CN111032379A - 车轮的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统 - Google Patents

车轮的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统 Download PDF

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CN111032379A
CN111032379A CN201880055015.4A CN201880055015A CN111032379A CN 111032379 A CN111032379 A CN 111032379A CN 201880055015 A CN201880055015 A CN 201880055015A CN 111032379 A CN111032379 A CN 111032379A
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damper
piston rod
piston
spring
pretensioning
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CN111032379B (zh
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M·德科维克
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G17/00Resilient suspensions having means for adjusting the spring or vibration-damper characteristics, for regulating the distance between a supporting surface and a sprung part of vehicle or for locking suspension during use to meet varying vehicular or surface conditions, e.g. due to speed or load
    • B60G17/02Spring characteristics, e.g. mechanical springs and mechanical adjusting means
    • B60G17/027Mechanical springs regulated by fluid means
    • B60G17/0272Mechanical springs regulated by fluid means the mechanical spring being a coil spring
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G15/00Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type
    • B60G15/02Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring
    • B60G15/06Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring and fluid damper
    • B60G15/061Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring and fluid damper with a coil spring being mounted inside the damper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G13/00Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers
    • B60G13/02Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers having dampers dissipating energy, e.g. frictionally
    • B60G13/06Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers having dampers dissipating energy, e.g. frictionally of fluid type
    • B60G13/08Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers having dampers dissipating energy, e.g. frictionally of fluid type hydraulic
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G15/00Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type
    • B60G15/02Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring
    • B60G15/06Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring and fluid damper
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/06Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/06Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid
    • F16F9/062Bi-tubular units
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/06Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid
    • F16F9/063Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid comprising a hollow piston rod
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/10Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using liquid only; using a fluid of which the nature is immaterial
    • F16F9/14Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect
    • F16F9/16Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts
    • F16F9/18Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein
    • F16F9/182Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein comprising a hollow piston rod
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/10Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using liquid only; using a fluid of which the nature is immaterial
    • F16F9/14Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect
    • F16F9/16Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts
    • F16F9/18Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein
    • F16F9/185Bitubular units
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32Details
    • F16F9/3207Constructional features
    • F16F9/3221Constructional features of piston rods
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32Details
    • F16F9/50Special means providing automatic damping adjustment, i.e. self-adjustment of damping by particular sliding movements of a valve element, other than flexions or displacement of valve discs; Special means providing self-adjustment of spring characteristics
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G15/00Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type
    • B60G15/02Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring
    • B60G15/06Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring and fluid damper
    • B60G15/062Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring and fluid damper the spring being arranged around the damper
    • B60G15/065Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring and fluid damper the spring being arranged around the damper characterised by the use of a combination of springs
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2202/00Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
    • B60G2202/20Type of damper
    • B60G2202/24Fluid damper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2202/00Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
    • B60G2202/30Spring/Damper and/or actuator Units
    • B60G2202/31Spring/Damper and/or actuator Units with the spring arranged around the damper, e.g. MacPherson strut
    • B60G2202/312The spring being a wound spring
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/40Constructional features of dampers and/or springs
    • B60G2206/41Dampers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2500/00Indexing codes relating to the regulated action or device
    • B60G2500/10Damping action or damper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2500/00Indexing codes relating to the regulated action or device
    • B60G2500/30Height or ground clearance
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60GVEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2800/00Indexing codes relating to the type of movement or to the condition of the vehicle and to the end result to be achieved by the control action
    • B60G2800/16Running
    • B60G2800/162Reducing road induced vibrations
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F2228/00Functional characteristics, e.g. variability, frequency-dependence
    • F16F2228/06Stiffness
    • F16F2228/066Variable stiffness
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/06Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid
    • F16F9/064Units characterised by the location or shape of the expansion chamber
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32Details
    • F16F9/43Filling or drainage arrangements, e.g. for supply of gas

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种车轮的支承弹簧‑缓冲器系统,其包括具有缓冲器缸(13)和在缓冲器缸中引导的缓冲器活塞(12)的液压的减振器(10),所述减振器的活塞杆(11)固定在车身(1)上,而缓冲器缸支承在车轮导向元件上,并且在缓冲器缸中在功能上在缓冲器活塞和液压地沿活塞杆纵向方向可移动的预紧活塞(21)之间夹紧预紧弹簧(20)。在此,预紧活塞通过用减振器液压介质填充的支承室(22)液压地相对于缓冲器缸支承并且借助输送装置(31)可移动,所述输送装置将液压介质输送到支承室中或从所述支承室中输送出,其中,预紧弹簧在预紧活塞的每个可能的位置中与最终在车身和车轮之间夹紧的支承弹簧力传递地并联连接。

Description

车轮的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种车轮的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统,其包括具有缓冲器缸和在缓冲器缸中引导的缓冲器活塞的液压减振器,所述减振器的活塞杆优选固定在车身上,而缓冲器缸支承在车轮导向元件上,并且在缓冲器缸中在功能上在缓冲器活塞和液压地沿活塞杆纵向方向可移动的预紧活塞之间夹紧或支承预紧弹簧,即按照权利要求1前序部分的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统。对于现有技术参阅EP 1 477 343 B1。
背景技术
用于车轮的弹簧-缓冲器系统以多种多样的实施形式已知。在作为本发明优选使用情况的双轴和双轮辙的机动车中,每个特定于车轮的支承弹簧支承大约四分之一的车身质量,所述支承弹簧在缓冲器旁边并且在缓冲器弹簧腿的情况中包围缓冲器而设置,而缓冲器作为液压减振器例如缓冲在路面不平度上面移动造成的支承弹簧的弹性缩入和弹性伸出运动。在简单的缓冲器中,通常还设置所谓的拉力止挡弹簧,所述拉力止挡弹簧具有相对高的弹簧刚度并且仅在缓冲器牵引级的端部区域中发生作用,即当支承弹簧强烈地弹性伸出并且缓冲器活塞在缓冲器缸中到达其(上面的)端部止挡部上时。此外已知不同的可能性或实施形式,借助其可以改变车身的所谓的高度状态,即其通常借助适合的能量源例如可以基本上特定于车轮地相对于相应的车轮抬起或降低车身。
发明内容
就此应该现在示出一种特别紧凑地构造的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统,其能够实现车辆高度状态、即车身的(在车轮上的)高度状态的针对性的变化(=本发明的任务)。
该任务的解决方案利用权利要求1的特征得出并且对于按照权利要求1前序部分的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统的特征在于,预紧活塞通过用减振器液压介质填充的支承室液压地(在功能上)相对于缓冲器缸(或包围缓冲器缸的并且与缓冲器缸形成一个功能单元的缓冲器管)支承并且借助输送装置可移动,所述输送装置将液压介质输送到支承室中或使液压介质从所述支承室中流出,并且预紧弹簧在预紧活塞的每个可能的位置中与(最终)在车身和车轮之间夹紧的支承弹簧力传递地在功能上并联连接。有利的构成和进一步构成是从属权利要求的内容。
因此提出一种所谓的预紧弹簧,其按照本发明设置在引导缓冲器活塞的缓冲器缸内并且其直接或在中间连接另一个元件的情况下间接作用到缓冲器活塞上。该预紧弹簧以其另一个端部在功能上中间连接液压可移动的所谓的预紧活塞的情况下最终或在功能上支承在缓冲器缸或缓冲器管上,所述缓冲器管与缓冲器缸形成一个功能单元并且尤其是结构上这样关联,使得在这两个元件之间没有相对运动进行。(表述“最终”或“在功能上”在这里应该澄清,两个元件关于它们的作用或功能相互处于关系中,例如彼此支承,而这无须直接进行;而是在中间连接任何另一个元件情况下的间接支承或类似方式也可以)。
借此,预紧弹簧在功能上与弹簧-缓冲器系统的原本的支承弹簧并联连接,因为其(该支承弹簧)也一方面直接或间接在缓冲器缸上并且另一方面经由车身和缓冲器活塞的在车身上固定的活塞杆可以说支承在缓冲器活塞上。当然以上内容在按字面的设计中只适用如下情况,即,如现今在载客汽车中大多通常那样,活塞杆的背离缓冲器活塞的端部固定在车身上,而缓冲器缸直接或间接支承在引导配属的车轮的元件上。然而在相反的布置结构的情况中,即在车身按份额支承在缓冲器缸上和缓冲器活塞通过活塞杆支承在车轮上时,按照本发明的预紧弹簧与原本的支承弹簧的相同的并联连接是可能的。出于完整性还要提到,在支承弹簧和预紧弹簧的提出的并联连接中,其相应的弹簧刚度或弹簧刚性在其总作用上增加。
按照本发明,液压可移动的并且作用到预紧弹簧上的预紧活塞通过利用液压介质填充的所谓的支承室(所述支承室的体积通过输送或移离液压介质可改变)支承在缓冲器缸或包围缓冲器缸的并且与其(机械)连接的缓冲器管上,从而利用预紧活塞沿活塞杆纵向方向的移动(通过这样的体积变化)在否则未改变的边界条件时通过预紧弹簧使缓冲器缸相对于缓冲器活塞移动,这局部(即关于相应的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统)导致车身相对于车轮的高度状态的变化。优选作为在上述支承室中的液压介质而使用液压振荡缓冲器的液压液体,其中,为了输送液压介质而设置以电动驱动的泵或类似物形式的合适的输送装置,所述输送装置将液压液体优选从缓冲器的液压腔输送到支承室中或使所述液压液体往回到达储备空间或补偿空间中,所述液压腔作为储备空间或补偿空间(如对于移动的活塞杆的体积已知的那样)起作用。对于后者,适合的可切换的阀也可以设置在适合设置的导管或通道中。
因此,例如缓冲器或减振器可以按照双管式缓冲器的型式构造并且液压的支承室同样如用于减振器的压介质的(在双管式缓冲器中通常的)补偿空间那样在缓冲器缸和在形成环状间隙的情况下包围缓冲器缸的缓冲器管之间设置。这样的缓冲器管以上已经说明并且与缓冲器缸形成一个机械的功能单元,其中,缓冲器管和缓冲器缸实际上不可以相互实施相对运动。
用于在所述补偿空间中的液压液体的通常的气垫在按照本发明的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统中优选处于在补偿空间中的缓冲器液压液体和按照本发明的预紧活塞的凸缘或类似物之间,利用所述凸缘或类似物,所述预紧活塞支承在处于支承室中的液压介质上。在此,所述的输送装置液压地与上述补偿空间并且与支承室处于连接中。
另一个有利的进一步构成提出所谓的次级活塞杆,其附加于用于按照本发明的液压振荡缓冲器的缓冲器活塞的通常并且现在所谓的初级活塞杆,所述两个活塞杆设计用于,将力沿活塞杆纵向方向在缓冲器活塞和优选车身之间传递,并且其轻微相互沿活塞杆纵向方向可移动。通常(并且也当前)原本的、即基本上刚性与缓冲器活塞连接的并且在这里所谓的初级活塞杆以其背离缓冲器活塞的端部通过弹性的(橡胶)轴承或弹性体轴承或弹性体元件固定在车身上。(然而如以上已经说明的,原则上相反的布置结构也可能,据此活塞杆支承在对车轮导向的元件上)。利用现在附加的力(所述附加的力在按照本发明的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统的预紧活塞移动时引入该系统中并且借此也会到达所述的弹性轴承中)存在危险,即,该橡胶轴承或弹性体元件硬化,这尤其是关于在声学相关的频率范围中的振荡隔离是不希望的。作为该问题的补救现在提出第二、即次级活塞杆,其在功能上并行于初级活塞杆地设置并且相对于初级活塞杆沿活塞杆纵向方向轻微可移动。优选在此预紧弹簧以其在功能上朝向缓冲器活塞的一侧支承在次级活塞杆上,并且更确切地说是例如通过与次级活塞杆固定连接的所谓的卡锁销,所述卡锁销作为带动件起作用地相对于初级活塞杆轻微沿活塞杆纵向方向可移动并且在达到(在初级活塞杆上设置的)止挡部(例如在槽中)之后在次级活塞杆的进一步(例如通过预紧活塞的移动而触发的)移动时将初级活塞杆并且借此缓冲器活塞相对于缓冲器缸带动。为了优化振荡隔离和按照本发明的功能,初级活塞杆于是可以比次级活塞杆以较高的程度弹性地支撑在车身上。在一种特别紧凑构造的实施形式中,缓冲器活塞的初级活塞杆空心地实施并且在初级活塞杆内设置次级活塞杆。
附图说明
附图示出一种实施例的剖视图,其中按照本发明的液压的减振器在车辆中的安装状态中在图1a、1b中在两个不同的状态中示出,而如通常那样在未示出的车轮导向元件和车身之间夹紧的支承弹簧未被示出。图2a或2b示出图1a或1b的放大的局部A或B。
具体实施方式
利用附图标记1表示例如载客汽车的未进一步示出的车身,所述车身或对于车身1仅示出用于在其整体上以附图标记10表征的液压减振器的活塞杆11的所谓的支承座2,所述减振器设置或支承在车身1和车辆车轮或对车轮导向的元件(未示出)之间。减振器10尤其是或主要用于缓冲车身1相对于车轮的竖直振荡,所述竖直振荡如已知是可能的,因为车身按车轮通过图中未示出的一个支承弹簧支承在车轮、更准确地说对车轮导向的元件上。
液压减振器10为此存在,即为实施来自缓冲器缸13的上述减振,在所述缓冲器缸中,在车辆中的安装状态中基本上沿竖直方向可移动地引导缓冲器活塞12,活塞杆11基本上刚性地固定在所述缓冲器活塞上。活塞杆11以其背离缓冲器活塞12的端部固定在所述支承座2上,而缓冲器缸13更确切地说虽然不是直接、但在功能上与对车轮导向的元件基本上固定连接。在缓冲器缸13内,缓冲器活塞12将上面的缓冲器室14a与下面的缓冲器室14b分开,液压液体处于所述缓冲器室中。在缓冲器活塞12中,在这里设有用于该液压液体的未示出的节流的转移开口,从而在缓冲器活塞12相对于缓冲器缸13移动时通过液压液体的节流的转移完成做功,所述功缓冲这样的移动运动并且借此缓冲车身1相对于车轮的振荡运动。
因为在缓冲器活塞12向下移动时、即当缓冲器缸13朝车身1运动时,活塞杆11进一步挤入上面的缓冲器室14a中,所以在该上面的缓冲器室14a中不可以容纳全部的通过缓冲器活塞12从下面的缓冲器室14b中排出的液压液体。为了体积补偿而如通常那样设置包括气垫15的补偿空间16,然后液压液体的部分量通过连接到下面的缓冲器室14b上的缓冲阀17到达所述补偿空间中。如果如当前那样补偿空间16以及气垫15局部包围缓冲器缸13(为此设置在形成环状间隙的情况下包围该缓冲器缸13的缓冲器管18),那么涉及所谓的双管式缓冲器的已知结构型式,其也在本实施例中实现。通常在双管式缓冲器中,缓冲器管18在其朝向车身1的端部区域中固定并且密封地与缓冲器缸13连接,然而这在当前不同地构造。对此进一步详细说明-然而类似于通常的现有技术,即使在本实施例中,缓冲器管18以未示出的方式与对车轮导向的元件连接或支承在所述元件上或旁,并且借此缓冲器缸13也最终或在功能上支承在车轮上,所述缓冲器缸机械固定地与缓冲器管18连接。
按照本发明的缓冲器相对于常规减振器的显著区别是在缓冲器缸13内设置的并且最终、即在功能上并且当前在中间连接另一个还要解释的元件的情况下-作用到缓冲器活塞12上的预紧弹簧20,所述预紧弹簧以其另一个端部支承在所谓的预紧活塞21上,所述预紧活塞本身以其另一侧限定液压的支承室22或支承靠到所述支承室上。该支承室22处于(同样如补偿空间16那样然而在缓冲器管18高度上看在不同于所述补偿空间的另一个区段中)缓冲器管18内的环形空间中。然而在此支承室22的沿竖直方向定向的缸体内壁不通过缓冲器缸13形成,而是通过对其稍微延长的辅助缸23形成,所述辅助缸具有比缓冲器缸13稍微较大的直径,但当然比缓冲器管18具有明显较小的直径。辅助缸23固定在设置于缓冲器管18的上面的端部区段中的并且与其固定连接的闭锁塞19上。在该辅助缸23内,已经所述的预紧活塞21以其圆柱形的外壁沿气缸轴线的方向(=活塞杆纵向方向=竖直方向)可移动地引导,其中,预紧活塞21也空心圆柱体地构成并且以其内壁局部在缓冲器缸13的外壁上可移动地引导。以图1a、1b的放大局部A、B形式的图2a、2b特别显著地示出后者。在这些图2a、2b中也可看出密封装置27,所述密封装置一方面在辅助缸23和预紧活塞21之间并且另一方面在预紧活塞21和缓冲器缸13之间设置,以便将上面的缓冲器室14a尽可能密封地与(液压的)支承室22分开。然而在此可以通过输送装置31始终补偿少量的液压介质,所述液压介质从大多具有较高液压压力的支承室22溢出到上面的缓冲器室14a中。
具体来说,预紧活塞21大致如缸体盖地构成,即其除了气缸壁21a之外在端侧在其朝向车身1的侧上具有封闭的盖21b并且在其对置的并且朝向缓冲器活塞12的端部上具有从缸体外壁沿径向方向向外伸出的所谓的帽檐21c,所述帽檐在对附图的说明之前也称为凸缘。后者向下、即沿朝缓冲阀17的方向看限定补偿空间16的气垫15,而支承室22连接到该帽檐21c或凸缘21c的另一侧上。预紧弹簧20设置在空心圆柱形的预紧活塞21内并且在此支承在预紧活塞盖21b的内侧上。
预紧弹簧20以其另一个与所述盖21b对置的端部支承在盘24上,所述盘放置在基本上垂直于活塞杆11纵轴线(=活塞杆纵向方向)延伸的卡锁销25上。该卡锁销25横穿空心实施的活塞杆11,所述活塞杆基本上刚性地与缓冲器活塞12连接并且也称为初级活塞杆11,如此外更详细解释的那样。在此,在该初级活塞杆11的壁中彼此沿直径相反对置地设置两个沿活塞杆纵向方向延伸的槽26或槽状的缺口26,卡锁销25穿过所述槽或缺口。卡锁销25以其两个端部松松地贴靠在缓冲器缸13的内壁上。
液压导管30从补偿空间16引导到支承室22中。在该液压导管30中,设有用于液压介质或液压液体的输送装置31,所述输送装置例如作为液压泵构成并且也可以具有合适的可切换的阀,所述液压泵可以针对性地由电动机驱动。借助该输送装置31,液压液体可以从补偿空间16抽吸到支承室22中,由此预紧活塞21例如从其按照图1a的位置移动到按照图1b的位置中。在这里,预紧弹簧20如也在图中可看出的那样首先压缩。作为预紧弹簧20的这样压缩的结果,在车身1重量相对于图1a未改变时,缓冲器活塞12以一定的程度向下(朝缓冲阀17)移动,这在这里未示出并且导致车身1高度状态的改变或下降。备选地,可以在按照图1b的状态的情况下在车身1重量减少时,例如当车辆的之前根据按照图1a的状态较重装载的装载空间被卸载并且借此原本的更上面所述的、未示出的支承弹簧以一定的重力作用被卸载时,则调节到如在图1a中的车身的相同高度状态。该以上的解释特别直观地阐明,预紧弹簧20相对于原本的支承弹簧并联连接,从而弹簧刚度增加。此外在任何情况下从相同或类似于图1b的示图的状态出发,相反的过程也是可能的,即一定量的液压介质从支承室22导出并且再次引入补偿空间16中,这然后在车身1重量未改变时导致车身1相对于所属车轮的(局部的)悬架升高。此外在图1a、1b的对照中可看出本设计的完全特别的优点,即气垫15的体积通过使用处于补偿空间16中的用于移动预紧活塞21的液压液体可以大致保持未改变,从而液压减振器10的缓冲特性在两个状态中实际上相同。
接着现在解释用于所述卡锁销25的技术背景,所述卡锁销穿透在初级活塞杆11壁中的槽26,以及解释与此关联的进一步构成,即尤其是次级活塞杆41。利用按照本发明的预紧弹簧20,可以在与按照本发明的预紧活塞21的共同作用中这样将高的力引入所述系统或液压的减振器10中,使得弹性体轴承40在这里会硬化,通过所述弹性体轴承,初级活塞杆11通常支撑或保持在支承座2中。这是不希望的,因为由此弹性体轴承40不再可以察觉明显的附加功能,即对声学干扰振荡的缓冲,所述振荡会从减振器10或其活塞杆11到达车身1中。为了阻止这点,设置第二活塞杆41、即所谓的次级活塞杆41,其虽然同样支撑在车身1上的支承座2中,然而在那里在另一个部位上并且在绕行弹性体轴承40的情况下支承或固定在车身1上。具体来说如可看出的那样,次级活塞杆41在支承座2中在夹紧板43中拧紧,夹紧板在那里在支承座2上直接放置并且有利地同时将弹性体轴承40在支承座2中固定,所述次级活塞杆设置在空心圆柱形的初级活塞杆11内并且延伸直到已经所述的卡锁销25或在其上固定。
次级活塞杆41以其另一个端部如已经提到的那样在卡锁销25上固定,如已经说明,预紧弹簧20通过一个或所述盘24支承在所述卡锁销上,并且所述卡锁销25在两个(已经所述的)彼此沿直径相反对置的纵向槽26或纵向槽状构造的缺口26中穿透初级活塞杆11的壁,所述纵向槽或缺口沿活塞杆纵向方向延伸。借此,沿活塞杆纵向方向看,初级活塞杆11相对于次级活塞杆41的小的相对运动是可能的(并且反之亦然)。这例如允许初级活塞杆11以小的幅值实施小的机械纵向振荡,所述纵向振荡由或在弹性体轴承40中缓冲并且其到车身1中的传递由弹性体轴承40很大程度上阻止。并且因为预紧弹簧20通过卡锁销25支承在次级活塞杆41上,所以如已经说明,预紧弹簧20的力在绕行弹性体轴承40的情况下支承在车身1上。
当然,示出的实施例的多种变型是可能的,而不会离开权利要求的内容。例如可以代替盘24也设置合适的滚动轴承,通过所述滚动轴承,预紧弹簧20于是较轻微可扭转地在卡锁销25或类似物上支承。有利地,按照本发明构造的液压减振器10可以具有与通常液压减振器(没有预紧弹簧和预紧活塞)实际上相同的尺寸并且借此简单地以所述减振器可替换。
附图标记列表
1 车身
2 支承座
10 (液压的)减振器
11 活塞杆、初级活塞杆
12 缓冲器活塞
13 缓冲器缸
14a 上面的缓冲器室
1b 下面的缓冲器室
15 气垫
16 补偿空间
17 缓冲阀
18 缓冲器管
19 闭锁塞
20 预紧弹簧
21 预紧活塞
21a (21的)气缸壁
21b (21的)盖
21c (21的)帽檐或凸缘
22 支承室
23 辅助缸
24 盘
25 卡锁销
26 槽或纵向槽状的缺口
27 密封装置
30 液压导管
31 输送装置
40 弹性体轴承
41 次级活塞杆
43 夹紧板

Claims (6)

1.车轮的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统,包括具有缓冲器缸(13)和在缓冲器缸中引导的缓冲器活塞(12)的液压的减振器(10),所述减振器的活塞杆(11)优选固定在车身(1)上,而缓冲器缸(13)支承在车轮导向元件上,并且在缓冲器缸(13)中在功能上在缓冲器活塞(12)和液压地沿活塞杆纵向方向可移动的预紧活塞(21)之间夹紧或支承预紧弹簧(20),其特征在于,预紧活塞(21)通过用减振器(10)的液压介质填充的支承室(22)液压地相对于缓冲器缸(13)支承并且借助输送装置(31)可移动,所述输送装置将液压介质输送到支承室(22)中或使液压介质从所述支承室中流出,并且预紧弹簧(20)在预紧活塞(21)的每个可能的位置中与最终在车身(1)和车轮之间夹紧的支承弹簧力传递地在功能上并联连接。
2.按照权利要求1所述的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统,包括次级活塞杆(41),所述次级活塞杆如刚性地与缓冲器活塞(12)连接的所谓的初级活塞杆(11)那样设计用于,将力沿活塞杆纵向方向在缓冲器活塞(12)和优选车身(1)之间传递,然而次级活塞杆(41)这样与初级活塞杆(11)连接,使得在两个活塞杆(11、41)之间沿活塞杆纵向方向的一定的相对运动是可能的,并且预紧弹簧(20)以其背离预紧活塞(21)的端部支承在次级活塞杆(41)上。
3.按照权利要求2所述的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统,其中,初级活塞杆(11)空心地实施并且次级活塞杆(41)在初级活塞杆(11)内延伸并且与初级活塞杆通过作为带动件起作用的卡锁销(25)机械连接,所述卡锁销在纵向槽状的缺口(26)中轻微可移动地引导,所述缺口在初级活塞杆(11)的壁中沿活塞杆纵向方向延伸。
4.按照权利要求2或3所述的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统,其中,空心的初级活塞杆(11)比次级活塞杆以较高的程度弹性地支撑在车身(1)上。
5.按照上述权利要求之一所述的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统,其中,减振器(10)按照双管式缓冲器的型式构造并且液压的支承室(22)如用于减振器(10)液压介质的补偿空间(16)那样设置在缓冲器缸(13)和在形成环状间隙的情况下包围缓冲器缸的缓冲器管(18)之间。
6.按照权利要求5所述的支承弹簧-缓冲器系统,其中,输送装置(31)液压地与补偿空间(16)处于连接中。
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