CN111011916A - Paperless hollow blended filter stick and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Paperless hollow blended filter stick and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111011916A CN111011916A CN201911107134.2A CN201911107134A CN111011916A CN 111011916 A CN111011916 A CN 111011916A CN 201911107134 A CN201911107134 A CN 201911107134A CN 111011916 A CN111011916 A CN 111011916A
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- Prior art keywords
- filter stick
- blended
- hollow
- paperless
- sol
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 241000234671 Ananas Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000007119 Ananas comosus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical class O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001046 Nanocellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003287 bathing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical class O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 6
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims 5
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 claims 5
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 claims 5
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 238000003181 co-melting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- -1 polyoxyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 abstract description 6
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001747 Cellulose diacetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000034530 PLAA-associated neurodevelopmental disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/02—Manufacture of tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/0204—Preliminary operations before the filter rod forming process, e.g. crimping, blooming
- A24D3/0212—Applying additives to filter materials
- A24D3/022—Applying additives to filter materials with liquid additives, e.g. application of plasticisers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/08—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent
- A24D3/10—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent of cellulose or cellulose derivatives
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F8/00—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof
- D01F8/04—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers
- D01F8/14—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers with at least one polyester as constituent
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F8/00—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof
- D01F8/04—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers
- D01F8/16—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers with at least one other macromolecular compound obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as constituent
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of tobacco filter stick production, and provides a paperless hollow blended filter stick and a preparation method thereof2The sol effectively increases the mechanical property of the filter stick and reduces the air permeability of the surface of the filter stick.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of tobacco filter stick production, and relates to a paperless hollow blended filter stick and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The traditional cigarette filter stick is prepared into a stick by using cellulose diacetate as a main forming material and glycerin as a plasticizer through related forming equipment. In order to prevent the air leakage on the side surface of the filter stick and influence the suction resistance of the filter stick, the side surface of the filter stick of the common cigarette filter stick is covered with a layer of wrap paper, and the phenomenon that smoke flows out from the side surface of the filter stick and influences the suction feeling in the suction process is prevented. The new paperless filter sticks lack surface-covering plug wrap, and therefore, need to put higher demands on the air permeability of the filter stick surface.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provides a paperless hollow blended filter stick and a preparation method thereof2) And the sol is used for increasing the mechanical property of the filter stick and reducing the air permeability of the surface of the filter stick.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows.
A paperless hollow blended filter stick is prepared by blending tow fibers and modified silica sol through a filter stick drawing forming process.
In the technical scheme, the blended tow fiber components are PEO, PLA and CA.
In the technical scheme, the modified ingredient of the modified silica sol is pineapple leaf nanocellulose.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the paperless hollow blended filter stick, which comprises the following steps:
(1) placing the PLA raw material in an oven at 50-75 ℃ for 8-12h, placing the PEO in an oven at 35-45 ℃ for 8-12h, and then blending the two raw materials according to the proportion of (1.3-2.5) to (0.72-1.01);
(2) the blended raw materials are placed in an environment of 160-200 ℃ for melting, and a stirrer is used for stirring at the rotating speed of 60-80rpm and stirring uniformly;
(3) spinning the obtained co-molten mixture to obtain PLA/PEO blended fibers, then placing the blended fibers into a filter stick forming machine for opening, simultaneously placing the conventional CA tows into another opening wheel for opening, mixing the two strands of fibers when passing through a tobacco pipe, and then preparing a PLA/PEO/CA hollow filter stick through a wire drawing forming module;
(4) cutting pineapple leaf fiber to length of less than 1cm, adding into 2% NaOH solution, oil-bathing at 110 deg.C, stirring for 2H, washing with distilled water, grinding into powder, collecting 40-60g of the powder, placing into a conical flask, adding 300-420ml of 20% H2SO4Placing the solution in a water bath with constant temperature of 4 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 30min, centrifuging at high speed for 10min, pouring out the supernatant, adding distilled water, cleaning, repeating the above steps for 3 times, dialyzing the solution with dialysis bag to obtain pineapple leaf nanocellulose suspension, and finally performing ultrasonic treatment for 30 min;
(5) taking 15-25g of tetraethoxysilane as SiO preparation2Precursor of sol, then adding 150-300ml of absolute ethyl alcohol, then adding 5-18ml of ammonia water with volume fraction of 25% as catalyst, stirring and preparing to obtain SiO2Sol, finally rapidly mixing the suspension obtained in the step (4) according to the mass ratio of (3-5) to (1-1.67), and the SiO2Mixing the sol, coating the mixture on the surface of a PLA/PEO/CA hollow filter stick, putting the hollow filter stick into a 60 ℃ oven, and preserving heat for 12 hours.
The invention relates to a paperless hollow blended filter stick and a preparation method thereof, which comprises the steps of blending PEO and PLA for spinning, blending with CA, preparing a hollow filter stick by adopting a wire drawing process, and finally coating a layer of SiO containing pineapple leaf nano-cellulose on the surface of the formed filter stick2The sol can effectively increase the mechanical property of the filter stick, reduce the air permeability of the surface of the filter stick and ensure that smoke does not run off from the side surface in the process of cigarette smoking, thereby providing better cigarette smoking feeling.
Detailed Description
The following examples are given to further illustrate the embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a paperless hollow blended filter stick, which comprises the following steps:
(1) placing a raw material PLA in an oven at 65 ℃ for 10h, placing PEO in an oven at 40 ℃ for 10h, and then blending the two raw materials according to the ratio of 1.7: 0.88;
(2) melting the blended raw materials in an environment of 160 ℃, and stirring uniformly by using a stirrer at the rotating speed of 70 rpm;
(3) spinning the obtained co-molten mixture to obtain PLA/PEO blended fibers, then placing the blended fibers into a filter stick forming machine for opening, simultaneously placing the conventional CA tows into another opening wheel for opening, mixing the two strands of fibers when passing through a tobacco pipe, and then preparing a PLA/PEO/CA hollow filter stick through a wire drawing forming module;
(4) cutting pineapple leaf fiber to length of less than 1cm, adding into 2% NaOH solution, oil-bathing at 110 deg.C under stirring for 2 hr, washing with distilled water, grinding into powder, collecting 40-60g of the powder, placing into a conical flask, and adding 360ml of H2SO4Placing the solution (volume fraction of 20%) into a water bath with constant temperature of 4 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 30min, centrifuging at high speed for 10min, pouring out supernatant, adding distilled water, cleaning, repeating the above steps for 3 times, dialyzing the solution with dialysis bag to obtain pineapple leaf nanocellulose suspension, and finally performing ultrasonic treatment for 30 min;
(5) taking 18g of tetraethoxysilane as SiO preparation2Adding 240ml of absolute ethyl alcohol into a precursor of the sol, adding 6ml of ammonia water (the volume fraction is 25%) serving as a catalyst, and stirring to prepare the SiO2Sol, and finally, quickly mixing the suspension obtained in the step (4) with the SiO according to the mass ratio of 3.5:1.122After the sol is blended, the mixture is coated on the surface of a PLA/PEO/CA hollow filter stick and is placed into a 60 ℃ oven for heat preservation for 12 hours.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a paperless hollow blended filter stick, which comprises the following steps:
(1) placing PLA as a raw material in an oven at 65 ℃ for 10h, placing PEO in an oven at 40 ℃ for 10h, and then blending the two raw materials according to the ratio of 1.3: 1.01;
(2) melting the blended raw materials in an environment of 160 ℃, and stirring uniformly by using a stirrer at the rotating speed of 70 rpm;
(3) spinning the obtained co-molten mixture to obtain PLA/PEO blended fibers, then placing the blended fibers into a filter stick forming machine for opening, simultaneously placing the conventional CA tows into another opening wheel for opening, mixing the two strands of fibers when passing through a tobacco pipe, and then preparing a PLA/PEO/CA hollow filter stick through a wire drawing forming module;
(4) cutting pineapple leaf fiber to length of less than 1cm, adding into 2% NaOH solution, oil-bathing at 110 deg.C under stirring for 2 hr, washing with distilled water, grinding into powder, collecting 40-60g of the powder, placing into a conical flask, and adding 300ml of H2SO4Placing the solution (volume fraction of 20%) into a water bath with constant temperature of 4 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 30min, centrifuging at high speed for 10min, pouring out supernatant, adding distilled water, cleaning, repeating the above steps for 3 times, dialyzing the solution with dialysis bag to obtain pineapple leaf nanocellulose suspension, and finally performing ultrasonic treatment for 30 min;
(5) taking 15g of tetraethoxysilane as a raw material to prepare SiO2Adding 150ml of absolute ethyl alcohol into a precursor of the sol, adding 5ml of ammonia water (the volume fraction is 25%) serving as a catalyst, and stirring to obtain the SiO2Sol, and finally, quickly mixing the suspension obtained in the step (4) with the SiO according to the mass ratio of 3:1.672After the sol is blended, the mixture is coated on the surface of a PLA/PEO/CA hollow filter stick and is placed into a 60 ℃ oven for heat preservation for 12 hours.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a paperless hollow blended filter stick, which comprises the following steps:
(1) placing PLA as a raw material in an oven at 65 ℃ for 10h, placing PEO in an oven at 40 ℃ for 10h, and then blending the two raw materials according to a ratio of 2.5: 0.72;
(2) melting the blended raw materials in an environment of 160 ℃, and stirring uniformly by using a stirrer at the rotating speed of 70 rpm;
(3) spinning the obtained co-molten mixture to obtain PLA/PEO blended fibers, then placing the blended fibers into a filter stick forming machine for opening, simultaneously placing the conventional CA tows into another opening wheel for opening, mixing the two strands of fibers when passing through a tobacco pipe, and then preparing a PLA/PEO/CA hollow filter stick through a wire drawing forming module;
(4) cutting pineapple leaf fiber to length of less than 1cm, adding into 2% NaOH solution, oil-bathing at 110 deg.C under stirring for 2 hr, washing with distilled water, grinding into powder, collecting 40-60g of the powder, placing into a conical flask, and adding 420ml of H2SO4Placing the solution (volume fraction of 20%) into a water bath with constant temperature of 4 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 30min, centrifuging at high speed for 10min, pouring out supernatant, adding distilled water, cleaning, repeating the above steps for 3 times, dialyzing the solution with dialysis bag to obtain pineapple leaf nanocellulose suspension, and finally performing ultrasonic treatment for 30 min;
(5) 25g of tetraethoxysilane are taken as the raw material for preparing SiO2Adding 240ml of absolute ethyl alcohol into a precursor of the sol, adding 6ml of ammonia water (the volume fraction is 25%) serving as a catalyst, and stirring to prepare the SiO2Sol, and finally, quickly mixing the suspension obtained in the step (4) with the SiO according to the mass ratio of 5:12After the sol is blended, the mixture is coated on the surface of a PLA/PEO/CA hollow filter stick and is placed into a 60 ℃ oven for heat preservation for 12 hours.
The paperless hollow blended filter stick obtained by the preparation method of the embodiment 1 is taken for performance test
TABLE 1 comparison of bending Performance test for paperless hollow blended Filter rods (15 pieces/group)
The experimental results show that the hollow filter stick blended by using the paperless fabric has better bending performance, which shows that the method can effectively improve the mechanical performance of the hollow filter stick.
TABLE 2 air permeability test (15 pieces/group) for paperless hollow blended filter stick
The experimental results show that the hollow filter stick prepared from the blend fiber and the inorganic coating has lower side air permeability, and can ensure that smoke does not run off from the side in the cigarette smoking process, thereby providing better cigarette smoking feeling.
In the technical scheme of the invention, the modified ingredient of the modified silica sol can also be carboxymethyl cellulose.
Details not described in this specification are within the skill of the art that are well known to those skilled in the art.
The invention is not to be considered as limited to the particular embodiments shown and described, but is to be understood that all changes, equivalents, and modifications that come within the spirit and scope of the invention are desired to be protected.
Claims (4)
1. A paperless hollow blended filter stick is characterized in that: the filter stick is prepared by adopting blended tow fibers and modified silicon dioxide sol through a filter stick drawing forming process.
2. The paperless hollow blended filter rod according to claim 1, wherein: the blended tow fiber components are polyethylene oxide, polylactic acid and acetate tow.
3. The paperless hollow blended filter rod according to claim 1, wherein: the modified component of the modified silica sol is pineapple leaf nanocellulose.
4. A method for preparing a paperless hollow blended filter stick according to claim 1, characterized in that the method comprises the following steps:
(1) putting the polylactic acid raw material into an oven with the temperature of 50-75 ℃ for 8-12h, putting the polyoxyethylene into an oven with the temperature of 35-45 ℃ for 8-12h, and then blending the two raw materials according to the proportion of (1.3-2.5) to (0.72-1.01);
(2) the blended raw materials are placed in an environment of 160-200 ℃ for melting, and a stirrer is used for stirring at the rotating speed of 60-80rpm and stirring uniformly;
(3) spinning the obtained co-melting mixture to obtain polylactic acid/polyethylene oxide blended fibers, then placing the blended fibers into a filter stick forming machine for opening, simultaneously placing conventional acetate tows into another opening wheel for opening, mixing the two strands of fibers when passing through a cigarette gun, and then preparing the polylactic acid/polyethylene oxide/acetic acid hollow filter stick through a wire drawing forming module;
(4) cutting pineapple leaf fiber to length of less than 1cm, adding into 2% NaOH solution, oil-bathing at 110 deg.C, stirring for 2H, washing with distilled water, grinding into powder, collecting 40-60g of the powder, placing into a conical flask, adding 300-420ml of 20% H2SO4Placing the solution in a water bath with constant temperature of 4 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 30min, centrifuging at high speed for 10min, pouring out the supernatant, adding distilled water, cleaning, repeating the above steps for 3 times, dialyzing the solution with dialysis bag to obtain pineapple leaf nanocellulose suspension, and finally performing ultrasonic treatment for 30 min;
(5) taking 15-25g of tetraethoxysilane as SiO preparation2Precursor of sol, then adding 150-300ml of absolute ethyl alcohol, then adding 5-18ml of ammonia water with volume fraction of 25% as catalyst, stirring and preparing to obtain SiO2Sol, finally rapidly mixing the suspension obtained in the step (4) according to the mass ratio of (3-5) to (1-1.67), and the SiO2Mixing the sol, coating the mixture on the surface of the polylactic acid/polyethylene oxide/acetic acid hollow filter stick, putting the hollow filter stick into a 60 ℃ oven, and preserving heat for 12 hours.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911107134.2A CN111011916A (en) | 2019-11-13 | 2019-11-13 | Paperless hollow blended filter stick and preparation method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911107134.2A CN111011916A (en) | 2019-11-13 | 2019-11-13 | Paperless hollow blended filter stick and preparation method thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN111011916A true CN111011916A (en) | 2020-04-17 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911107134.2A Pending CN111011916A (en) | 2019-11-13 | 2019-11-13 | Paperless hollow blended filter stick and preparation method thereof |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN111011916A (en) |
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- 2019-11-13 CN CN201911107134.2A patent/CN111011916A/en active Pending
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Application publication date: 20200417 |