CN111032048B - 丁螺环酮用于治疗功能性头晕的用途 - Google Patents
丁螺环酮用于治疗功能性头晕的用途 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111032048B CN111032048B CN201880052738.9A CN201880052738A CN111032048B CN 111032048 B CN111032048 B CN 111032048B CN 201880052738 A CN201880052738 A CN 201880052738A CN 111032048 B CN111032048 B CN 111032048B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- dizziness
- buspirone
- functional
- use according
- anxiety
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 208000002173 dizziness Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 153
- QWCRAEMEVRGPNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N buspirone Chemical compound C1C(=O)N(CCCCN2CCN(CC2)C=2N=CC=CN=2)C(=O)CC21CCCC2 QWCRAEMEVRGPNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 117
- 229960002495 buspirone Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 112
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 208000012886 Vertigo Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 231100000889 vertigo Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000392 somatic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960001768 buspirone hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000019901 Anxiety disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 53
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 22
- 230000001144 postural effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 21
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 206010039897 Sedation Diseases 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000036280 sedation Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 46
- 230000001720 vestibular Effects 0.000 description 39
- QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N serotonin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=C2C(CCN)=CNC2=C1 QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 230000036506 anxiety Effects 0.000 description 33
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 29
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 29
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 23
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 17
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 13
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 description 13
- 230000000949 anxiolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 229940068196 placebo Drugs 0.000 description 12
- 239000000902 placebo Substances 0.000 description 12
- 102100022738 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 101710138638 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A Proteins 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 208000019906 panic disease Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 230000035807 sensation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 235000019615 sensations Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 208000027491 vestibular disease Diseases 0.000 description 10
- -1 antibacterials Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229940124834 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 9
- 208000020401 Depressive disease Diseases 0.000 description 8
- VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alprazolam Chemical compound C12=CC(Cl)=CC=C2N2C(C)=NN=C2CN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000003001 depressive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000012896 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 8
- 206010033664 Panic attack Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000003238 somatosensory effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- QCQCHGYLTSGIGX-GHXANHINSA-N 4-[[(3ar,5ar,5br,7ar,9s,11ar,11br,13as)-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-[(5-methylpyridine-3-carbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-propan-2-yl-4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-dodecahydro-3h-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl]oxy]-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound N([C@@]12CC[C@@]3(C)[C@]4(C)CC[C@H]5C(C)(C)[C@@H](OC(=O)CC(C)(C)C(O)=O)CC[C@]5(C)[C@H]4CC[C@@H]3C1=C(C(C2)=O)C(C)C)C(=O)C1=CN=CC(C)=C1 QCQCHGYLTSGIGX-GHXANHINSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002249 anxiolytic agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N cocaine Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@@H]2CC[C@@H](N2C)[C@H]1C(=O)OC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000003748 differential diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000000653 nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 208000019899 phobic disease Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 208000020016 psychiatric disease Diseases 0.000 description 6
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 206010034912 Phobia Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003542 behavioural effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229940049706 benzodiazepine Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 208000011688 Generalised anxiety disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 4
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 208000028017 Psychotic disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 4
- UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N adrenaline Chemical compound CNCC(O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004064 dysfunction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 208000029364 generalized anxiety disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101150049660 DRD2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010054089 Depressive symptom Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000012661 Dyskinesia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010017577 Gait disturbance Diseases 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 208000019695 Migraine disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229940123445 Tricyclic antidepressant Drugs 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 210000004727 amygdala Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000002583 angiography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001557 benzodiazepines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000001627 cerebral artery Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229960003920 cocaine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000002405 diagnostic procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229960003529 diazepam Drugs 0.000 description 3
- AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazepam Chemical compound N=1CC(=O)N(C)C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002996 emotional effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960004038 fluvoxamine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- CJOFXWAVKWHTFT-XSFVSMFZSA-N fluvoxamine Chemical compound COCCCC\C(=N/OCCN)C1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1 CJOFXWAVKWHTFT-XSFVSMFZSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005021 gait Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004886 head movement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 206010027599 migraine Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 201000003152 motion sickness Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000000926 neurological effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000002767 noradrenalin uptake inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940127221 norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000004031 partial agonist Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008289 pathophysiological mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002360 prefrontal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003775 serotonin noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960002073 sertraline Drugs 0.000 description 3
- VGKDLMBJGBXTGI-SJCJKPOMSA-N sertraline Chemical compound C1([C@@H]2CC[C@@H](C3=CC=CC=C32)NC)=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 VGKDLMBJGBXTGI-SJCJKPOMSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000000130 stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003029 tricyclic antidepressant agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 3
- AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-YOEHRIQHSA-N (+)-Casbol Chemical compound C1=CC(F)=CC=C1[C@H]1[C@H](COC=2C=C3OCOC3=CC=2)CNCC1 AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-YOEHRIQHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N (-)-norepinephrine Chemical compound NC[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GJJFMKBJSRMPLA-HIFRSBDPSA-N (1R,2S)-2-(aminomethyl)-N,N-diethyl-1-phenyl-1-cyclopropanecarboxamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[C@@]1(C(=O)N(CC)CC)C[C@@H]1CN GJJFMKBJSRMPLA-HIFRSBDPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WSEQXVZVJXJVFP-HXUWFJFHSA-N (R)-citalopram Chemical compound C1([C@@]2(C3=CC=C(C=C3CO2)C#N)CCCN(C)C)=CC=C(F)C=C1 WSEQXVZVJXJVFP-HXUWFJFHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-MRXNPFEDSA-N (R)-fluoxetine Chemical compound O([C@H](CCNC)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1 RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-MRXNPFEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SVUOLADPCWQTTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-1,2-benzodiazepine Chemical compound N1N=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 SVUOLADPCWQTTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108091032151 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor family Proteins 0.000 description 2
- ASXGJMSKWNBENU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-OH-DPAT Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=C2CC(N(CCC)CCC)CCC2=C1 ASXGJMSKWNBENU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010002869 Anxiety symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000020925 Bipolar disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 208000027601 Inner ear disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000012902 Nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000025966 Neurological disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000018737 Parkinson disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Paroxetine hydrochloride Natural products C1=CC(F)=CC=C1C1C(COC=2C=C3OCOC3=CC=2)CNCC1 AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 206010042953 Systemic sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940005530 anxiolytics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- VHGCDTVCOLNTBX-QGZVFWFLSA-N atomoxetine Chemical compound O([C@H](CCNC)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1C VHGCDTVCOLNTBX-QGZVFWFLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960002430 atomoxetine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzylamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC=C1 WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002051 biphasic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- SNPPWIUOZRMYNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N bupropion Chemical compound CC(C)(C)NC(C)C(=O)C1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1 SNPPWIUOZRMYNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960001058 bupropion Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960004926 chlorobutanol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229960001653 citalopram Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000012059 conventional drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012774 diagnostic algorithm Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007884 disintegrant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000763 evoking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005713 exacerbation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013265 extended release Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002464 fluoxetine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007903 gelatin capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000411 inducer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 229960000600 milnacipran Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 210000005036 nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008904 neural response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001962 neuropharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002858 neurotransmitter agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002748 norepinephrine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N norepinephrine Natural products NCC(O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960002296 paroxetine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000018 receptor agonist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940044601 receptor agonist Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000405 serological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000011117 substance-related disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010042772 syncope Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229940125725 tranquilizer Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003204 tranquilizing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002936 tranquilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JCSREICEMHWFAY-LPFOLIHTSA-N (10br)-4-propyl-2,3,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydrobenzo[h][1,4]benzoxazin-9-ol Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=C2[C@H]3OCCN([11CH2]CC)C3CCC2=C1 JCSREICEMHWFAY-LPFOLIHTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FELGMEQIXOGIFQ-CYBMUJFWSA-N (3r)-9-methyl-3-[(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1h-carbazol-4-one Chemical compound CC1=NC=CN1C[C@@H]1C(=O)C(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)N2C)=C2CC1 FELGMEQIXOGIFQ-CYBMUJFWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DIWRORZWFLOCLC-HNNXBMFYSA-N (3s)-7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one Chemical compound N([C@H](C(NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C11)=O)O)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1Cl DIWRORZWFLOCLC-HNNXBMFYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SPCKHVPPRJWQRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzhydryloxy-n,n-dimethylethanamine;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O.C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OCCN(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 SPCKHVPPRJWQRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940122200 5 Hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000002348 5-ht neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- LDCYZAJDBXYCGN-VIFPVBQESA-N 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 LDCYZAJDBXYCGN-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100027499 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710138639 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000040125 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor family Human genes 0.000 description 1
- BUCORZSTKDOEKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-chloro-4-hydroxy-N-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-imine Chemical compound C=12C=C(Cl)C=CC2=NC(=NC)CN(O)C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 BUCORZSTKDOEKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 206010063559 Acute vestibular syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000017194 Affective disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010003591 Ataxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006096 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000036864 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000007527 Autoreceptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010071131 Autoreceptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100421200 Caenorhabditis elegans sep-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010008025 Cerebellar ataxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010008072 Cerebellar syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000017667 Chronic Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100032392 Circadian-associated transcriptional repressor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710130150 Circadian-associated transcriptional repressor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 208000022497 Cocaine-Related disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024581 Compulsive Personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010010904 Convulsion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWLUMTFWVZZZND-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibenzylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CNCC1=CC=CC=C1 BWLUMTFWVZZZND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBPCUCUWBYBCDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dicyclohexylamine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1NC1CCCCC1 XBPCUCUWBYBCDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000525 Dopamine D3 Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010016322 Feeling abnormal Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000014630 G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000004300 GABA-A Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000839 GABA-A Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000008892 GM1 Gangliosidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000206672 Gelidium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000699694 Gerbillinae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000010412 Glaucoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000017911 HTR1A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150015707 HTR1A gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000004547 Hallucinations Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004705 High-molecular-weight polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000033830 Hot Flashes Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010060800 Hot flush Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010020772 Hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010021118 Hypotonia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010021639 Incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- AHLPHDHHMVZTML-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Ornithine Chemical compound NCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O AHLPHDHHMVZTML-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P L-argininium(2+) Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])NCCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(O)=O ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000243684 Lumbricus Species 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L Malonate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC([O-])=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS([O-])(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000168 Microcrystalline cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000019022 Mood disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061296 Motor dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- DMULVCHRPCFFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethyltryptamine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CCN(C)C)=CNC2=C1 DMULVCHRPCFFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBPRIAGPYFYCRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1N1CCN(CCN(C(=O)C2CCCCC2)C=2N=CC=CC=2)CC1 SBPRIAGPYFYCRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HTLZVHNRZJPSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-ethylpiperidine Chemical compound CCN1CCCCC1 HTLZVHNRZJPSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010028813 Nausea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010029333 Neurosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000021384 Obsessive-Compulsive disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- AHLPHDHHMVZTML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orn-delta-NH2 Natural products NCCCC(N)C(O)=O AHLPHDHHMVZTML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTJLXEIPEHZYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ornithine Natural products OC(=O)C(C)CCCN UTJLXEIPEHZYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000002193 Pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001098054 Pollachius pollachius Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000003251 Pruritus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010037218 Psychopathic personality Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012545 Psychophysiologic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091029810 SaRNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000001880 Sexual dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000027520 Somatoform disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000150 Sympathomimetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000009594 Systemic Scleroderma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010044565 Tremor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010047348 Vertigo positional Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010047700 Vomiting Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000028752 abnormal posture Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004308 accommodation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940022663 acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000049 anti-anxiety effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001078 anti-cholinergic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001773 anti-convulsant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001961 anticonvulsive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003965 antiepileptics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003429 antifungal agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000739 antihistaminic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940125715 antihistaminic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000164 antipsychotic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000008784 apnea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010003246 arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000013528 artificial neural network Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000029560 autism spectrum disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000000691 benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000001870 benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012216 bentonite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzenesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M bisulphate group Chemical group S([O-])(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000008499 blood brain barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001218 blood-brain barrier Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- FFGPTBGBLSHEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbamazepine Chemical compound C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2N(C(=O)N)C2=CC=CC=C21 FFGPTBGBLSHEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009956 central mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003710 cerebral cortex Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015218 chewing gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000006145 cocaine dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001149 cognitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001054 cortical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940124447 delivery agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylamine Chemical compound CCNCC HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGMCXQCYOVCMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K dihydroxy(stearato)aluminium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Al](O)O UGMCXQCYOVCMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229960000520 diphenhydramine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960003638 dopamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003291 dopaminomimetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010013663 drug dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010015037 epilepsy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCS([O-])(=O)=O CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclopentane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC1 BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019439 ethyl acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012458 free base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000005153 frontal cortex Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002599 functional magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003371 gabaergic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003692 gamma aminobutyric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-aminobutyric acid Chemical compound NCCCC(O)=O BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004120 green S Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012701 green S Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WDPIZEKLJKBSOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M green s Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C(C=1C2=CC=C(C=C2C=C(C=1O)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)=C1C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C1 WDPIZEKLJKBSOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 210000004326 gyrus cinguli Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 210000001320 hippocampus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000013403 hyperactivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010365 information processing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007972 injectable composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007912 intraperitoneal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007928 intraperitoneal injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYSA-N isosorbide mononitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[C@@H]1CO[C@@H]2[C@@H](O)CO[C@@H]21 YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007951 isotonicity adjuster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940070765 laurate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004895 liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011866 long-term treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004391 lorazepam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000024714 major depressive disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007659 motor function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108700001232 mouse P Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000036640 muscle relaxation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003158 myorelaxant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008693 nausea Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008062 neuronal firing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007171 neuropathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000001119 neuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007823 neuropathy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015238 neurotic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010029864 nystagmus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030459 obsessive-compulsive personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000414 obstructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940049964 oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005343 ondansetron Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002895 organic esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960003104 ornithine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002746 orthostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940039748 oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002638 palliative care Methods 0.000 description 1
- WWPITPSIWMXDPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-chloroamphetamine Chemical compound CC(N)CC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 WWPITPSIWMXDPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001314 paroxysmal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000033808 peripheral neuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001050 pharmacotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001242 postsynaptic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003518 presynaptic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003236 psychic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001003 psychopharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001671 psychotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001609 raphe nuclei Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000306 recurrent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011514 reflex Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002040 relaxant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001850 reproductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000023504 respiratory system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- TXHZXHICDBAVJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N rizatriptan Chemical compound C=1[C]2C(CCN(C)C)=CN=C2C=CC=1CN1C=NC=N1 TXHZXHICDBAVJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000425 rizatriptan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960001860 salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SWERVVWWNZOXPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N samanine Chemical compound C1CC2CCNCCC2(C)C2C1C1CC(O)CC1(C)CC2 SWERVVWWNZOXPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940078677 sarna Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940125723 sedative agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000932 sedative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001624 sedative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036421 sense of balance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003723 serotonin 1A agonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940126570 serotonin reuptake inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003772 serotonin uptake inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000872 sexual dysfunction Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000011083 sodium citrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000020431 spinal cord injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007929 subcutaneous injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010254 subcutaneous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000009032 substance abuse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000736 substance abuse Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfamate Chemical compound NS([O-])(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001975 sympathomimetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940064707 sympathomimetics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000000225 synapse Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000005622 tetraalkylammonium hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M toluene-4-sulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000196 tragacanth Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010487 tragacanth Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011269 treatment regimen Methods 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- KNXVOGGZOFOROK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimagnesium;dioxido(oxo)silane;hydroxy-oxido-oxosilane Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].O[Si]([O-])=O.O[Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O KNXVOGGZOFOROK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940070710 valerate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000000200 vestibular neuronitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001213 vestibule labyrinth Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000013603 viral vector Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000016776 visual perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Zn+2] UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940007718 zinc hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910021511 zinc hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
- A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/08—Solutions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及医学和药理学领域,并且,具体地涉及丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐用于治疗功能性头晕、持续性体位‑感知性头晕(PPPD)、恐惧性体位眩晕(PPV)和慢性主观头晕(CSD)的新用途,本发明的效果在于治疗独立于抑郁和焦虑状态的功能性头晕的可能性,临床上治疗作用起效的最佳速度,易于剂量滴定,无镇静作用,以及良好的安全性。
Description
本发明涉及医学、药理学领域,并且具体地涉及丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐用于治疗功能性头晕、持续性体位-感知性(postural-perceptual)头晕(PPPD)、恐惧性体位眩晕(PPV)、慢性主观头晕(CSD)的新用途,本发明的效果在于治疗独立于抑郁和焦虑状态的功能性头晕的可能性,临床上治疗作用起效的最佳速度,易于剂量滴定,无镇静作用以及良好的安全性。
功能性(精神性)头晕是最常见的头晕主诉的原因之一。在总人口中,功能性头晕的比例占15-23%[BrandtT.,DieterichM.Vertigoanddizziness:commoncomplaints.2ndedn.Springer,London:2013;ObermannM,BockE,SabevN等人.Long-term outcome ofvertigo and dizziness associated disorders following treatment in specializedtertiary care:the Dizziness and Vertigo Registry(DiVeR)Study.//J.Neurol.,2015,262(9):2083-2091]。在45岁以下的患者中,功能性头晕在头晕主诉中占据第一位:占头晕病例的38%[Zamergrad M.V.Age-Related Aspects of dizziness(in Russian)//Neurological Journal.2014.V.19.#3.p.21-28]。在某些病例中,功能性头晕不是主要发展,而是由于器质性前庭紊乱引起的。例如,功能性头晕经常是广泛传播的前庭疾病的后遗症,诸如良性阵发性姿势头晕和前庭神经炎。
功能性头晕是由前庭系统、视觉系统和体感系统之间相互作用的紊乱引起的,在正常情况下,这些系统共同确保了空间定向。同样地,头晕也可能是由功能正常的感觉系统的生理刺激引起的。
在以下情况下会出现这种头晕:
-从前庭、视觉和体感这三个系统接收到的信息之间存在差异;
-前庭器官受到异常影响,例如在摇晃期间;
-头或颈部的姿势异常,例如在粉刷天花板时过度伸展期间。
汽车中的晕动症、高处眩晕和视觉障碍性头晕可以通过来自各种感觉系统的信息之间的差异来解释。它们中的最后一种在观看包括追逐场景的电影期间最频繁,此时运动的视觉感觉并不伴随相应的前庭和体感刺激。
功能性头晕的另一个实例是,由于头部在零重力条件下过度活跃的运动而引起的功能性头晕。
与心理因素有关的头晕发展也被定义为功能性头晕,其与基于器官结构变化而出现的器质性头晕相反。然而,功能性疾病通常先于器质性疾病,器质性疾病增加了应激状态下器官的功能脆弱性。正如现代国际分类所接受的,躯体形式障碍的概念提出了在缺乏器官中病原学条件性变化的情况下根据患者的持续主诉进行其诊断。本质上,该概念没有任何重要的精神病理学内容[VeltischevD.Yu.,SeravinaO.F.//Psychiatry,#4(55),2010]。
提出以下诊断标准用于诊断功能性头晕[BrandtT.,HuppertD.,DieterichM.Phobicposturalvertigo:afirstfollow-up//JNeurol.1994.V.241.No.4.p.191-195]:
1)在直立姿势和行走时出现非系统性头晕,尽管包括罗姆伯格氏(Romberg's)检查、纵列行走、单脚站立在内的神经系统检查并未发现任何异常;
2)持续的、要么增加要么减少的、不稳定的感觉,或短期(持续几秒钟或几分钟)的协调紊乱感觉;
3)眩晕发作可以自发发生,但更多情况下与特定情况(在桥梁上、楼梯上、空房间中或在室外、在百货公司中、在人群中、在餐馆中或在音乐会中)有关;有迅速消除负面联系并避免引起挑衅情况的趋势;
4)在头晕期间和之后会出现焦虑和植物性紊乱(vegetative disturbance),可能会交替发生伴有或不伴有焦虑的发作;
5)有强迫性人格倾向,轻度抑郁;
6)通常,这种病症的发作经常与压力、严重疾病或前庭系统器质性疾病同时发生。
通常,从儿童期就具有功能性头晕的患者表现出对前庭刺激的耐受性差,在此基础上,一些作者将患者的感觉与前庭系统的某些紊乱联系起来[Furman J.M.,JacobR.G.Psychiatric dizziness//Neurology.1997.Vol.48.pp.1161-1166]。
功能紊乱是一种健康状态,会使身体过程的正常功能恶化,但是此时身体的每个部分在检查期间看起来都绝对正常。这与结构性障碍(可能会看到身体的一部分功能异常)或心身障碍(在由心理或精神疾病引起的症状时)相反。因此,重要的是要注意,功能性头晕不是精神疾病[DieterichM.,StaabJ.P.,BrandtT.Functional(psychogenic)dizziness//HandbookofClinicalNeurology,Vol.139,Chapter 37,2016,pp.447-468],即,它不会由诸如焦虑症或抑郁的主要精神疾病引起,并且也不会由CNS的结构变化引起。
引起前庭症状的功能和精神紊乱彼此分开考虑并与结构性前庭疾病分开考虑。这与实验数据表明它们独立发生的事实有关[BrandtT.Phobicposturalvertigo//Neurology.1996;46:1515-9;StaabJ.P.,RuckensteinM.J.Whichcomesfirst?Psychogenicdizzinessversusotogenicanxiety//Laryngoscope 2003,113:1714-1718;StaabJ.P.,RuckensteinM.J.,Expandingthedifferentialdiagnosisofdizziness.//Arch.Otolaryngol.Head Neck Surg.,2007,13:170-176;Eckhardt-Henn A,Best C,BenseS等人.,Psychiatric comorbidity in different organic vertigo syndromes//J.Neurol.,2008,255:420-428]。因此,应该认识到它们对前庭系统的病理有单独的贡献。根据ICD-10(WHO,1993)和DiagnosticandStatisticManualonMentalDisorders,5thEdition(DSM-5:AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,2013)中的相应诊断标准来确定会导致前庭症状的精神疾病。
功能性头晕是一种以前庭症状为特征的功能性疾病。术语“前庭症状”用于表示总体上的头晕、不稳定和眩晕。这符合巴兰尼学会前庭疾病分类委员会(theCommitteefortheClassificationofVestibularDisordersoftheBáránySociety)提议的命名法[BisdorffA,vonBrevernM,LempertT等人.Classification of vestibular symptoms:towards an international classification of vestibular disorders//J.Vestib.Res.,2009,19(1-2):1-13],其另外将头晕定义为虚假的或扭曲的运动的感觉、不稳定的感觉、感觉到摇晃或在直立姿势感觉到摇晃、不规则的空间定向的不可移动的感觉。
特别地,功能性前庭疾病包括以下在神经-耳科文献中详细描述的疾病:持续性体位-感知性头晕、体位恐惧性眩晕和慢性主观头晕。这些疾病均未表现出病理症状或表现,但它们均具有关键特征,该关键特征表明其存在的而不论其他疾病是否活跃的事实[DieterichM.,StaabJ.P.,BrandtT.Functional(psychogenic)dizziness//HandbookofClinicalNeurology,Vol.139,Chapter 37,2016,pp.447-468]。
功能性头晕的亚型之一是持续性体位-感知性头晕(PPPD)。该疾病以参考号AA92.1包括在ICD-XI项目中,是一种可能周期性地变强或变弱的非旋转性头晕的慢性感觉,其由直立体位、视觉刺激、头部的主动和被动运动引起,并经常在急性或复发性前庭疾病后出现[InternationalClassificationofDiseases,11thRevision,http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/l-m/en]。
PPPD被定义为持续超过三个月而没有明确病因的一种头晕[StaabJ.P.Chronicsubjective dizziness;review article//Continuum(MinneapMinn),2012;18:1118-41]。这是一种躯体形式疾病,是耳科学和神经精神病学的研究对象。显然,在PPPD患者中出现在器质性或情感性疾病后容易出现持续头晕的情况。在这种情况下,姿势稳定性维持系统变得对运动反应过度,特别是在高视觉负载的情况下。因此,PPPD表现出在疾病急性期采取维持特殊姿势控制模式[HuppertD,StruppM,RettingerN,HechtJ,BrandtT.Phobicposturalvertigo–along-termfollowup(5 to 15years)of 106patients//JNeurol.2005;252:564-9]。
诊断算法限于使用诊断标准和排除其他原因。鉴别诊断可以包括前庭偏头痛、惊恐发作、其他一些状态。PPPD是一种可能持续数月或数年的慢性疾病,其特征在于以下主要方面:
(1)身体检查期间无法发现的持续摇晃或不稳定:
(2)在直立姿势中症状恶化;
(3)由于头部运动或复杂的视觉刺激而症状恶化;
(4)症状发作时死亡(decease)或情绪激动;
(5)通常会加重症状的同时死亡。
形成PPPD的临床变体证实了这种形式的头晕的特殊状态,这反映了各种感官方式整合水平上的疾病,这与在焦虑紊乱中观察到的头晕相反。PPPD患者的典型图片证明了在形成PPPD的特殊临床图片中前庭成分和非前庭成分之间的相互联系。
PPPD在所有头晕变体(前庭和非前庭或系统性和非系统性)中所占的比例为从14.6%(T.Brandt,M.Dieterich,M.Strupp Vertigo and Dizziness:CommonComplaints.London:Springer,2013)至23%(Holle D.,Schulte-Steinberg B.,Wurthmann S.,Naegel S.,Ayzenberg I.,Diener H.C.,Katsarava Z.,ObermannМ.,Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness:A Matter of Higher,CentralDysfunction?//PLoS One.2015;10(11):e0142468)。根据本发明的作者,其约为21.4%(未公开数据,2014)。根据现代观点,焦虑不是PPPD的诊断标准[DieterichM.,StaabJ.P.,BrandtT.Functional(psychogenic)dizziness//HandbookofClinicalNeurology,Vol.139,Chapter 37,2016,pp.447-468]。
目前,选择用于治疗PPPD的制剂是选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)。5-羟色胺是用于杏仁体、中央叶(岛)、前扣带回皮质、前额叶皮层、额上回和额下回的主要神经递质。这些制剂通过对运动作出反应的中央前庭神经元来改变和调节神经元的传导。如果正确使用SSRI,则在治疗后约三个月内,最多达70%的患者可实现症状减轻[StaabJP,RuckensteinMJ,AmsterdamJD.Aprospectivetrialofsertralineforchronicsubjectivedizziness//Laryngoscope.2004;114:1637-1641]。
功能性头晕的一种变体是恐惧性体位眩晕(PPV)。已经确定患有观察到的未诊断的头晕的患者,即使使用现在提出的所有诊断测试,也无法通过已确定的耳神经科疾病来解释。临床测试显示出正常结果。直到最近,这些患者被归类为精神病患者。精神病综合症也不能解释这些患者中出现的症状。在1996年,T.Brandt[Brandt T.Phobic posturalvertigo//Neurology.1996;46:1515-1519]将这种疾病描述为恐惧性体位眩晕(不稳定)(PPV);然而,他没有充分解释这种疾病的症状起源,也没有提出任何治疗建议。
功能性前庭综合征PPV是神经耳科实践中遇到的最广泛的疾病。根据德国眩晕和平衡障碍中心的说法,其是仅次于良性阵发性位置性眩晕的第二广泛的诊断结果,在17,700名成年门诊患者中有15%[BrandtT,DieterichM,StruppM.VertigoandDizziness:CommonComplaints,2ndedn.Springer,London,2013]。根据另一专注于头晕的地区医疗机构的说法,在3,113名患者中,有23%患有PPV[ObermannM.,BockE.,SabevN.等人.Long-termoutcomeofvertigoanddizzinessassociateddisordersfollowingtreatmentinspecializedtertiarycare:theDizzinessandVertigoRegistry(DiVeR)Study.//J.Neurol.,2015,262(9):2083-2091]。其他中心和国家的诊断率差异很大:从2.5%[KetolaS,NiemensivuR,HenttonenA等人.Somatoform disorders in vertiginouschildren and adolescents.//Int.J.Pediatr.Otorhinolaryngol.,2009,73(7):933-936]至16%[Lopez-Gentili L.I.,Kremenchutzky M.,Salgado P.//A statisticalanalysis of 1300 patients with dizziness-vertigo.Its most frequent cases.//Rev.Neurol.,2003,36(5):417-429],这也许是由于诊断方法的敏感性不同。在儿童和青少年中,包括PPV在内的前庭症状的功能和精神原因占所有诊断的21%。它们在儿童良性阵发性眩晕的偏头痛综合症之后排名第二(39%)[BatuED,AnlarB,TopcuM等人.Vertigo inchildhood:a retrospective series of 100 children.//Eur.J.Paed.Neurol.,2015,19:226-232]。
已知T.Brandt提出了以下恐惧性体位眩晕的标准:
-非前庭“假性眩晕”(感觉到摇晃、接近跌倒、地面不稳定);
-主观感觉和客观指征之间的分离;
-典型的诱发因素:(在地铁中、桥梁上、演出期间、在百货商店中等);
-避免引起头晕的情况的倾向;
-身体负荷或服用少量酒精后的改善;
-通过急性发病的疾病发作(前庭头晕、惊恐发作);
-人格特征:完美,执着,焦虑和抑郁的倾向。
在21世纪初,Staab和Ruckenstein将PPV的身体症状与行为因素相关联[StaabJ.P.Chronic dizziness:the interface between psychiatry and neuro-otology.//Curr.Opin.Neurol.2006;19:41-8;Staab JP.Assessment and management ofpsychological problems in the dizzy patient.//Continuum(Minneap Minn),2006;12:189-213]。
在PPV标准中要格外小心地考虑焦虑,因为这种头晕并不伴随惊恐发作或其他形式的焦虑。
在患者中体位性头晕结合主观姿势和步态不稳,具有神经耳科检查、前庭和平衡检查的正常指征(例如,视频眼图,包括热量反射测试、神经可视化),并且没有其他可能解释症状的疾病是PPV的典型代表。
单症状的主观平衡紊乱与站立或行走有关,并且其本身表现为突然加重,其发生与是否存在可识别的触发因素无关,并且伴有或不伴有焦虑。
PPV患者通常具有强迫性个性,作为人格最明显的特征,一种深刻的自我分析倾向,并且必须控制一切。通常,他们有野心,对自己有很高的要求,经常变得容易发怒,并倾向于表现恐惧[KapfhammerH.P.,MayerC.,HockU.等人.Courseofillnessinphobicposturalvertigo.//ActaNeurol.Scand.,1997,95:23-28]。
PPV是年轻人中最常见的眩晕原因。后续研究证实,PPV是一种独特的疾病学单元,其可以与精神疾病(诸如伴有或不伴有恐惧症的惊恐症)明显区分开[KapfhammerH.P.,MayerC.,HockU.等人.Course of illness in phobic postural vertigo.//ActaNeurol.Scand.,1997,95:23-28]。
PPV可能在任何年龄的成年人中出现,但是在第二个和第五个十年中观察到双峰分布(这是该年龄组中最普遍的头晕形式),发病率并不取决于性别。在没有治疗的情况下,症状变得更糟,刺激物泛化发展,并且回避行为可能会增加,直到患者在没有他人帮助下无法离开他/她的公寓为止。
PPV的鉴别诊断包括结构性前庭疾病、其他疾病和精神病综合症。最重要的功能性和精神病综合症如下[BrandtT,DieterichM,StruppMVertigoandDizziness:CommonComplaints,2ndedn.Springer,London,2013]:恐慌症,伴有或不伴有恐惧症;导致惊恐发作或慢性焦虑的其他精神或医学疾病;恐惧症[MarksJ.M.Space“phobia”:apseudo-agoraphobicsyndrome.//J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry,1981,48:729-735],视觉性眩晕[BronsteinA.M.Thevisualvertigosyndrome.//ActaOtolaryngol(Stockh),1995,520:45-48;BronsteinA.M.Visionandvertigo:somevisualaspectsofvestibulardisorders.//J.Neurol.,2004,251:381-387],登陆综合征(debarkationsyndrome)[MurphyT.P.Maldedebarquementsyndrome:aforgottenentity.//Otolaryngol.HeadNeckSurg.,1993,109:10-13]。
PPV的病理生理机制可能包括感知到身体的自发摇晃和个别的头部随机运动,如干扰外部紊乱以及周围环境的同时幻觉运动,这可以被解释为传出信号和再进入信号(reafference)的暂时失衡,并且其通常在正常情况下得到补偿,即,预期运动与实际运动之间发生不一致[BrandtT.,DieterichM.,StruppM.VertigoandDizziness:CommonComplaints,2ndedn.Springer,London,2013]。
下一个功能性头晕亚型是慢性主观头晕(CSD)。术语“慢性主观头晕”用于描述一种经常出现的头晕类型,其可能不归于其他类型之一,并且通常身体检查是正常的。CSD患者最初会遭受前庭系统——神经网络(其保持平衡感)的突然伤害。即使解决了这种原始伤害,CSD患者通常表现出不确定的不稳定感,其当触发器在它们的周围环境(诸如高处),在运动物体上或在运动条件下(诸如繁忙的街道或拥挤的人群)时,这种情况会加剧。
从2000年代初期开始,Staab和他的同事们[StaabJ.P.,RuckensteinM.J.Expandingthedifferentialdiagnosisofdizziness.Arch.Otolaryngol.HeadNeckSurg.,2007,13:170-176]开始了一系列研究,结果描述了CSD综合征。受到有关PPV的现有文献以及关于空间运动期间不适[JacobR.G.,WoodyS.R.,ClarkD.B.等人.Discomfortwithspaceandmotion:apossiblemarkerofvestibulardysfunctionassessedbytheSituationalCharacteristics Questionnaire.//J.Psychopathol.Behav.Assess,1993,15:299-324]和视觉眩晕[BronsteinA.M.Thevisualvertigosyndrome.//ActaOtolaryngol(Stockh),1995,520:45-48]的研究的启发,他们将慢性主观头晕定义[StaabJ.P.,RuckensteinM.J.Expandingthedifferentialdiagnosisofdizziness.//ArchOtolaryngol.HeadNeckSurg.,2007,13:170-176]为以下疾病:
1)持续的(持续3个月)的非眩晕性头晕、昏厥、沉重或主观失衡感;
2)存在对自身运动(不是特定方向)以及对环境中物体运动的慢性超敏反应(持续3个月);
3)在具有复杂视觉刺激(诸如杂货店或百货商店)的条件下,或者在执行精确的视觉任务(诸如阅读或使用计算机)时,症状会加重;
4)不存在活动性器质性神经耳科疾病(即,结构性或细胞性疾病)或其他可能引起头晕的某些医学状态;另外,患者未服用可能引起头晕的药物;
5)脑部射线照相可视化的结果排除了神经耳科学上重要的解剖学影响;
6)平衡测试的结果在控制限内或不表示结构前庭缺陷。
因此,焦虑状态被排除在CSD标准之外。CSD和PPV的定义之间的比较显示出若干差异。CSD的标准强调持续的不稳定和头晕。它们不包括前庭症状的间歇发作。此外,即使添加体位标准后,它们也更清楚地集中于由视觉刺激引起的症状,而不是直立姿势。排除心理因素,诸如强迫症的人格特征、恐惧行为、轻度焦虑症和抑郁症状,因为它们被认为是危险因素或伴随疾病,而不是疾病的主要指征。
根据CSD的大规模研究(345例患者)[StaabJ.P.,RuckensteinM.J.Expandingthedifferentialdiagnosisofdizziness.//ArchOtolaryngol.HeadNeckSurg.,2007,13:170-176],疾病持续时间为从几个月到几年,平均持续时间为4.5年。CSD患者经常出现焦虑和抑郁症,但并非总是如此。对CSD患者的诊断研究包括了60%的临床上显著焦虑症状的患者和45%临床上显著抑郁症状的患者;但是重要的是,25%的患者没有焦虑症状或情绪紊乱[StaabJP.ChronicSubjectiveDizziness//Continuum(Mineapp.Minn.).2012;18(5Neurootology):1118-1141]。因此,像PPV一样,CSD可能与任何精神科伴随的病理学(共病率)分开存在。
诱发事件引起了生理和行为适应的组合,其通常是预期地对急性前庭综合征或其他破坏平衡功能的状态做出响应。它们包括朝向视觉或体感输入的感觉整合的改变,增加对头部和身体运动的关注以及增加在步态期间的护理。在具有体位威胁的健康人中观察到所有这些适应[BrownL.A.,GageW.H.,PolychM.A.等人.Centralsetinfluencesongait.Age-dependenteffectsofposturalthreat.//Exp.BrainRes.,2002,145:286-296;Gage W.H.,Sleik R.J.,Polych M.A.等人.The allocation ofattention during locomotion is altered by anxiety.//Exp.Brain Res.,2003,150:385-394]。
这意味着由CSD患者的主要不良事件适时引起的维持高风险平衡的策略仍用于管理日常运动并且响应环境中简单的、不需要高风险策略的空间和运动刺激。因此,该疾病的特征在于不可能恢复低风险的正常体位控制。持续威胁的感知扩大了在不需要的情况下控制体位反馈的高风险机制的应用。
神经反应和较低的外向性可能增加发展CSD的风险,因为它们会降低涉及高风险体位控制过程的阈值。高水平的神经反应和低水平的外向性增加了功能紊乱的发病率。
功能性磁共振的结果[Dieterich M.,Staab J.P.,Brandt T.Functional(psychogenic)dizziness//Handbook of Clinical Neurology,Vol.139,Chapter 37,2016,pp.447-468;Indovina I,Riccelli R,Chiarella G等人.Role of the insula andvestibular system in patients with chronic subjective dizziness:an fMRI studyusing sound-evoked vestibular stimulation.//Front.Behav.Neurosci.,2015,9:334]证实了PPV和CSD模型(以及,此外,PPPD模型),前提是它们的病理生理机制包括皮质感觉区域(PIVC和视觉皮质区域)中的广泛功能改变,该区域参与空间信息处理(海马)、体位控制(小脑蚓部)和威胁评估(杏仁体),以及调节其活动的叶/前额叶区域(眶额叶皮层、前岛叶皮层、扣带回的额叶部分)。CSD的预设病理生理机制还假设,增加对运动视觉刺激、环境中的复杂结构以及需要持续视觉聚焦的工作表现的敏感性是视觉依赖性增加的结果。
现有的各种形式的功能性头晕的药物治疗是一项艰巨的任务,需要神经科医生、心理治疗师、精神病医生和康复专家之间密切配合。根据现在适用的治疗原则,治疗是心理治疗(理性和认知行为)、前庭康复和药物治疗的结合。在药物中,选择的制剂是选择性5-羟色胺(SSRI)和选择性5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SSNRI),诸如帕罗西汀(paroxetine)、西酞普兰(citalopram)、氟伏沙明(fluvoxamine)或舍曲林(sertraline)。有时,将它们与镇静剂(例如,劳拉西泮(lorazepam))结合,镇静剂在短期内处方以避免上瘾毒。作为替代制剂,使用了三环类抗抑郁药。对头晕药物治疗疗效进行评估的研究相对较少。非盲设计的研究评估了舍曲林、帕罗西汀、氟伏沙明、氟西汀(fluoxetine)和米那普仑(milnacipran)的疗效[StaabJ.P.,RuckensteinM.J.,SolomonD.,ShepardN.T.SerotoninReuptakeInhibitorsforDizzinessWithPsychiatricSymptoms.//Arch.Otolaryngol.HeadNeck Surg.,2002;128(5):554-560;Staab J.P.,Ruckenstein M.J.,Amsterdam J.D.Aprospective trial of sertraline for chronic subjectivedizziness.//Laryngoscope,2004,114(9):1637-41;Horii A.,Mitani K.,Kitahara T.,Uno A.,TakedaN.,Kubo T.Paroxetine,a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,reducesdepressive symptoms and subjective handicaps in patients with dizziness.//Otol.Neurotol.2004,25(4):536-43;Horii A.,Uno A.,Kitahara T.,Mitani K.,Masumura C.,Kizawa K.,Kubo T.Effects of fluvoxamine on anxiety,depression,andsubjective handicaps of chronic dizziness patients with or without neuro-otologic diseases.//J.Vestib.Res.2007,17(1):1-8;Simon N.M.,Parker S.W.,Wernick-Robinson M.,Oppenheimer J.E.,Hoge E.A.,Worthington J.J.,Korbly N.B.,Pollack M.H.Fluoxetine for vestibular dysfunction and anxiety:a prospectivepilot study.//Psychosomatics.2005,46(4):334-9]。
可以认为,现有的功能性头晕治疗方法的缺点如下:1)长期滴定SSRI或SSNRI剂量的必要性;2)治疗效果慢;3)在治疗开始时疾病症状频繁加重(尤其是使用SSRI时);4)副作用相对较大;5)这些制剂对前庭补偿过程的负面影响(当使用抗组胺药、GABA能药物(苯并二氮卓类药物)、具有抗胆碱能活性的药物以及具有多巴胺能活性的制剂时,前庭补偿会延迟)。
本发明的作者出乎意料地发现,丁螺环酮(8-[4-[4-(2-嘧啶基)哌嗪-1-基]丁基]-8-氮杂螺[4.5]癸烷-7,9-二酮)可以有效地用于治疗各种类型的功能性头晕。
丁螺环酮(及其盐酸盐)是5-HT1A受体的部分激动剂,其由Bristol-Myers Squibb于20多年前引入市场,用于经口治疗具有或不具有伴随性抑郁的焦虑症。在1990年,该公司与Menarini合作推出了用于治疗广泛性焦虑症(GAD)的丁螺环酮。目前,国家癌症研究所(NCI)正在参与评估该制剂在减少正在接受化疗的癌症患者的短呼吸方面的功效。国家神经系统疾病和中风研究所(NINDS)正在进行第二阶段临床试验,其涉及使用丁螺环酮治疗局部性癫痫。国家药物滥用研究所(NIDA)正在进行第二阶段临床试验,其涉及使用丁螺环酮治疗和预防可卡因依赖性。
丁螺环酮是一种与一般性焦虑症有关的非典型高效抗焦虑药[ApterJ.T.,AllenL.A.Buspirone:futuredirections//J.Clin.Psychopharmacol.1999;19(1):86-93;FlintA.J.Generalisedanxietydisorderinelderlypatients:epidemiology,diagnosisandtreatmentoptions//DrugsAging.2005;22(2):101-114;Gale C.K.,Millichamp J.Generalised anxiety disorder in children and adolescents//BMJClin Evid.2016 Jan 13;2016.pii:1002;Goa KL,Ward A.Buspirone.A preliminaryreview of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy as ananxiolytic.//Drugs.1986,32(2):114-29]。作为5-HT1A受体的部分激动剂和D2-受体的拮抗剂[Loane C,Politis M.Buspirone:what is it all about?//Brain Res.2012;1461:111-8;Newman-Tancredi A,Gavaudan S,Conte C,Chaput C,Touzard M,Verrièle L,Audinot V,Millan MJ.Agonist and antagonist actions of antipsychotic agents at5-HT1A receptors:a[35S]GTPgammaS binding study//Eur.J.Pharmacol.1998;355(2-3):245-56;Tunnicliff G.Molecular basis of buspirone's anxiolytic action//Pharmacol Toxicol.1991Sep;69(3):149-56],丁螺环酮似乎不会降低前庭补偿过程。
丁螺环酮(及其盐酸盐)与典型的苯并二氮卓抗焦虑药的不同之处在于,它不提供抗惊厥或肌肉松弛效果。此外,它缺乏与更典型的抗焦虑药有关的已知的镇静作用。在体外,丁螺环酮对5-羟色胺(5-НТ1А)受体显示出高度亲和力。在临床前模型中进行测试时,该制剂对苯并二氮卓受体没有明显的亲和力,并且在体外或体内均不影响GABA结合。它对大脑的D2-多巴胺的受体具有中等亲和力。一些研究表明,丁螺环酮可能间接影响其他神经递质系统。
与苯二氮卓类药物不同,由于临床和动物模型中有争议的抗焦虑作用,丁螺环酮作用的可能抗焦虑机制仍然部分未知[Bauer MS,Wisniewski SR,Marangell LB,ChessickCA,Allen MH,Dennehy EB,Miklowitz DJ,Thase ME,Sachs GS.Are antidepressantsassociated with new-onset suicidality in bipolar disorder A prospective studyof participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for BipolarDisorder(STEP-BD)//J.Clin Psychiatry.2006;67(1):48-55]。
大量的工作证据表明,在急性实验中在啮齿类动物上使用丁螺环酮会在狭窄且低剂量范围内产生抗焦虑作用。根据动物种类和所使用的焦虑模型,这种作用差异很大。同时,在高剂量下,在大剂量范围内出现类似焦虑症的作用[CollinsonN,DawsonGR.Ontheelevatedplus-mazetheanxiolytic-likeeffectsofthe 5-HT(1A)agonist,8-OH-DPAT,butnottheanxiogenic-likeeffectsofthe 5-HT(1A)partialagonist,buspirone,areblockedbythe 5-HT1Aantagonist,WAY 100635.//Psychopharmacology(Berl).1997;132(1):35-43;de Oliveira Citó Mdo C.,da SilvaF.C.,Silva M.I.,等人.Reversal of cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety byondansetron,buspirone and propranolol//Behav Brain Res.2012;231(1):116-23;File S.E.,Andrews N.Low but not high doses of buspirone reduce the anxiogeniceffects of diazepam withdrawal//Psychopharmacology(Berl).1991;105(4):578-82;Handley S.L.,McBlane J.W.5HT drugs in animal models of anxiety//Psychopharmacology(Berl).1993;112(1):13-20;Hestermann D,Temel Y,Blokland A,Lim LW.Acute serotonergic treatment changes the relation between anxiety andHPA-axis functioning and periaqueductal gray activation//Behav.BrainRes.2014;273:155-65;Inagaki H,Kiyokawa Y,Takeuchi Y,Mori Y.The alarmpheromone in male rats as a unique anxiety model:psychopharmacologicalevidence using anxiolytics//Pharmacol Biochem Behav.2010;94(4):575-9;MoserP.C.An evaluation of the elevated plus-maze test using the novel anxiolyticbuspirone//Psychopharmacology(Berl).1989;99(1):48-53;Paine T.A.,Jackman S.L.,Olmstead M.C.Cocaine-induced anxiety:alleviation by diazepam,but notbuspirone,dimenhydrinate or diphenhydramine.Behav Pharmacol.2002;13(7):511-23;Shimada T.,Matsumoto K.,Osanai M.,Matsuda H.,Terasawa K.,Watanabe H.Themodified light/dark transition test in mice:evaluation of classic andputative anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs.//Gen.Pharmacol.1995;26(1):205-10;B,Hjorth S,Engel JA.Effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonists and L-5-HTP in Montgomery's conflict test.//Pharmacol Biochem Behav.1989;32(1):259-65;Varty G.B.,Morgan C.A.,Cohen-Williams M.E.,Coffin V.L.,Carey G.J.Thegerbil elevated plus-maze I:behavioral characterization and pharmacologicalvalidation.//Neuropsychopharmacology.2002 Sep;27(3):357-70]。
丁螺环酮的类似焦虑症作用在临床上具有重大意义,因为在使用丁螺环酮的长期治疗的初期可能会观察到病情加重的事实,这需要对治疗方案进行彻底控制[Chignon JM,Lepine JP.Panic and hypertension associated with single dose of buspirone.//Lancet.1989;2(8653):46-7;Liegghio N.E.,Yeragani V.K.,Moore N.C.Buspirone-induced jitteriness in three patients with panic disorder and one patientwith generalized anxiety disorder.//J Clin Psychiatry.1988;49(4):165-6;NewtonR.E.,Marunycz J.D.,Alderdice M.T.,Napoliello M.J.Review of the side-effectprofile of buspirone.//Am.J.Med.1986;80(3B):17-21]。
丁螺环酮对受体复合物的亲和力可能是其双相药理作用的基础[TunnicliffG.Molecular basis of buspirone's anxiolytic action.//Pharmacol Toxicol.1991;69(3):149-56]。丁螺环酮用作位于中缝核的树突状神经元表面的5-HT1A自受体的完全激动剂,减少了5-HT神经元的放电,并且因此减少了该结构中5-羟色胺的释放,从而激活了其他大脑结构。该机制被认为是丁螺环酮抗焦虑作用的部分原因[CarliM,PronteraC,SamaninR.Evidencethatcentral 5-hydroxytryptaminergicneuronesareinvolvedintheanxiolyticactivityofbuspirone.Br J Pharmacol.1989 Apr;96(4):829-36;Adell A,Sarna GS,Hutson PH,Curzon G.An in vivo dialysis and behavioural study of therelease of 5-HT by p-chloroamphetamine in reserpine-treated rats.Br JPharmacol.1989 May;97(1):206-12;Sharp T,Bramwell SR,Grahame-Smith DG.5-HT1agonists reduce 5-hydroxytryptamine release in rat hippocampus in vivo asdetermined by brain microdialysis.Br J Pharmacol.1989 Feb;96(2):283-90;Sprouse JS,Aghajanian GK.Electrophysiological responses of serotoninergicdorsal raphe neurons to 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists.Synapse.1987;1(1):3-9]。
然而,丁螺环酮还可以作为突触后5-HT1A受体的激动剂,从而减少神经元放电。这些相反的作用可以调节丁螺环酮的双相焦虑调节作用[SillarKT1,SimmersAJ.Presynapticinhibitionofprimaryafferenttransmitterreleaseby 5-hydroxytryptamineatamechanosensorysynapseinthevertebratespinalcord.J Neurosci.1994 May;14(5 Pt 1):2636-47;McNaughton N,Panickar KS,Logan B.The pituitary-adrenal axis and thedifferent behavioral effects of buspirone and chlordiazepoxide.PharmacolBiochem Behav.1996 May;54(1):51-6;Hodges H,Green S,Glenn B.Evidence that theamygdala is involved in benzodiazepine and serotonergic effects on punishedresponding but not on discrimination.Psychopharmacology(Berl).1987;92(4):491-504]。
一些使用5-HT1A拮抗剂的研究表明,丁螺环酮存在类似焦虑症和类似抗焦虑的作用,这分别是由其与D2类和5-HT1A受体系统的相互作用介导的[Collinson N1,DawsonGR.On the elevated plus-maze the anxiolytic-like effects of the 5-HT(1A)agonist,8-OH-DPAT,but not the anxiogenic-like effects of the 5-HT(1A)partialagonist,buspirone,are blocked by the 5-HT1A antagonist,WAY100635.Psychopharmacology(Berl).1997Jul;132(1):35-43]。
最近显示出,丁螺环酮还作为与D2受体相比具有更高结合亲和力的D3和D4受体的拮抗剂[Mello NK1,Fivel PA,Kohut SJ,Bergman J.Effects of chronic buspironetreatment on cocaine self-administration.Neuropsychopharmacology.2013Feb;38(3):455-67]。
发现尽管有类似抗焦虑作用,丁螺环酮仍激活下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺应激系统,并通过中枢(central,中心)作用机制增加肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的外周浓度。
在本领域中已知丁螺环酮被用于具有明显焦虑症状的神经症的姑息治疗(US4182763,08.01.1980);多动、注意力不集中(EP0497314,01.03.1989);用于治疗药物滥用和成瘾(US5185329,09.02.1993);用于治疗焦虑症(WO2005049041,02.06.2005;US7678363,16.03.2010);精神疾病(US7678363,16.03.2010);抑郁症(WO2007144080,21.12.2007);神经系统疾病(WO2008083204,10.07.2008)。
已知丁螺环酮的全身应用可用于治疗与免疫响应有关的病理症状(EP0690715,28.05.2003);用于治疗性功能和生殖障碍(US8052982,08.11.2011)以及性功能障碍(US4640921,03.02.1987);用于治疗与睡眠有关的呼吸系统疾病(WO2000006163,10.02.2000)。已知丁螺环酮被用于治疗青光眼(US7763619,27.07.2010),疼痛,神经病(US6511982,28.01.2003),痒(WO2004084900,07.10.2004),用于治疗、预防或缓解运动障碍(诸如帕金森病、运动功能障碍(dyskinesia)(US9186359,17.11.2015);脊髓损伤,弥漫性硬化,帕金森病(WO2015127558,03.09.2015);呼吸暂停(EP0442424,21.12.1994)以及失禁(WO1996005817,29.02.1996),恶心和呕吐(WO2008149062,11.12.2008),潮热(WO2011064769,03.06.2011),自闭症谱系障碍(US2012108510,19.05.2011)。
本发明的作者出乎意料地发现,丁螺环酮在减少了患有各种形式功能性头晕(PPPD、CSD和PPV)的患者头晕的表现。本发明人认为,在患有功能性头晕的患者中使用丁螺环酮的前景在于以下事实,在其应用期间,尽管该制剂具有抗焦虑作用,但下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺系统被激活并且肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的外周浓度增加。作为拟交感神经药并穿透血脑屏障,这些物质对前庭补偿产生刺激作用。尚未全面研究5-羟色胺受体在前庭补偿过程中的作用。然而,已知在前庭核区域中存在5-羟色胺受体(5HT-1、2和7)[Soto E,Vega R,E.Neuropharmacological basis of vestibular system disorder treatment.JVestib Res.2013;23(3):119-37],而且突然取消SSRI时经常伴有清晰而明显的头晕[SotoE,Vega R,E.Neuropharmacological basis of vestibular system disordertreatment.J Vestib Res.2013;23(3):119-37]。还认为5-羟色胺的激动剂(以及,尤其是5-HT1A受体)可以预防晕动症[Marcus DA,Furman JM.Prevention of motion sicknesswith rizatriptan:a double-blind,placebo-controlled pilot study.Med SciMonit.2006Jan:PI1-7]。因此,有理由认为,由于某些前庭补偿机制的刺激,丁螺环酮可能是治疗功能性头晕的前瞻性药物。显然,其他益处包括没有镇静作用和肌肉松弛作用,可控制的剂量滴定方案以及丁螺环酮的有利安全性。
然而,头晕是对未患有功能性头晕的患者给药时,丁螺环酮经常发生的副作用(Karamanolis GP,Panopoulos S,Denaxas K,Karlaftis A,Zorbala A,Kamberoglou D,Ladas SD,Sfikakis PP.The 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone improvesesophageal motor function and symptoms in systemic sclerosis:a 4-week,open-label trial.Arthritis Res Ther.2016 Sep 1;18:195;Le Foll B,Payer D,Di CianoP,Guranda M,Nakajima S,Tong J,Mansouri E,Wilson AA,Houle S,Meyer JH,Graff-Guerrero A,Boileau I.Occupancy of Dopamine D3 and D2 Receptors by Buspirone:A[11C]-(+)-PHNO PET Study in Humans.Neuropsychopharmacology.2016 Jan;41(2):529-37.Epub 2015 Jun 19;Sutherland SM,Adler LA,Chen C,Smith MD,Feltner DE.An8-week,randomized controlled trial of atomoxetine,atomoxetine plus buspirone,or placebo in adults with ADHD.J Clin Psychiatry.2012 Apr;73(4):445-50.Epub2012 Jan 10;Frey JM,Mintzer MZ,Rush CR,Griffiths RR.Buspirone isdifferentiated from diazepam in humans using a three-response drugdiscrimination procedure.Psychopharmacology(Berl).1998 Jul;138(1):16-26;Sramek JJ,Tansman M,Suri A,Hornig-Rohan M,Amsterdam JD,Stahl SM,Weisler RH,Cutler NR.Efficacy of buspirone in generalized anxiety disorder withcoexisting mild depressive symptoms.J Clin Psychiatry.1996 Jul;57(7):287-91)。因此,对于本领域技术人员而言,在丁螺环酮的作用下患有各种形式功能性头晕的患者的头晕的表现降低是出乎意料的。
下面,给出了在本发明的说明书中使用的一些术语的定义。
“药物组合物”是指包括丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐和至少一种组分的组合物,该至少一种组分选自包括药学上可接受且与药理学相容的调料、溶剂、稀释剂、载体、佐剂和分散剂,递送装置例如防腐剂、稳定剂、填料、崩解剂、润湿剂、乳化剂、混悬剂、增稠剂、甜味剂、增香剂、芳香剂、抗菌剂、杀真菌剂、润滑剂、延长的输送调节剂的组,其选择和比例取决于给药和剂量的方案和方法。混悬剂的一些实例是乙氧基化的异硬脂醇(ethoxilatedisostearyl alcohol)、聚氧乙烯、山梨(糖)醇和山梨糖醇酯、微晶纤维素、羟氧化铝、膨润土、琼脂和黄芪胶及其混合物。可以通过使用各种抗细菌和抗真菌剂来实现针对微生物的保护,诸如,例如对羟基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、山梨酸和类似化合物。该组合物还可以包括等渗剂,例如糖、氯化钠等。组合物的延长作用可以通过使用降低活性源吸收的剂例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶来实现。合适的载体、溶剂、稀释剂和递送剂的实例是水、乙醇、多元醇及其混合物、植物油(诸如橄榄油)和注射有机酯(诸如油酸乙酯)。填料的实例是乳糖、奶糖、柠檬酸钠、碳酸钙、磷酸钙等。崩解剂和分散剂的实例是淀粉、藻酸及其盐、硅酸盐。润滑剂的实例是硬脂酸镁、十二烷基硫酸钠、滑石和高分子量的聚乙二醇。用于经口、舌下、经皮、肌肉内、静脉内、皮下、局部或直肠引入活性源的药物组合物,无论是单一的还是与另一活性源相结合,可以以标准的给药形式或与常规药物载体混合的形式给药至动物和人。合适的标准给药形式包括口服形式,诸如片剂、明胶胶囊、丸剂、粉剂、颗粒剂、口香糖和口服溶液剂或混悬剂;舌下和经颊给药形式、气雾剂、植入物、局部、透皮、皮下、肌肉内、静脉内、鼻内或眼内形式和直肠注射形式。
“药学上可接受的盐”是指本发明所要求保护的相对无毒的酸和碱的有机盐和无机盐。这些盐可以在化合物的合成、分离或纯化过程中原位产生,或者可以专门制备。特别地,可以基于所要求保护的化合物的纯化的游离碱和合适的有机酸或无机酸来特别制备碱金属盐。以这种方式产生的盐的实例是盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、乙酸盐、草酸盐、戊酸盐、油酸盐、棕榈酸盐、硬脂酸盐、月桂酸盐、硼酸盐、苯甲酸盐、乳酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、马来酸盐、富马酸盐、琥珀酸盐、酒石酸盐、甲磺酸盐、丙二酸盐、水杨酸盐、丙酸盐、乙烷磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、氨基磺酸盐等(这些盐的特性的详细说明在Berge S.M.,等人.,“Pharmaceutical Salts”//J.Pharm.Sci.1977,66:1-19中提供)。所要求保护的酸的盐还可以特别地通过纯化的酸与合适的碱之间的反应来生产;因此可以合成金属盐和胺盐。金属盐包括钠、钾、钙、钡、锌、镁、锂和铝的盐,最希望的是钠和钾的盐。可用于生产金属盐的合适的无机碱为:氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠和氢化钠;氢氧化钾和碳酸氢钾;草碱(potash,钾碱);氢氧化锂;氢氧化钙;氢氧化镁;氢氧化锌。作为有机碱,可以从其产生所要求保护的酸的盐,选择胺和氨基酸,因为其具有形成稳定盐的足够的碱容量并且因为适合用于医学目的(特别是它们应具有低毒性)。这样的胺包括:氨、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、乙胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、苄胺、二苄胺、二环己胺、哌嗪、乙基哌啶、三(羟甲基)胺甲烷等。此外,四烷基氢氧化铵可用于形成盐,诸如,例如,胆碱、四甲基铵、四乙基铵等。作为氨基酸,可以使用碱性氨基酸,诸如赖氨酸、鸟氨酸和精氨酸。
本发明的目的是找到用于治疗功能性头晕的新的前瞻性药物,其没有苯并二氮卓抗类焦虑的缺点。
本发明的技术效果是:
-治疗独立于抑郁和焦虑状态的功能性头晕的可能性;
-实现临床上治疗起效的最佳速度;
-易于剂量滴定;
-镇静作用最小化;
-改善的安全性。
通过应用丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐来治疗功能性头晕,解决了上述目的并实现了结果。
该技术效果也由于以下事实而得到实现:
-功能性头晕是持续性体位-感知性头晕;
-功能性头晕是体位恐惧性眩晕;
-功能性头晕是慢性主观头晕;
-丁螺环酮的药学上可接受的盐是盐酸丁螺环酮。
本发明的另一目的是丁螺环酮药物组合物用于治疗功能性头晕的用途。所述丁螺环酮药物组合物包括治疗有效量的丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐和至少一种药学上可接受的载体。
该技术效果也由于以下事实而得到实现:
-功能性头晕是持续性体位-感知性头晕;
-功能性头晕是体位恐惧性眩晕;
-功能性头晕是慢性主观头晕;
-丁螺环酮的药学上可接受的盐是盐酸丁螺环酮;
-药物组合物是具有延长释放的组合物;
-丁螺环酮药物组合物以置于药学上可接受的包装中的剂型使用,所述剂型包括治疗可接受量的丁螺环酮;
-剂型选自包括片剂、胶囊剂和注射剂的组;
-剂型是具有延长释放的剂型;
-丁螺环酮以5至100mg/天的剂量给药;
-丁螺环酮以每天一次的15mg剂量给药;
-丁螺环酮与选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)、选择性5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SSNRI)、镇定剂或三环类抗抑郁药组合使用。
药物组合物可以包括药学上可接受的赋形剂。药学上可接受的赋形剂应理解为在制药领域中使用的稀释剂、佐剂和/或载体。除了丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐以外,根据本发明的药物组合物可以包括具有相应活性的其他活性物质,只要它们不会引起不良效果即可。
如果必须在临床实践中使用根据本发明的药物组合物,则可以将其与常规药物载体混合。
在根据本发明的药物组合物中使用的载体是在制药领域中用于产生普遍剂型的那些载体。以口服形式使用的粘合剂、润滑剂、崩解剂、溶剂、稀释剂、稳定剂、混悬剂、矫味剂;以注射剂形式使用的防腐剂、增溶剂、稳定剂;以局部形式使用的碱、稀释剂、润滑剂、防腐剂。
药物可以口服或胃肠外(例如,静脉内、皮下、腹膜内或局部)引入。可以根据治疗功效和体内活性成分的生物利用度,它们的交换速度和从生物体中排泄的速率以及根据患者的年龄、性别和疾病阶段,校正用于患者的包括根据本发明的丁螺旋酮的药物的临床剂量,成人的日剂量通常为10至500mg,优选50至300mg。因此,当由根据本发明的药物组合物生产以单位剂量形式的药物时,必须考虑上述有效剂量,并且每单位剂量的制剂应含有10至500mg的丁螺环酮,优选50至300mg。根据医生或药剂师的指示,可以在一定时间段内多次服用这些制剂(优选一至六次)。
更优选地,当丁螺环酮的使用剂量为5至100mg/天,优选为10至60mg/天,更优选15至45mg/天时,丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐用于治疗功能性头晕、持续性体位-感知性头晕、体位恐惧性眩晕、慢性主观头晕。
仍然更优选地,当丁螺环酮的使用剂量为每天一次15mg时,优选地以缓释组合物的形式,丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐用于治疗功能性头晕、持续性体位-感知性头晕、体位恐惧性眩晕、慢性主观头晕。
仍更优选地,当将丁螺环酮与选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)、选择性5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SSNRI)、镇定剂或三环类抗抑郁药组合使用时,丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐用于治疗功能性头晕、持续性体位-感知性头晕、体位恐惧性眩晕、慢性主观头晕。
如下所示,实施本发明的实施例说明但不限制本发明。
实施本发明的实施例
实施例1.在Suok小鼠试验中评估了丁螺环酮用于改善头晕的功效。
研究丁螺环酮对功能性头晕的影响的近似模型之一是所谓的Suok啮齿类动物试验。该试验基于动物在升高的水平杆(对于小鼠)或狭窄的小巷(对于大鼠)保持平衡。评估动物的平衡控制(跌倒和滑倒)。明-暗Suok试验变形中使用了相同的设备。在黑暗的实验室中,将一半的杆或小巷明亮地照亮(厌恶区域)。在修改的试验中评估了相同的参数。Suok试验能够可靠地评估啮齿类动物的状态、焦虑和平衡。通过对上述模型进行的归纳研究,可以整体地评估焦虑和前庭疾病的行为方面和神经方面。这样的工作表明有可能对作用于前庭器官上的潜在制剂进行筛选。
与安慰剂相比,Suok试验中的丁螺环酮(或其盐酸盐)可显著改善啮齿类动物的功能性头晕。
实施例2.丁螺环酮用于治疗恐惧性体位眩晕的用途。
为了研究使用丁螺环酮用于治疗恐惧性体位眩晕,进行了临床试验,其中纳入的患者为观察到具有未确诊的眩晕,经过全面的诊断测试无法通过耳神经科疾病解释。
患者将眩晕描述为不确定感、不稳定感、失去现实和接近失去良知的感觉。患者可能与晕动症感觉相比较的经常发生的某病症:患者站立或行走时不稳定的摇晃表面的感觉,以及同时出现的轻微恶心的感觉。结果,患者似乎走路不平稳,他们左右晃动,然而步态异常对其他人,甚至是亲密的人都看不到。这些感觉不断出现,在户外、地铁、百货公司或在情绪压力下变得越来越强烈。在整个疾病期间,没有系统性头晕发作。
患者接受了以下实验室研究:血液和尿素、ECG、EchoCG、US头臂动脉双重扫描、脑部MR断层扫描、脑动脉MR血管造影、诱发干细胞、视觉和体感电位、颈椎X线研究。
仅纳入那些在躯体和神经学研究中没有表现出偏离正常的患者;特别地,未发现可能影响前庭分析器的CNS器质性病变。特别地,在视频震颤控制下的临床耳神经检查中,没有发现眼球震颤、隐匿的前庭功能障碍体征。患者应准确地完成指示性协调测试。排除了轮替运动障碍(Disdiadochocinesia)、辨距障碍(dysmetria)。在罗姆伯格氏(Romberg's)测试期间,患者应保持稳定。在闭着眼睛进行的罗姆伯格氏(Romberg's)复杂测试中,通常观察到表达的不确定性,但是尽管如此,该测试还是令人满意地完成了。在选定的患者中未发现步态障碍,包括纵列和侧向步态。Fukuda测试应给出阴性结果。因此,排除了神经系统的器质性病变。
PPV的鉴别诊断包括结构性前庭疾病、其他医学疾病和精神病综合症。最重要的功能和精神病综合症包括:伴有或不伴有恐惧症的惊恐症;导致恐慌发作或慢性焦虑的其他精神或医学疾病;空间恐惧症,视觉头晕,抑郁综合征。
在排除器质性病变并进行鉴别诊断后,使用以下标准确定PPV诊断:
·非前庭“假性头晕”(摇晃、接近跌倒、地面不稳定的感觉);
·主观感觉和客观感觉之间的分离;
·典型的诱发因素:在地铁、桥梁、演出期间、百货商店中等;
·避免引起头晕的情况的倾向;
·身体负荷或服用少量酒精后的改善;
·通过急性发病的疾病发作(前庭头晕、惊恐发作);
·人格特征:完美,执着,焦虑和抑郁的倾向。
结果,有50名年龄在18至65岁之间的男性和女性被纳入研究,并证实诊断为“恐惧性体位眩晕”。
Beck抑郁量表和斯皮尔伯格(Spielberger's)状态性-特质焦虑量表用于确定伴随的焦虑和抑郁状态。
首先公开在1961年[Beck A.T.,Ward C.H.,Mendelson M.,Mock J.,ErbaughJ.An inventory for measuring depression//Arch.Gen.Psychiatry.4(6):561–71,1961]中的Beck抑郁量表(BDI)由涉及一个对象上周的感受的二十一个问题组成。每个问题都有一组至少四个强度不同的可能答案。在评估测试结果期间,为每个答案赋值一个0到3的值,并且然后将总分与确定抑郁严重程度的关键点进行比较。
标准指标:
0-9:极轻抑郁;
10-18:轻度抑郁;
19-29:中度抑郁;
30-63:重度抑郁。
斯皮尔伯格(Spielberger's)状态性-特质焦虑量表(STAI)由涉及作为状态的焦虑(状态焦虑、反应性或情境性焦虑)的20个表述和作为确定性格、个人特质的焦虑(个人焦虑调查表)的20个陈述组成[Spielberger C.D.,Gorsuch R.L.,Lushene R.E.Manual forthe Strait-Trait Anxiety Inventory.Palo Alto,CA:Consulting PsychologistsPress;1970]。
根据表1的问题1-20对反应性焦虑(状态焦虑)进行评估。根据表2的问题21-40对个人焦虑(性格焦虑)进行评估。
焦虑水平最高达为30被认为是低度,从30到45–中度,从46及以上–高度。每个量表的最低分数是20,最高分数是80。
确定了十六名(32%)中度抑郁和焦虑状态的患者。
将患者分为5组:
一组服用安慰剂,
一组每天服用5mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用15mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用30mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用100mg的丁螺环酮。
使用方案:口服,在相同时间每天一次,无论早上是否进餐,持续12周。
为了评估功能性头晕患者在治疗前和治疗12周后的状态,使用了“头晕障碍量表(Dizziness Handicap Inventory)”[Dieterich M.,Staab J.P.,Brandt T.Functional(psychogenic)dizziness//Handbook of Clinical Neurology,Vol.139,Chapter 37,2016,pp.447-468]。该问卷的目的在于确定由于头晕状态可能引起的困难。有25个问题;对于每个问题,均应给出“是”、“否”或“有时”的答案。每个答案的评分为0到4。最高分数为100(重度状态),最低分数为0(无头晕)。将这样获得的分数用于跟踪变化。
对安全性参数进行统计处理,并根据EAEU良好临床实践指南(EAEU GoodClinical Practice Guidelines)使用统计软件包SPSS Statistics 19.0编制了丁螺环酮用于治疗功能性头晕的研究结果。研究结果示于表1。
表1.
*–与安慰剂组的差异p<0.05。
在进行的研究过程中,与安慰剂组相比,确定了丁螺环酮组的PPV功能性头晕水平具有显著的统计学降低(显著性水平p<0.05)。治疗效果不取决于伴随性抑郁或焦虑状态是否存在。
实施例3.丁螺环酮用于治疗体位性感知性头晕的用途。
为了研究丁螺环酮(或其盐酸盐)用于治疗体位性感知性头晕的用途,根据实施例2进行了临床试验,纳入以下患者作为志愿者,患者与神经科医生预约并主诉头晕或步态不稳困扰他们持续6-7个月。
对患者进行以下实验室研究:血液和尿素、ECG、EchoCG、US头臂动脉双重扫描、脑部MR断层扫描、脑动脉MR血管造影、诱发干细胞、视觉和体感电位、颈椎X线研究。
仅纳入那些在躯体和神经系统研究中没有表现出偏离正常的患者;特别地,如以上实施例2所述,未发现可能影响前庭分析器的CNS器质性病变。因此,排除了由精神病综合症引起的神经系统器质性病变和头晕。
PPPD诊断算法主要在于使用诊断标准并排除其他原因。鉴别诊断包括前庭偏头痛、惊恐发作和其他一些病症。
诊断标准是:
(1)身体检查期间无法发现的持续性摇晃或不稳定;
(2)在直立姿势中症状恶化;
(3)由于头部运动或复杂的视觉刺激而症状恶化;
(4)症状发作时出现死亡或情绪激动;
(5)通常会加重症状的同时死亡。
六十五名年龄在18至68岁之间的经证实诊断为“持续性体位-感知性头晕”的男性和女性被纳入研究。
根据实施例2,使用Beck抑郁量表和斯皮尔伯格(Spielberger's)状态性-特质焦虑量表来确定伴随性焦虑和抑郁状态。
确定了十八名(28%)中度抑郁和焦虑状态的患者。
将患者分为5组:
一组服用安慰剂,
一组每天服用5mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用15mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用30mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用100mg的丁螺环酮。
使用方案:口服,在相同时间每天一次,无论早上是否进餐,持续12周。
为了评估功能性头晕患者在治疗前和治疗12周后的状态,根据实施例2使用了头晕障碍量表。
对安全性参数进行统计处理,并根据EAEU良好临床实践指南并使用统计软件包SPSS Statistics 19.0编制了丁螺环酮用于治疗功能性头晕的研究结果。研究结果示于表2。
表2.
*–与安慰剂组的差异p<0.05。
在进行的研究过程中,与安慰剂组相比,确定了丁螺环酮组的PPV功能性头晕水平具有显著的统计学降低(显著性水平p<0.05)。治疗效果不取决于伴随性抑郁或焦虑状态是否存在。
实施例4.丁螺环酮用于治疗慢性主观头晕的用途。
为了研究使用丁螺环酮(或其盐酸盐)用于治疗慢性主观头晕的用途,根据实施例2进行了临床测试,纳入以下患者作为志愿者,患者与神经科医生预约并主诉头晕或不确定的不稳定感,其在当触发作用在他们的周围环境中(诸如高处)、在运动物体上或在运动条件下(例如,繁忙的街道或拥挤人群)时会加重。
对患者进行以下实验室研究:血液和尿素、ECG、EchoCG、US头臂动脉双重扫描、脑部MR断层扫描、脑动脉MR血管造影、诱发干细胞、视觉和体感电位、颈椎X线研究。
仅纳入那些在躯体和神经系统研究中没有表现出偏离正常的患者;特别地,如以上实施例2所述,未发现可能影响前庭分析器的CNS器质性病变。因此,排除了由精神病综合症引起的神经系统器质性病变和头晕。
根据实施例2排除了器质性病变并进行鉴别诊断后,使用以下标准来确定CSD诊断:
1)持续的(持续3个月)的非旋转性眩晕、昏厥、沉重或主观失衡感;
2)存在对自身运动的慢性超敏反应(持续3个月),其不是特定方向,并且与环境中物体的运动无关;
3)在具有复杂视觉刺激的条件下(诸如杂货店或百货商店等),或者在执行精确的视觉任务(诸如阅读或使用计算机)时,症状会加重。
4)不存在活动性生理神经耳科疾病(即,结构性或细胞性疾病)或其他可能引起头昏的某些医学状态;另外,患者未服用可能引起头晕的药物;
5)脑部射线照相可视化的结果排除了神经耳科学上重要的解剖学病变;
6)平衡测试的结果在控制限内或不表示结构前庭缺陷。
四十五名年龄在18至65岁之间的经证实诊断为“慢性主观头晕”的男性和女性被纳入研究。
根据实施例2,使用Beck抑郁量表和斯皮尔伯格(Spielberger's)状态性-特质焦虑量表来确定伴随性焦虑和抑郁状态。
确定了十二名(27%)中度抑郁和焦虑状态的患者。
将患者分为5组:
一组服用安慰剂,
一组每天服用5mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用15mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用30mg的丁螺环酮,
一组每天服用100mg的丁螺环酮。
使用方案:口服,在相同时间每天一次,无论早上是否进餐,持续12周。
为了评估功能性头晕患者在治疗前和治疗12周后的状态,如上所述,使用了头晕障碍量表。计算出的分数用于跟踪变化。
对安全性参数进行统计处理,并根据EAEU良好临床实践指南并使用统计软件包SPSS Statistics 19.0编制了丁螺环酮用于治疗功能性头晕的研究结果研究结果示于表3。
表3.
*–与安慰剂组的差异p<0.05。
在进行的研究过程中,与安慰剂组相比,确定了丁螺环酮组的CSD功能性头晕水平具有显著的统计学降低(显著性水平p<0.05)。治疗效果不取决于伴随性抑郁或焦虑状态是否存在。
实施例5.丁螺环酮的药学上可接受的盐的生产。
该化合物包括离子型基团(仲胺、叔胺),并且可以形成通过本领域已知方法生产的盐。
例如,将丁螺环酮溶解在酯中,并以1:1.1的摩尔比加入HCl的乙醇溶液,以沉淀出盐酸盐。产生的盐沉淀物从比例为1:1的EtOAc/EtOH的混合物中重结晶。所生产的盐酸丁螺环酮的产率为98.5%;LC MS m/z 422(M+1)。
实施例6.生产片剂形式的药物。将1,600mg淀粉、1,600mg粉碎乳糖、400mg滑石(粉)和1,000mg丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐混合并压成棒(bar)。将获得的棒粉碎成颗粒并过筛,收集14-16目大小的颗粒。将产生的颗粒制片为合适形式的片剂,每个片剂的重量为560mg。
实施例7.生产胶囊形式的药物。将丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐与粉末化乳糖按2:1的比例充分混合。将产生的粉末混合物包装到适当大小的明胶胶囊中,每个胶囊300mg。
实施例8.生产用于肌肉内、腹膜内或皮下注射的注射组合物形式的药物。将500mg丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐与300mg氯丁醇、2ml丙二醇和100ml注射用水混合。将产生的溶液过滤并放入密封的1ml安瓿瓶中。
本发明可以用于医学和药理学。
Claims (16)
1.丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐在制备用于治疗功能性头晕的药物的用途,所述药物不包括具有相应活性的其他活性物质。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述功能性头晕为持续性体位-感知性头晕。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述功能性头晕是恐惧性体位眩晕。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述功能性头昏是慢性主观头晕。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,丁螺环酮的所述药学上可接受的盐是盐酸丁螺环酮。
6.丁螺环酮药物组合物在制备用于治疗功能性头晕的药物的用途,所述丁螺环酮药物组合物包括治疗有效量的丁螺环酮或其药学上可接受的盐和至少一种药学上可接受的载体,所述药物不包括具有相应活性的其他活性物质。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,所述功能性头晕是持续性体位-感知性头晕。
8.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,所述功能性头晕是恐惧性体位眩晕。
9.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,所述功能性头晕是慢性主观头晕。
10.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,丁螺环酮的所述药学上可接受的盐是盐酸丁螺环酮。
11.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,所述药物组合物是缓释组合物。
12.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,所述丁螺环酮药物组合物以置于药学上合适的包装中的剂型使用,所述剂型包括治疗有效量的丁螺环酮。
13.根据权利要求12所述的用途,其特征在于,所述剂型选自包括片剂、胶囊剂和注射剂的组。
14.根据权利要求12所述的用途,其特征在于,所述剂型是缓释剂型。
15.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,丁螺环酮的使用剂量为每天5mg至100mg。
16.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,丁螺环酮以每天一次15mg的剂量使用。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
RU2017129084A RU2660583C1 (ru) | 2017-08-15 | 2017-08-15 | Применение буспирона для лечения функционального головокружения |
RU2017129084 | 2017-08-15 | ||
PCT/RU2018/000525 WO2019035741A1 (ru) | 2017-08-15 | 2018-08-10 | Применение буспирона для лечения функционального головокружения |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN111032048A CN111032048A (zh) | 2020-04-17 |
CN111032048B true CN111032048B (zh) | 2023-04-04 |
Family
ID=62816036
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201880052738.9A Active CN111032048B (zh) | 2017-08-15 | 2018-08-10 | 丁螺环酮用于治疗功能性头晕的用途 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
KR (1) | KR102407982B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN111032048B (zh) |
EA (1) | EA202090489A1 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2660583C1 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2019035741A1 (zh) |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4182763A (en) * | 1978-05-22 | 1980-01-08 | Mead Johnson & Company | Buspirone anti-anxiety method |
US6268368B1 (en) * | 2000-03-01 | 2001-07-31 | American Pharmaceuticals International | Anionic exchange polymer complexes of buspirone |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4634703A (en) | 1985-10-25 | 1987-01-06 | Bristol-Myers Company | Method for alleviation of panic disorders |
FR2763950B1 (fr) * | 1997-06-02 | 2002-09-20 | Esteve Labor Dr | 2- {4- [4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methylimidazol-1-yl)butyl] -1- piperazinyl }-5-fluoropyrimidine, sa preparation et son utilisation therapeutique |
JP2008543923A (ja) * | 2005-06-22 | 2008-12-04 | ファイザー・プロダクツ・インク | ヒスタミン−3受容体アンタゴニスト |
-
2017
- 2017-08-15 RU RU2017129084A patent/RU2660583C1/ru active
-
2018
- 2018-08-10 EA EA202090489A patent/EA202090489A1/ru unknown
- 2018-08-10 CN CN201880052738.9A patent/CN111032048B/zh active Active
- 2018-08-10 WO PCT/RU2018/000525 patent/WO2019035741A1/ru active Application Filing
- 2018-08-10 KR KR1020207006898A patent/KR102407982B1/ko active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4182763A (en) * | 1978-05-22 | 1980-01-08 | Mead Johnson & Company | Buspirone anti-anxiety method |
US6268368B1 (en) * | 2000-03-01 | 2001-07-31 | American Pharmaceuticals International | Anionic exchange polymer complexes of buspirone |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
黛力新联合丁螺环酮治疗焦虑症伴发慢性主观性头晕的疗效研究;解学军等;《医学信息》;20140531;第27卷(第5期);第198页 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2660583C1 (ru) | 2018-07-06 |
WO2019035741A1 (ru) | 2019-02-21 |
EA202090489A1 (ru) | 2020-05-25 |
KR20200038980A (ko) | 2020-04-14 |
BR112020003227A2 (pt) | 2021-03-23 |
KR102407982B1 (ko) | 2022-06-14 |
CN111032048A (zh) | 2020-04-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP3668509B1 (en) | Method of treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with pridopidine | |
WO2011107583A1 (en) | Substituted 4-phenyl-n-alkyl-piperidines for preventing onset or slowing progression of neurodegenerative disorders | |
RU2759727C2 (ru) | Средство для профилактики или лечения атрофии головного мозга | |
US11541033B2 (en) | Agent for preventing or treating Alzheimer's disease | |
RU2728717C1 (ru) | Средство для профилактики или лечения спиноцеребеллярной атаксии | |
CA3189302A1 (en) | Combinations of gabaa alpha 5 agonists and sv2a inhibitors and methods of using in the treatment of cognitive impairment | |
JP2023055770A (ja) | ドーパミン作動性cns障害の治療におけるly3154207の使用のための用量レジメン | |
CN111032048B (zh) | 丁螺环酮用于治疗功能性头晕的用途 | |
US20240299375A1 (en) | Use of mevidalen and other d1 positive allosteric modulators in the treatment of hallucinations and dementia-related psychosis | |
EA041007B1 (ru) | Применение буспирона для лечения функционального головокружения | |
BR112020003227B1 (pt) | Uso de buspirona para tratar tontura funcional | |
JP2024525875A (ja) | パーキンソン病及び/またはレビー小体型疾患または障害の処置方法 | |
Naunton | DRUGSCAN: INTERNAL MEDICINE. |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HK Ref legal event code: DE Ref document number: 40027531 Country of ref document: HK |
|
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
GR01 | Patent grant |