperature of the steam is 70 ℃, and the target cooling temperature is 40 ℃. Designing environmental meteorological conditions: the ambient atmospheric pressure is 99.4PakPa, the ambient air dry bulb temperature is 31.5 ℃, and the ambient air wet bulb temperature is 28 ℃; calculating the relative humidity phii0.765, tower inlet air moisture content 0.02182kg/kg (DA), dry bulb temperature corresponding to saturated steam partial pressure 4.49kPa, wet bulb temperature corresponding to saturated steam partial pressure 3.6698kPa, tower inlet wet air density 1.1487kg/m3The enthalpy of air entering the tower is 86.968 kJ/kg;
the coil pipe structure material: carbon steel pipe, heat exchange tube specification: 25 multiplied by 1mm, the length of the tube is 3m, 2 layers of tubes are arranged in each pass, 192 tubes are arranged in each pass, 10 passes are totally adopted, and the heat exchange area is 339.292m2. Tower type parameters: the tower length is 3.95m, the tower width is 3.13m, and the tower height is 3.5 m.
Design fan air volume 167000m3H, calculating the head-on wind speed
m/s, assuming that the average temperature of the spray water is 28 ℃ of the wet bulb temperature, calculating the physical property parameters of the spray water at the temperature. The spraying water quantity is determined to be 75.4m3The single width flow rate was calculated as 86.8kg/(m ∙ h). And (4) calculating related physical property parameters on the assumption that the temperature of the condensed water in the pipe is 70 ℃.
Calculating the heat exchange coefficient Ko'. Calculating heat exchange coefficient 1280.64w/(m ℃) of outer surface of pipe and spray water according to basic formula of heat transfer science, and pairing of cooling water in pipe and wall surfaceHeat transfer coefficient 1461.8w/(m ℃), thermal conduction resistance 0.000000817(m ℃)/w of pipe wall, thermal fouling resistance of pipe wall and total heat transfer coefficient of coil pipe
=655.64w/(m ℃); the wet zone cooling area was calculated. The cooling area of the calculated humidity area is 287m by comprehensively considering the structure of the coil pipe and calculating the spraying water quantity2。
According to the convective heat transfer coefficient 11603w/(m ℃), between spray water and air, the mass transfer coefficient 0.3334 kg/(m.s) is obtained. The water film area cooling number Mw was calculated, and the water film area cooling number mw3.871 was calculated from the mass transfer coefficient. Calculating the outlet temperature of the condensed waterT’ 2 39.7 deg.C, unlike the hypothetical spray water temperature. The temperature of the fluid in the pipe is assumed again to check the spray water twfIterate repeatedly when twfAnd T'2Are equal, twf=T’2=38.78 ℃. At this time, the average temperature t of the shower water is calculatedfc30.954 ℃, which is not equal to the assumed average temperature, and readjusting the assumed spray water temperature when the two are equal to each other, wherein the average temperature of the spray water is 30.964 ℃.
At the moment, the deviation between the outlet temperature of the condensed water and the required target temperature is-1.22 ℃, and the tower is reasonably designed and the checking calculation is completed within the error allowable range.
While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the fundamental principles and essential features of the invention and its advantages, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing exemplary embodiments, but is capable of other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may include only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art will be able to make the description as a whole, and the embodiments may be appropriately combined to form other embodiments as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Claims (1)
1. A checking method of a closed cooling tower for steam condensation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the checking calculation not only comprises the thermodynamic calculation of the traditional heat exchanger, but also considers the mass transfer process of spray water in a wet area, thereby increasing the mass transfer analysis and increasing the rigor and reliability of the design and checking of the closed tower;
(2) by adopting the iterative computation idea, assuming the temperature of the fluid in the pipe and the average temperature of the spray water, determining the cooling temperature of the fluid in the pipe, the average temperature of the spray water and the equivalence of the air parameter out of the tower through repeated iteration, comparing the values with the design temperature of the closed cooling tower, and checking whether the closed cooling tower can meet the design requirement;
the specific calculation steps are as follows:
s1: starting;
s2: determining a cooling task and environmental meteorological conditions;
and (3) cooling task: single tower cooling steam flowQ(t/h) vapor entry temperatureT 1 (DEG C) water temperature of water discharged from the towerT 2 （℃）；
Local environmental meteorological conditions: ambient atmospheric pressurePa(kPa) ambient air Dry bulb temperatureθ(° c), ambient air wet bulb temperatureτThe relative humidity is calculated according to a thermodynamic calculation formula (DEG C)φ i Moisture content of air entering the towerx i Dry bulb temperature corresponding to saturated steam partial pressurep θ Wet bulb temperature corresponds to saturated steam partial pressurep τ Density of wet air entering towerρ i Enthalpy of air entering towerh i ；
S3: determining structural parameters and tower type parameters of the coil pipe;
the structural parameters of the coil pipe comprise: the heat exchanger comprises a pipe type (an oval pipe), the outer diameter of a coil pipe, the wall thickness of the coil pipe, the number of the coil pipes in each process, the length of a single-layer coil pipe, an arrangement mode, a pipe center distance, the length of a heat exchanger, the width of the heat exchanger and the height of the heat exchanger;
tower type parameters: tower length, tower width and tower height;
s4: determining the air quantity of a fan; determining the air quantity of a single-tower fanV a Obtaining the values of the head-on wind speed and the wind speed among pipes;
s5: assuming average temperature of spray watert w Calculating the logarithmic mean temperature difference△T m ；
S6: determining the spray water quantity of a single towerV w Calculating single wide flowv w ；
S7: assuming the temperature of the condensed water in the tubet wf Calculating the physical property parameter of the medium in the pipe at the condensation temperature;
s8: calculating heat transfer coefficientK o ’(ii) a Respectively calculating the heat exchange coefficient between the outer surface of the tube and the spray water according to the heat transfer theory basic formula by the determined heat exchanger structure, the spray water amount and the fan air amounta o Coefficient of convective heat transfer between cooling medium in tube and wall surfacea i Thermal resistance of pipe wallR p Thermal resistance to fouling of inner wall of coilR i Fouling resistance of coil outer wallR p The total heat exchange coefficient of the coil can be calculated according to the following formula
；
S9: carrying out mass transfer analysis; obtaining the mass transfer coefficient according to the convective heat transfer coefficient a' between the spray water and the airk m ’Analyzing the values of the evaporation capacity of spray water, heat and the air temperature and moisture content after mass transfer in the mass transfer process;
s10: calculating the cooling area of the wet area; obtaining the cooling area of the wet area according to the water film spraying area;
s11: calculating the water film area Cooling numberMw(ii) a Calculating the water film area cooling number according to the mass transfer coefficient;
s12: calculating the outlet temperature of the condensed waterT’ 2 ；
S13: calculating the average temperature of the spray watert fc ；
Calculating the temperature of a medium condensation outlet in the pipe and the enthalpy value of saturated water at the condensation temperature, and calculating the average temperature of spray water according to the law of conservation of energy;
s14: comparing the average temperature of the showerst fc And assuming the average temperature of the spray watert w ；
If the two are equal, continuing to operate; otherwise, the flow returns to S4 to re-assume the average temperature of the spray watert w Until the two are equal;
s15: comparing and calculating the outlet temperature of the condensed waterT’ 2 And assuming the temperature of the condensed water in the pipet wf (ii) a When the spraying water temperature t is calculated in S13 fc And assuming the average temperature of the spray watert w When they are close, compareT’ 2 Andt wf if the two are equal, continuing the operation; if the two are not equal, returning to S6 to assume the temperature of the condensed water in the pipe again until the two are equal;
s16: comparing condensate outlet temperaturesT’ 2 Design outlet temperature of closed towerT 2 ，
If the hot water outlet temperature is calculatedT’ 2 Less than or equal to the design outlet temperatureT 2 In a certain error range, the designed air quantity, the sprayed water quantity and the heat exchange coil pipe strip can meet the cooling requirement, and the tower is reasonable in design;
if the outlet temperature of the condensed water is calculatedT’ 2 Greater than design outlet temperatureT 2 If the error range is exceeded, the air quantity and the spraying water quantity of the fan are selected to be incapable of meeting the cooling requirement under the condition of the heat exchange coil, and the design of the tower is unreasonable;
s17: finishing;
according toThe method for calibrating a closed cooling tower for steam condensation as set forth in claim 1, wherein: it is assumed in the steps S5-S15 that the average temperature of the shower water ist w Assuming the temperature of the condensed water in the tubet wf Calculating heat transfer coefficient and wet area cooling area, especially mass transfer analysis in the process and calculation of water film area cooling number Mw;
obtaining the outlet temperature of the condensed water by adopting the idea of iterative calculationT’ 2 And the accuracy of checking calculation is improved.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115292846A (en) * | 2022-08-15 | 2022-11-04 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Cooling tower modeling method based on heat transfer |
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| CN103293013A (en) * | 2013-05-13 | 2013-09-11 | 华南理工大学 | Method and system for evaluating thermal performance of cooling tower |
| CN107014240A (en) * | 2017-03-03 | 2017-08-04 | 北京太阳宫燃气热电有限公司 | A kind of cooling tower cooling effectiveness monitoring method and system |
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| CN107247817A (en) * | 2017-04-19 | 2017-10-13 | 华电电力科学研究院 | The method for building up of cooling tower and its performance diagnogtics mathematical modeling |
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| CN115292846A (en) * | 2022-08-15 | 2022-11-04 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Cooling tower modeling method based on heat transfer |
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