CN111007374A - System and method for measuring transient electroluminescence - Google Patents
System and method for measuring transient electroluminescence Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a system and a method for measuring transient electroluminescence. The system comprises: a dual-channel oscilloscope; two or more two-channel signal generators for outputting voltage pulses; a nanosecond dual-channel or multi-channel time schedule controller for controlling the time delay of the pulse output by the signal generator; and the photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector is used for collecting transient luminescence, converting the transient luminescence into an electric signal and outputting the electric signal to a second channel of the oscilloscope, wherein an external trigger port of one signal generator is connected with a time zero channel interface of the time schedule controller, external trigger ports of the other signal generators are connected with delay signal interfaces of the time schedule controller, the first channels of the signal generators are connected in parallel and then connected to the first channel of the oscilloscope, the second channels of the signal generators are connected in parallel and then loaded onto a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the electroluminescent device, and output signals of the first channels and the second channels of the signal generators are synchronous and consistent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of photoelectric technology, in particular to a system and a method for measuring transient electroluminescence.
Background
Electroluminescence is a light-emitting phenomenon generated by a substance being excited by corresponding electric energy under the action of a certain electric field. The electroluminescent device mainly includes a semiconductor light emitting diode (GaN, GaAs, etc.), an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), a quantum dot light emitting diode (QLED), and the like. The light emitting diode operates on the principle that two carriers, namely electrons and holes, are injected from two ends of the light emitting diode through external voltage, the electrons and the holes meet at a light emitting layer, and light emission is generated through radiative recombination. The light-emitting process mechanism of the light-emitting diode and the detection of the injection condition of electrons and holes are very important for improving the structure and the performance of the device.
The transient electroluminescence technology can reflect the characteristics of the luminescence time delay and the tailing time of the electroluminescent device, the carrier injection, transmission, accumulation, capture, mobility and the like in the device, so that the transient electroluminescence technology is applied to the research of the luminescence process and principle of the electroluminescent device.
The most basic transient electroluminescent technology is to apply a periodic single pulse voltage as a driving power source to an electroluminescent device, and to receive an electroluminescent signal by using a photomultiplier tube and display the electroluminescent signal on an oscilloscope. The defect of the technology is that the measurement means is single, and the initial state of the device when a driving voltage pulse is loaded cannot be changed, so that only the injection characteristic of the current carrier can be measured, and information such as interface accumulation, defect capture and the like of the current carrier cannot be obtained.
In order to change the initial state of the device, a double-pulse or multi-pulse driving mode can be adopted. Device states caused by the previous pulse, such as interface carrier accumulation, internal carrier storage, defect-trapped carriers, etc., may have an effect on the driving of the subsequent pulse. The light emitting process and carrier transport information of the device can be obtained by analyzing the change of the influencing factors on the light emitting signal.
However, no matter single-pulse or multi-pulse electroluminescent measurement, the current measurement means can only achieve microsecond-level pulse drive regulation and control, and therefore, the method is only suitable for researching electroluminescent devices such as OLED and the like with long luminescence fluorescence lifetime or phosphorescence lifetime. The luminescence fluorescence lifetime of the conventional gallium nitride (GaN) type LED and the novel QLED is generally in the order of nanoseconds, so that a technique for measuring transient electroluminescence with higher time resolution is required.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention uses the high-frequency pulse output signal generator, the high-response speed photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector, the high-bandwidth oscilloscope and the nanosecond-level time schedule controller, and designs the connection relation of the high-frequency pulse output signal generator, the high-response speed photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector, so that the time resolution of the measuring system can reach the nanosecond level at most, and the measuring system can be generally used for measuring transient electroluminescence of various types of electroluminescent devices at present.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for measuring transient electroluminescence, comprising:
an oscilloscope having at least a first channel and a second channel;
two or more dual channel signal generators, each signal generator having a first channel and a second channel for outputting voltage pulses;
a nanosecond dual-channel or multi-channel timing controller for controlling a time delay of the pulse output from the signal generator; and
a photomultiplier or an avalanche diode detector with the response speed of nanosecond or picosecond, which is used for collecting the luminescence of the electroluminescent device to be measured, converting the luminescence into an electric signal and outputting the electric signal to a second channel of the oscilloscope,
wherein, the signal generators all adopt an external trigger mode, the external trigger port of one signal generator in the signal generators is connected with the time zero channel interface of the time schedule controller, the external trigger ports of the other signal generators in the signal generators are respectively connected with each time delay signal interface of the time schedule controller,
and the output ends of all the first channels of the signal generator are connected in parallel and then are connected to the first channels of the oscilloscope, the output ends of all the second channels of the signal generator are connected in parallel and then are loaded on the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electroluminescent device to be measured, and the output signals of all the first channels and all the second channels of the signal generator are synchronous and consistent.
In one embodiment, the lengths of the connection lines from the timing controller to the respective signal generators are equal, the lengths of the connection lines from the respective signal generators to the parallel points of the output terminals of all the first channels are equal, the lengths of the connection lines from the respective signal generators to the parallel points of the output terminals of all the second channels are equal, and the total length of the connection lines from the first channel of a single signal generator to the first channel of the oscilloscope is equal to the sum of the lengths of the connection lines from the second channel of the signal generator to the electroluminescent device and the connection lines from the photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector to the second channel of the oscilloscope.
In an embodiment, the oscilloscope is configured to: the first channel of which is triggered by the rising edge of the pulse output by the signal generator and the second channel of which is triggered following the first channel.
In one embodiment, the oscilloscope has a bandwidth of at least 1GHz
In one embodiment, the frequency range of the voltage pulse output by the signal generator is 1Hz-200MHz, the pulse width adjustment range of the signal generator is 1 ns-10 s, the pulse period length adjustment range of the signal generator is 100 ns-10 s, the pulse cycle number adjustment range of the signal generator is 1-infinity, the pulse voltage adjustment range of the signal generator is-1000V, and the pulse duty ratio adjustment range of the signal generator is 1% -99%.
In one embodiment, the response speed of the photomultiplier or avalanche diode detector is in the order of nanoseconds or picoseconds.
In one embodiment, the time delay adjustment range of the timing controller is 1ns to 10 s.
In an embodiment, a connection line between the signal generator and the electroluminescent device, a connection line between the electroluminescent device and the oscilloscope, and a connection line between the signal generator and the oscilloscope all adopt BNC lines.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of measuring transient electroluminescence using the system according to the above, comprising:
synchronously outputting a single pulse signal using a first channel and a second channel of one of the two or more two-channel signal generators;
receiving the single pulse signal by using a first channel of the oscilloscope, and receiving an electric signal generated by collecting the luminescence of the electroluminescent device by using a photomultiplier or an avalanche diode detector by using a second channel of the oscilloscope; and
and synchronously displaying the single pulse signal and the electric signal on the oscilloscope.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of measuring transient electroluminescence using a system according to the above, comprising:
setting the two or more dual-channel signal generators to output the same pulse signal;
delaying, by the timing controller, a pulse signal output by a signal generator connected to a delay signal interface of the timing controller among the two or more two-channel signal generators;
receiving pulse signals output by the two or more two-channel signal generators by using a first channel of the oscilloscope, and receiving an electric signal generated by collecting luminescence of the electroluminescent device by using the photomultiplier tube or the avalanche diode detector by using a second channel of the oscilloscope; and
and synchronously displaying the pulse signal and the electric signal on the oscilloscope.
Compared with the prior art, one or more embodiments in the above scheme can have the following advantages or beneficial effects:
the invention uses the high-frequency pulse output signal generator, the high-response speed photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector, the high-bandwidth oscilloscope and the nanosecond-level time schedule controller, and designs the connection relation of the high-frequency pulse output signal generator, the high-response speed photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector, so that the time resolution of the measuring system can reach the nanosecond level at most, and the measuring system can be generally used for measuring transient electroluminescence of various types of electroluminescent devices at present. The pulse signal is adjustable from single pulse, double pulse to multi pulse, and the input pulse signal and the output electric signal can be displayed synchronously. The invention can obtain the information of different states such as interface carrier accumulation, internal carrier storage, defect capture carrier and the like in the electroluminescent device.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention and not to limit the invention.
Fig. 1 schematically shows a system for measuring transient electroluminescence according to the invention.
Fig. 2 is an exemplary physical diagram of a system for measuring transient electroluminescence in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 3 shows a measurement diagram of low frequency single pulse transient electroluminescence.
Fig. 4 shows a measurement diagram of high frequency single pulse transient electroluminescence.
Fig. 5 shows a measurement diagram of high frequency double pulse transient electroluminescence.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention will be provided with reference to the drawings and examples, so that how to apply the technical means to solve the technical problems and achieve the technical effects can be fully understood and implemented. It should be noted that, as long as there is no conflict, the embodiments and the features of the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other, and the technical solutions formed are within the scope of the present invention.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details or with a specific implementation described herein.
Fig. 1 schematically shows a system for measuring transient electroluminescence according to the invention. As shown in fig. 1, the system mainly includes: the device comprises an oscilloscope, two or more dual-channel signal generators, a nanosecond dual-channel or multi-channel time schedule controller and a photomultiplier or an avalanche diode detector.
The oscilloscope has at least a first channel a and a second channel b. The bandwidth of the oscilloscope may be at least 1GHz, depending on the measurement needs.
The number of the two-channel signal generators can be 2-N (N is a natural number which is more than or equal to 2). Each signal generator has a first channel 1 and a second channel 2. Each signal generator is capable of outputting voltage pulses in the frequency range 1Hz-200MHz, depending on the measurement requirements. Each signal generator employs an external trigger mode. The external trigger port of the No. 1 signal generator is connected with the time zero channel interface (generally T) of the time schedule controller0Interface), the external trigger ports of the other signal generators (from the signal generator No. 2 to the signal generator No. N) are respectively connected with the delay signal interfaces (generally labeled A, B, C, D and the like in turn) of the timing controller. The individual signal generators may be identical or different (e.g., the highest output frequency may be different), so long as the above requirements are met.
The timing controller may be configured to control a time delay of the pulse output from the signal generator, wherein the timing controller does not delay the output pulse of the signal generator No. 1, and delays the output pulse of the signal generator No. 2 to the signal generator No. N to different degrees as required.
The output ends of the first channels 1 of all the signal generators are connected in parallel and then connected to the first channel a of the oscilloscope. After the first channel 1 of each signal generator is modulated to obtain a required measuring pulse signal on the first channel a of the oscilloscope, the signal of the first channel 1 of each signal generator is copied to the second channel 2 of the oscilloscope, and no relative time delay exists between the signal of each first channel 1 and the signal of the second channel 2, so that the signals output by the first channel 1 and the second channel 2 are completely synchronous and consistent.
The output ends of the second channels 2 of all the signal generators are connected in parallel and then loaded on the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electroluminescent device to be measured.
The photomultiplier or avalanche diode detector can be used for collecting the luminescence of the electroluminescent device to be measured, converting the luminescence into an electric signal and outputting the electric signal to the second channel b of the oscilloscope. In order to achieve nanosecond resolution of the measurement system, the response speed of the photomultiplier tube or avalanche diode detector may be in the order of nanoseconds or picoseconds.
The oscilloscope may be configured to: the first channel a is triggered by the rising edge of the pulse output by the signal generator, the second channel b is triggered to follow the first channel without other triggers, and therefore synchronous output of the pulse signal of the signal generator and the electric signal of the photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector is achieved.
The signal generator may be configured to: the pulse width regulation range of each signal generator is 1ns to 10s, the pulse period length regulation range is 100ns to 10s, the pulse cycle number regulation range is 1 to infinity, the pulse voltage regulation range is-1000V to 1000V, and the pulse duty ratio regulation range is 1% to 99%.
The timing controller may be configured to: the time delay adjustment range is 1ns to 10 s.
BNC lines can be adopted as connecting lines between the signal generator and the electroluminescent device, between the electroluminescent device and the oscilloscope and between the signal generator and the oscilloscope. Of course, other connecting lines may be used, and the invention is not limited in this regard.
In actual practice, when the pulse signal reaches the nanosecond level, the length of each connection line (e.g., BNC line) also has a significant effect on the signal's transit time. The signal delay caused by the length of a connecting line of one meter is about 3.3ns, and the delay time is longer in practice in consideration of factors such as line loss and the like. Therefore, in order to ensure synchronous output, the lengths of the connecting lines of the timing controller to the respective signal generators should be equal, the lengths of the connecting lines of the respective signal generators to the parallel points of the output terminals of all the first channels 1 should be equal, the lengths of the connecting lines of the respective signal generators to the parallel points of the output terminals of all the second channels 2 should be equal, and the total length of the connecting lines of the first channel 1 of a single signal generator to the first channel a of the oscilloscope should be equal to the sum of the lengths of the connecting lines of the second channel 2 of the signal generator to the electroluminescent device and the connecting lines of the photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector to the second channel b of the oscilloscope.
When the system for measuring transient electroluminescence according to the embodiment of the present invention is used for measurement, the following settings may be performed according to specific situations:
single pulse measurement: turning off the No. 2-N signal generator, and using the signal of the No. 1 signal generator;
double pulse measurement: turning off the No. 3-N signal generator, and controlling the time delay of the pulse output by the No. 1 signal generator and the No. 2 signal generator through the time schedule controller by using the signals of the No. 1 signal generator and the No. 2 signal generator;
multi-pulse measurement: the time delay of the pulse output by the signal generators No. 1-N is controlled by the timing controller using the signal of the signal generator No. 1-N.
The system and method for measuring transient electroluminescence according to the present invention will be described below with specific examples.
Fig. 2 is an exemplary physical diagram of a system for measuring transient electroluminescence in accordance with the present invention. As shown in fig. 2, the system includes: an SRS DG535 four-channel time schedule controller, two Siglent SDG 5162160 MHz two-channel signal generators, a PicoQuant PMA photomultiplier tube and a Tektronix DPO 71041 GHz bandwidth digital oscilloscope. Transient electroluminescence of the electroluminescent device can be measured using the system.
For clarity and simplicity of illustration, only two signal generators (signal generator No. 1 and signal generator No. 2) are shown in fig. 2, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The number of signal generators may be larger when multi-pulse measurements are made. In addition, the photomultiplier tube in fig. 2 may be replaced with an avalanche diode detector. The connections between the various components in the system are indicated in fig. 2. Therefore, according to the above-mentioned regulations regarding the length of the connection lines, the line length of line No. 1 is equal to the line No. 2, the line length of line No. 3 is equal to the line No. 4, the line length of line No. 6 is equal to the line No. 7, and the bus lengths of line No. 3 and line No. 5 are equal to the bus lengths of line No. 6, line No. 8 and line No. 9.
Example one: and measuring low-frequency single-pulse transient electroluminescence.
The No. 2 signal generator is turned off, the No. 1 signal generator is utilized to output single pulse with the duty ratio of 50% and the pulse voltage of 100kHz, and the single pulse signal and the transient electroluminescence signal obtained in the oscilloscope are shown in figure 3. It can be seen that the relaxation time of the device from luminescence to maximum brightness is about 1.5 mus.
Example two: and (3) high-frequency single-pulse transient electroluminescence measurement.
The No. 2 signal generator is turned off, a single pulse (50ns) with a duty ratio of 50% and a pulse voltage of 3V is output by the No. 1 signal generator at 10MHz, and a single pulse signal and a transient electroluminescence signal obtained in an oscilloscope are shown in fig. 4. It can be seen that the delay time from the application of the pulse to the emission of light by the device is about 10ns during the emission of light by the device.
Example three: high frequency double pulse transient electroluminescence measurement
The signal generator No. 1 and the signal generator No. 2 both output a single pulse (50ns) with a duty ratio of 50% at 10MHz and a pulse voltage of 2.5V, and the output pulse of the signal generator No. 2 is delayed by a time schedule controller. When the pulse output by the signal generator No. 2 is delayed by 20ns compared with the pulse output by the signal generator No. 1, the obtained double-pulse signal and the transient electroluminescence signal in the oscilloscope are shown in FIG. 5. It can be seen that the light emission intensity of the second pulse is significantly higher than that of the first pulse because the carriers accumulated in the device due to the application of the pulse do not completely recombine and disappear within the delay time of 20ns after the first pulse is ended, and thus the light emission intensity of the device is increased by the combined action of the second pulse signal.
If different time delay and pulse voltage intensity are changed, parameters such as accumulated carrier density and relaxation time of the device can be calculated.
The invention uses the high-frequency pulse output signal generator, the high-response speed photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector, the high-bandwidth oscilloscope and the nanosecond-level time schedule controller, and designs the connection relation of the high-frequency pulse output signal generator, the high-response speed photomultiplier or the avalanche diode detector, so that the time resolution of the measuring system can reach the nanosecond level at most, and the measuring system can be generally used for measuring transient electroluminescence of various types of electroluminescent devices at present. The pulse signal is adjustable from single pulse, double pulse to multi pulse, and the input pulse signal and the output electric signal can be displayed synchronously. The invention can obtain the information of different states such as interface carrier accumulation, internal carrier storage, defect capture carrier and the like in the electroluminescent device.
It is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments of the invention are not limited to the particular process steps or materials disclosed herein, but rather, are extended to equivalents thereof as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.
Reference in the specification to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrase "an embodiment" appearing in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the above description is only for the convenience of understanding the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A system for measuring transient electroluminescence, comprising:
an oscilloscope having at least a first channel and a second channel;
two or more dual channel signal generators, each signal generator having a first channel and a second channel for outputting voltage pulses;
a nanosecond dual-channel or multi-channel timing controller for controlling a time delay of the pulse output from the signal generator; and
a photomultiplier or avalanche diode detector for collecting the luminescence of the electroluminescent device to be measured and converting it into an electrical signal for output to the second channel of the oscilloscope,
wherein, the signal generators all adopt an external trigger mode, the external trigger port of one signal generator in the signal generators is connected with the time zero channel interface of the time schedule controller, the external trigger ports of the other signal generators in the signal generators are respectively connected with each time delay signal interface of the time schedule controller,
and the output ends of all the first channels of the signal generator are connected in parallel and then are connected to the first channels of the oscilloscope, the output ends of all the second channels of the signal generator are connected in parallel and then are loaded on the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electroluminescent device to be measured, and the output signals of all the first channels and all the second channels of the signal generator are synchronous and consistent.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the length of the connection lines of the timing controller to each signal generator is equal, the length of the connection lines of each signal generator to the parallel point of the output terminals of all first channels is equal, the length of the connection lines of each signal generator to the parallel point of the output terminals of all second channels is equal, and the total length of the connection lines of a first channel of a single signal generator to a first channel of the oscilloscope is equal to the sum of the length of the connection lines of the second channel of that signal generator to the electroluminescent device and the connection lines of the photomultiplier tube or avalanche diode detector to the second channel of the oscilloscope.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the oscilloscope is configured to: the first channel of which is triggered by the rising edge of the pulse output by the signal generator and the second channel of which is triggered following the first channel.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the oscilloscope has a bandwidth of at least 1 GHz.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the frequency range of the voltage pulses output by the signal generator is 1Hz-200MHz, the pulse width adjustment range of the signal generator is 1 ns-10 s, the pulse period length adjustment range of the signal generator is 100 ns-10 s, the number of pulse cycles of the signal generator is 1- ∞, the pulse voltage adjustment range of the signal generator is-1000V, and the pulse duty cycle adjustment range of the signal generator is 1% to 99%.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the response speed of the photomultiplier tube or avalanche diode detector is on the order of nanoseconds or picoseconds.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the timing controller has a time delay adjustment range of 1ns to 10 s.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the connection between the signal generator and the electroluminescent device, the connection between the electroluminescent device and the oscilloscope, and the connection between the signal generator and the oscilloscope are BNC lines.
9. A method of measuring transient electroluminescence using the system of any one of claims 1-8, comprising:
synchronously outputting a single pulse signal using a first channel and a second channel of one of the two or more two-channel signal generators;
receiving the single pulse signal by using a first channel of the oscilloscope, and receiving an electric signal generated by collecting the luminescence of the electroluminescent device by using a photomultiplier or an avalanche diode detector by using a second channel of the oscilloscope; and
and synchronously displaying the single pulse signal and the electric signal on the oscilloscope.
10. A method of measuring transient electroluminescence using the system of any one of claims 1-8, comprising:
setting the two or more dual-channel signal generators to output the same pulse signal;
delaying, by the timing controller, a pulse signal output by a signal generator connected to a delay signal interface of the timing controller among the two or more two-channel signal generators;
receiving pulse signals output by the two or more two-channel signal generators by using a first channel of the oscilloscope, and receiving an electric signal generated by collecting luminescence of the electroluminescent device by using the photomultiplier tube or the avalanche diode detector by using a second channel of the oscilloscope; and
and synchronously displaying the pulse signal and the electric signal on the oscilloscope.
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