CN110972813A - Agaricus bisporus culture medium and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Agaricus bisporus culture medium and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110972813A CN110972813A CN201911382175.2A CN201911382175A CN110972813A CN 110972813 A CN110972813 A CN 110972813A CN 201911382175 A CN201911382175 A CN 201911382175A CN 110972813 A CN110972813 A CN 110972813A
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- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to an agaricus bisporus cultivation medium and a preparation method thereof. The agaricus bisporus culture medium is prepared by performing mixed fermentation on straw, instant tea leaves, chicken manure, calcium superphosphate and light calcium carbonate. The results of the examples show that the invention has the technical effects of promoting the growth of edible fungus hyphae and improving the yield of edible fungi, and the edible fungi cultured by using the culture medium has the characteristics of balanced nutrition and special flavor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to an agaricus bisporus cultivation substrate composition and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The agaricus bisporus is an edible fungus variety which has the largest production quantity and the widest consumption population in the world and is particularly favored by consumers in developed countries. At present, the number of cultivated mushrooms in China is the largest, fresh mushrooms produced annually exceed 40 ten thousand tons, and annual exported mushroom products are at the top of the world. However, the cultivation of the agaricus bisporus in China mostly adopts a traditional cultivation mode, materials such as rice straws, corn stalks, cottonseed hulls, livestock and poultry manure and biogas residues are used as cultivation substrates, and the agaricus bisporus cultivation substrates are obtained through open-air simple fermentation, the substrate material proportion and the fermentation process control depend on experience, so that the cultivation substrates are uneven in fertility and rich in mixed bacteria, the hypha growth of the inoculated agaricus bisporus is further influenced, the yield is low, and the economic benefit is low.
At present, in order to solve the problem of recycling agricultural resource wastes, livestock and poultry manure and farmland waste wheat straw are mostly adopted as main raw materials to manufacture the straw rotting cultivation substrate material required by the planting of the agaricus bisporus. Considering that the components of the matrix material directly influence the nutritive value of the agaricus bisporus, the currently used edible fungus matrix can only meet the basic growth requirement of the edible fungus and can not meet the requirement of consumers on obtaining higher-quality edible fungus at the present stage, so that the research on the improvement of the matrix has important significance on the improvement of the agaricus bisporus quality.
Instant tea is a solid beverage which is popular in the market at home and abroad at present, and along with the rapid growth and the rapid increase of the yield of instant tea processing enterprises in China, a large amount of waste tea residues generated after processing are not well utilized, so that the instant tea becomes a new agricultural resource waste. At present, only the instant tea leaves are used as animal feed ingredients and horticultural flower fertilizers at home and abroad, and the invention aims to provide a more accurate and efficient utilization mode of the instant tea leaves.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a formula for preparing an agaricus bisporus culture medium by mixed fermentation of agricultural resource wastes and a preparation method thereof. The technical scheme provided by the invention can solve the problem of recycling agricultural resource wastes, simultaneously reduces the production cost of the agaricus bisporus, reduces the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution, and can cultivate the agaricus bisporus which has the advantages of rapid growth, high yield, high comprehensive nutrition score and strong mushroom fragrance.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides an agaricus bisporus culture medium which comprises the following components: straw, instant tea leaves, chicken manure, calcium superphosphate and light calcium carbonate.
Preferably, the agaricus bisporus culture medium comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100-110 parts of straw, 15-25 parts of instant tea leaves, 25-35 parts of chicken manure, 0.4-0.6 part of calcium superphosphate and 0.2-0.3 part of light calcium carbonate.
Preferably, the instant tea residues used in the agaricus bisporus culture medium are waste tea residues generated after processing of instant tea.
Preferably, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the agaricus bisporus culture medium is 16-20: 1.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the agaricus bisporus culture medium, which comprises the following steps: mixing straws, instant tea leaves, chicken manure, calcium superphosphate and light calcium carbonate to obtain a mixture; and fermenting the mixture to obtain the agaricus bisporus culture medium.
Preferably, the humidity of the mixture used in the preparation method needs to reach 94-95%.
Preferably, the fermentation process in the preparation method comprises pre-wetting stockpiling, composting fermentation and decomposing fermentation which are sequentially carried out.
Preferably, the time for pre-wetting the stockpiling in the preparation method is 5-7 days; the composting fermentation is indoor composting fermentation, the fermentation time is 11-12 days, and the composting is turned for 3-4 times.
Preferably, in the preparation method, after the bottom material is flatly laid, the humidity is controlled to be 89-90%, the temperature is increased to 60 ℃ and is kept for 8-10 hours, then the temperature is reduced to 48 ℃, the temperature is kept for 4 days, then the temperature is reduced to the normal temperature, and the whole decomposition fermentation period is about 6-8 days.
The invention provides an agaricus bisporus culture medium, which creatively uses instant tea leaves as a culture medium by controlling the composition of raw materials. The waste instant tea leaves contain a large amount of nutrient substances, and the content of nitrogen elements is high, so that the growth and development of edible fungi are facilitated. Meanwhile, most of substances for inhibiting the growth and development of hypha, such as caffeine, theophylline and the like, in the common tea are removed by leaching the instant tea leaves, so that the culture medium provided by the invention can promote the growth speed and the yield of the agaricus bisporus, and the nutritional value and the flavor of the agaricus bisporus cultured by using the culture medium are influenced.
Meanwhile, the invention forms sustainable development circular agriculture by comprehensively utilizing agricultural wastes such as instant tea leaves, chicken manure, straws and the like. But also provides a reasonable and economic use way for the waste instant tea leaves and also brings economic benefit for the tea industry.
According to the embodiment, the waste instant tea residues are recycled, the residual value of the instant tea residues is recycled, and a new utilization mode is provided for the waste instant tea residues.
Moreover, the cultivation substrate provided by the invention obviously improves the growth vigor of the agaricus bisporus mycelium, accelerates the growth speed of the agaricus bisporus and simultaneously improves the yield of the agaricus bisporus.
And after the culture substrate provided by the invention is used, the amino acid variety of the grown pleurotus eryngii sporocarp is complete, the proportion is proper, and the pleurotus eryngii sporocarp is more suitable for being absorbed by a human body. Meanwhile, after volatile substances of pleurotus eryngii fruiting bodies are detected through a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and a gas-phase-olfaction measuring method, the content of compounds influencing the flavor of pleurotus eryngii is remarkably increased after the culture medium provided by the invention is used, and the flavor is not influenced no matter whether the culture medium is fresh or smelled or boiled.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a photograph showing the growth period of hyphae in a control group;
FIG. 2 is a photograph of a growth phase of a strain belonging to group T1;
FIG. 3 is a photograph showing fruiting status of the control group;
FIG. 4 is a photograph showing fruiting status of group T1;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the content change of a characteristic compound of Agaricus bisporus.
Detailed Description
The invention provides an agaricus bisporus culture medium which comprises the following preparation raw materials: straw, instant tea leaves, chicken manure, calcium superphosphate and light calcium carbonate. The agaricus bisporus culture medium provided by the invention has a great promotion effect on the enrichment of the agaricus bisporus flavor.
The raw materials for preparing the agaricus bisporus culture medium provided by the invention preferably comprise 15-25 parts by mass of instant tea leaves, and more preferably 20-22 parts by mass of instant tea leaves. In the invention, the mass of the instant tea leaves is preferably 10-20% of the total mass of the agaricus bisporus culture medium. In the invention, the instant tea residue is preferably tea waste residue generated after processing of instant tea; more preferably, the waste residue of tea leaves produced after the preparation of instant tea by extracting water-soluble compounds from green tea or black tea as a raw material. In the examples of the present invention, the instant tea leaves were purchased from Huangshan Hua Lvyuan.
On the basis of the mass parts of the instant tea leaves, the preparation raw materials of the agaricus bisporus culture medium provided by the invention preferably comprise 100-110 parts of straws, and more preferably 103-106 parts.
On the basis of the mass parts of the instant tea leaves, the preparation raw materials of the agaricus bisporus culture medium provided by the invention preferably comprise 25-35 parts of chicken manure, and more preferably 27-30 parts of chicken manure.
The raw materials for preparing the agaricus bisporus culture medium provided by the invention preferably comprise 0.4-0.6 part of calcium superphosphate by mass, and more preferably 0.4-0.5 part of calcium superphosphate by mass.
On the basis of the mass parts of the instant tea leaves, the preparation raw materials of the agaricus bisporus culture medium provided by the invention preferably comprise 0.2-0.3 part of light calcium carbonate, and more preferably 0.2-0.25 part of light calcium carbonate.
The carbon-nitrogen ratio of the preparation raw materials of the agaricus bisporus culture medium is preferably 16-20: 1, and more preferably 18-20: 1 on the basis of the mass parts of the instant tea residues.
When the agaricus bisporus culture medium is used for cultivating agaricus bisporus, the application amount of the agaricus bisporus culture medium provided by the invention is preferably 80kg/m in dry weight2。
The agaricus bisporus culture medium disclosed by the invention effectively promotes the growth of edible fungus hyphae and improves the technical effect of edible fungus yield, and the edible fungus cultured by using the culture medium has the characteristics of balanced nutrition and specific flavor.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the agaricus bisporus culture medium, which comprises the following steps: mixing various raw materials of straw, instant tea leaves, chicken manure, calcium superphosphate and light calcium carbonate to obtain a mixture; and fermenting the mixture to obtain the agaricus bisporus culture medium.
In the invention, the humidity of the mixture is preferably 94-95%.
In the present invention, the fermentation preferably includes pre-wet composting, composting fermentation and composting fermentation, which are sequentially performed.
The humidity of the mixture is 94-95% as a reference, and the pre-wetting stacking time is preferably 5-7 days; the composting fermentation is preferably indoor stacking fermentation, the humidity of the fermentation material for stacking fermentation is kept at 93% during the fermentation, the fermentation time is preferably 11-12 days, the fermentation temperature is controlled at 80 ℃, and the stacking is turned for 3-4 times during the fermentation.
The mature fermentation is also called as 'secondary fermentation', and preferably comprises the steps of after bottom materials are flatly laid, controlling the humidity to be about 90%, heating to 60 ℃, keeping for 8-10 hours, then cooling to 48 ℃, keeping for 4 days, then cooling to the normal temperature, and enabling the whole mature fermentation period to be about 6-8 days.
Taking the humidity of the mixture as a reference, the termination temperature of the temperature rising stage is preferably 60 ℃, and the time is preferably 8-10 hours; the temperature of the constant temperature stage is preferably 48 ℃ for 4 days. The specific implementation modes of heating, pasteurization, cooling, constant temperature and cooling in the decomposing fermentation do not have special requirements, and the method can be realized by adopting the method which is well known by the technical personnel in the field.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the agaricus bisporus cultured by the culture medium composition has the characteristics of quick growth, high yield, high comprehensive nutrition score and aromatic mushroom flavor.
2. The culture medium composition disclosed by the invention comprehensively utilizes the raw materials such as tea leaves, chicken manure and straws with more agricultural resource wastes, is beneficial to reducing the production cost, reducing resource waste and environmental pollution, forming sustainable development circular agriculture, simultaneously, after component detection is carried out on all the raw materials, a scientific and reasonable formula is designed, the medium fermentation process is controlled, and a high-quality agaricus bisporus culture medium is obtained, so that the culture medium composition has an important guiding function on production practice.
In order to further illustrate the present invention, the agaricus bisporus cultivation substrate and the method for preparing the same according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, which should not be construed as a limitation to the scope of the present invention.
Firstly, the carbon and nitrogen content of each component of straw, chicken manure, soybean meal and agricultural resource waste tea residue in the traditional culture medium formula is detected by using a full-automatic element analyzer, and the result is shown in table 1. The result shows that the nitrogen content in the tea residue is as high as 5.91 percent and is obviously higher than the nitrogen donor soybean meal in the traditional formula; the carbon content is up to 50.4 percent and is higher than 42.66 percent of straw and 30.84 percent of soybean meal, which shows that the residual tea dregs after the instant tea is extracted are still rich in higher nutritional value and can be considered as the effective components of the culture medium of the agaricus bisporus, thereby providing theoretical support for the tea dregs to replace the traditional medium for culturing the agaricus bisporus.
TABLE 1 detection result (mg/kg) of C, N content of each component of the cultivation substrate
Example 1
The agaricus bisporus culture medium comprises, by mass, 35 parts of chicken manure, 15 parts of instant tea leaves, 110 parts of straws, 0.5 part of calcium superphosphate and 0.25 part of light calcium carbonate.
The matrix preparation process is carried out in a factory scale fermentation in cooperative enterprises: mixing and humidifying the raw materials for preparing the culture medium, and performing pre-wetting stacking for about 5 days, wherein the humidity of the culture raw materials reaches 95% in the process. Sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection. Then, stacking fermentation was carried out, and indoor stacking fermentation was carried out in a room for 12 days while turning the stack 3 times and maintaining the temperature at 80 ℃ and humidity at 93%.
Finally, the decomposition fermentation is carried out, and the process comprises 3 stages: heating to 60 deg.C for pasteurization, cooling to 48 deg.C for 4 days, and naturally cooling to room temperature. The whole process lasts for 6 days, and the culture medium is finally obtained and is marked as T1. After fermentation, sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection.
Example 2
The agaricus bisporus culture medium comprises, by mass, 30 parts of chicken manure, 20 parts of instant tea leaves, 105 parts of straws, 0.5 part of calcium superphosphate and 0.25 part of light calcium carbonate.
The matrix preparation process is carried out in a factory scale fermentation in cooperative enterprises: mixing and humidifying the raw materials for preparing the culture medium, and pre-wetting and stacking for 7 days, wherein the humidity of the culture raw materials reaches 95%. Sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection.
Then, stacking fermentation was carried out, and indoor stacking fermentation was carried out in a room for 12 days while turning the stack 3 times and maintaining the temperature at 80 ℃ and humidity at 93%.
Finally, the decomposition fermentation is carried out, and the process comprises 3 stages: heating to 60 deg.C for pasteurization, cooling to 48 deg.C for 4 days, and naturally cooling to room temperature. The whole process lasts for 6 days, and the culture medium is finally obtained and is marked as T2. After fermentation, sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection.
Example 3
The agaricus bisporus culture medium comprises, by mass, 25 parts of chicken manure, 25 parts of instant tea leaves, 100 parts of straws, 0.5 part of calcium superphosphate and 0.25 part of light calcium carbonate.
The matrix preparation process is carried out in a factory scale fermentation in cooperative enterprises: mixing and humidifying the raw materials for preparing the culture medium, and performing pre-wetting stacking for about 5 days, wherein the humidity of the culture raw materials reaches 95% in the process. Sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection. Then, stacking fermentation was carried out, and indoor stacking fermentation was carried out in a room for 12 days while turning the stack 3 times and maintaining the temperature at 80 ℃ and humidity at 93%.
Finally, the decomposition fermentation is carried out, and the process comprises 3 stages: heating to 60 deg.C for pasteurization, cooling to 48 deg.C for 4 days, and naturally cooling to room temperature. The whole process lasts for 6 days, and the culture medium is finally obtained and is marked as T3. After fermentation, sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection.
Example 4
An agaricus bisporus culture medium is prepared from 100% of instant tea leaves.
The matrix preparation process is carried out in a factory scale fermentation in cooperative enterprises: humidifying the instant tea leaves, pre-wetting and stacking for 5 days, wherein the humidity of the cultivation raw materials reaches 95%, and the temperature is controlled to be 80 ℃.
The matrix preparation process is carried out in a factory scale fermentation in cooperative enterprises: mixing and humidifying the raw materials for preparing the culture medium, and performing pre-wetting stacking for about 5 days, wherein the humidity of the culture raw materials reaches 95% in the process. Sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection. Then, stacking fermentation was carried out, and indoor stacking fermentation was carried out in a room for 12 days while turning the stack 3 times and maintaining the temperature at 80 ℃ and humidity at 93%.
Finally, the decomposition fermentation is carried out, and the process comprises 3 stages: heating to 60 deg.C for pasteurization, cooling to 48 deg.C for 4 days, and naturally cooling to room temperature. The whole process lasts for 6 days, and the culture medium is finally obtained and is marked as T4. After fermentation, sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection.
Comparative example 1
A conventional agaricus bisporus culture medium comprises 35 parts of chicken manure, 15 parts of soybean meal, 110 parts of straws, 0.5 part of calcium superphosphate and 0.25 part of light calcium carbonate.
The matrix preparation process is carried out in a factory scale fermentation in cooperative enterprises: mixing and humidifying the raw materials for preparing the culture medium, and performing pre-wetting stacking for about 5 days, wherein the humidity of the culture raw materials reaches 95% in the process. Sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection. Then, stacking fermentation was carried out, and indoor stacking fermentation was carried out in a room for 12 days while turning the stack 3 times and maintaining the temperature at 80 ℃ and humidity at 93%.
Finally, the decomposition fermentation is carried out, and the process comprises 3 stages: heating to 60 deg.C for pasteurization, cooling to 48 deg.C for 4 days, and naturally cooling to room temperature. The whole process lasts for 6 days, and finally the culture medium is obtained and is marked as CK. After fermentation, sampling is respectively carried out on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the piled material, and the independent sampling process is repeated for three times. And drying the sampled product and collecting the dried product in a sealed bag for subsequent detection.
The CN content before and after the fermentation preparation of the culture mediums in examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 was tested, and the test results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 change of C, N content before and after fermentation of culture medium and retention rate
As can be seen from Table 2, the C/N ratio of the groups T1-T3 is gradually reduced from 18.69 to 11.23 because the C/N ratio is gradually reduced due to the higher nitrogen content in the tea leaves although the total carbon and nitrogen content can be simultaneously increased by gradually increasing the tea leaf ratio before the fermentation of the substrate.
The content detection of carbon and nitrogen elements is carried out on the culture medium after the decomposed fermentation, and the result shows that in different components of the contrast and the added tea residue, after the stacking fermentation and the decomposed fermentation, the total amount of carbon and nitrogen is reduced due to the loss of a large amount of ammonia gas and carbon dioxide gas generated in the fermentation process, but the C/N ratio is increased, wherein the C/N ratio of the T1-T3 groups is approximately 16-19: 1, in the above range. The calculation of the retention rate of the elements in the fermentation process shows that the retention rate of the elements C in the fermentation process of the substrate is relatively consistent, and the difference of the retention rate of the elements N is relatively large, which indicates that with the increase of the proportion of the tea leaves, although the content of the nitrogen is gradually increased, the ammonia generated in the fermentation process is also increased, so that more nitrogen is lost, and the C/N ratio of the substrate after fermentation is increased. The parameter shows that the performance of the tea residue formula matrix can be improved by properly increasing the pile turning times and the ventilation quantity during pile building fermentation in the fermentation process of the high tea residue formula matrix.
Example 5
The cultivation substrates obtained in examples 1 to 4 and comparative example 1 were used to cultivate and manage agaricus bisporus in a standard mode. Recording the germination condition, the growth condition and the yield of the agaricus bisporus cultured by the culture medium in the embodiment 1-4; five batches of mushrooms can be collected in a normal contrast, and the yield and the total amount of the agaricus bisporus in each batch are respectively recorded.
The growth results of Agaricus bisporus obtained by culturing different substrates are shown in Table 3. Photographing and comparing the growth stages of the agaricus bisporus of the control group and the T1 group, wherein the growth vigor of hypha of the control group and the T1 group is shown in figures 1 and 2, and the growth vigor of the agaricus bisporus of the control group and the T1 group is shown in figures 3 and 4.
TABLE 3 growth status and yield results of Agaricus bisporus cultivated in different cultivation media
Note: "+" indicates hyphal growth.
From table 3 and fig. 3 and 4, it can be seen that a certain difference exists between the traditional formula CK and the tea residue treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) in growth states such as hypha growth vigor, mushroom growing period and yield, the tea residue treatment groups have a certain promotion effect on hypha growth, the hyphae in the T1 and T2 groups grow faster, but the hypha growth vigor begins to decrease along with the increase of the application amount of the tea residue, and the hypha implantation density in the T3 decreases, which is presumed to be mainly because the tea residue is thin in volume, the content of the tea residue is increased, the culture medium is compact, the air permeability is reduced, and the normal growth of the hyphae is influenced in the later period. Test results show that the tea residue has a certain promotion effect on promoting the growth vigor and the growth speed of hyphae, but if the addition amount is too large, as shown in a T4 group, the nitrogen content is too high, and the hyphae grow steeply, so that the final fruiting body yield is influenced, wherein the addition amounts of the T1 group and the T2 group are more suitable; the tea residue is used as a substrate for fermentation production of the agaricus bisporus, and the undesirable growth conditions such as excessive growth speed of hypha, thin nidation, steep growth of sporocarp and the like occur in the early stage, so that the reasonable tea residue proportion in the culture substrate plays an important role in the normal growth of the agaricus bisporus.
Example 6
And (3) carrying out subsequent detection on physicochemical indexes and flavor compound contents after freeze drying of the agaricus bisporus head-crop fruiting bodies cultured by the culture substrates obtained in examples 1-3 and comparative example 1.
The amino acid content of the agaricus bisporus sporocarp is detected, and the detection results are shown in tables 4 and 5.
TABLE 4 amino acid content in Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies (g/100g)
Note: EAA, total essential amino acids; NEAA, total amount of non-essential amino acids; TAA, total amount of free amino acids.
Amino acids are important substances for maintaining life activities, and not only have various physiological functions, but also play an important role in the taste of foods. As can be seen from Table 4, the hydrolyzed amino acids of the fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus are complete in kind and high in total amount. The total amount of essential amino acids in the T1, T2 and T3 groups added with the instant tea leaves is respectively increased by 33.33%, 22.47% and 9.92% relative to the control group; the total amount of the amino acid is respectively increased by 13.16%, 7.12% and 7.01% relative to the control group, which shows that the total amount of the amino acid shows a trend of ascending and descending along with the increase of the addition amount of the instant tea leaves, and the trend is more consistent with the result of the observation of the growth amount, and the increase of the amino acid is more obvious by the essential amino acid.
In consideration of the nutritional value, the nutritional value of amino acids in a treatment group is obviously enhanced, for example, the T1 group is taken as an example, the content of lysine Lys is increased by 50 percent, the phenomenon of lysine deficiency caused by grain foods as main food in the dietary mode of China can be supplemented, particularly, methionine and cysteine in sulfur-containing amino acids are respectively increased by 275 percent and 433 percent, and the nutritional value and the antioxidant capacity of agaricus bisporus are improved.
Meanwhile, according to the amino acid balance theory, the essential amino acid reference mode of WHO/FAO is utilized to calculate the amino acid Ratio (RAA), the amino acid Ratio Coefficient (RC) and the ratio coefficient (SRC) of EAA in the sample, if the essential amino acids in the agaricus bisporus sporocarp are complete and in proper proportion, and are close to or accord with the requirements of the WHO/FAO amino acid mode, the edible fungus is suitable for the physiological action of a human body and has high nutritive value. The necessary amino acid ratios and the ratio coefficient scores calculated from Table 4 are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5 essential amino acid ratios and amino acid scores in Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies
Note: RAA is the EAA value of the amino acid to be tested/the corresponding EAA value of the amino acid in the profile, i.e., the ratio of the content of an essential amino acid in the sample to the content of the corresponding amino acid in the WHO/FAO profile. RC ═ RAA/RAA mean, RC greater than 1 indicates a relative excess of the essential amino acid, and RC less than 1 indicates a relative deficiency of the essential amino acid. SRC is 100-CV 100, and CV is the coefficient of variation of RC. When SRC is 100, it indicates that the composition ratio of essential amino acids in the food is consistent with the pattern spectrum.
As can be seen from Table 5, the amino acid Ratio Coefficient (RC) of the treatment groups also changes along with the changes of the content and the total amount of the essential amino acids in the treatment groups, but the SRC values of the ratio coefficients of the T1 and T2 are increased compared with those of the control group, and the T3 group is decreased, which shows that the tea residue addition amount in the total amount range of 10-20% is beneficial to the improvement of the nutrition quality of the agaricus bisporus, while the nitrogen content and the total amount of the amino acids of the agaricus bisporus can be improved to a certain extent by excessive instant tea residue addition, but the nutrition quality of the agaricus bisporus can be reduced to some extent.
Example 7
Except for flavor development substances such as amino acid, nucleotide, polysaccharide and the like, the aroma of the agaricus bisporus is also an important influence factor of the quality and the public acceptance of the agaricus bisporus, the agaricus bisporus obtained by different culture substrates is subjected to freeze-drying treatment by using a solid-phase microextraction method, volatile substances in obtained agaricus bisporus freeze-dried powder samples are extracted, an extraction head is placed at a GC-MS sample inlet for analysis and sample injection, mass spectrum data obtained by GC-MS analysis is searched and compared with a NIST 17L standard spectrum library, qualitative analysis is further carried out by combining Retention Indexes (RI), the retention indexes of all components are obtained by calculating the retention time of the retention indexes and the retention time of adjacent n-alkanes, and the retention indexes are compared with the retention indexes in documents for qualitative analysis. Meanwhile, the relative content of each component is calculated by adopting a semi-quantitative method, and the total number of the volatile compounds in the control group and the treated group is respectively 71, 75, 80 and 77, which are identified and roughly divided into seven compounds such as alcohol, aldehyde, acid, ester, ketone, hydrocarbon and the like (see table 6).
TABLE 6 Classification and content of volatile Compounds in Agaricus bisporus fruiting body (. mu.g/g)
As can be seen from Table 6, the total amount of flavor compounds tends to increase and decrease with the increase of the added amount of tea leaves, which indicates that the proper tea leaf application amount has obvious improvement effect on the flavor of agaricus bisporus, and particularly, the content of alcohol compounds in agaricus bisporus is obviously increased, which is beneficial to the agaricus bisporus to generate light and pleasant flavor.
Example 8
After mushroom edible fungi are distinguished and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfaction (GC-O), compounds such as 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, gamma-undecalactone, dihydro- β -ionone, 3-octanol, 2-octanone, hexanal, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, carvone, 2-nonanone and phenylacetaldehyde are found to be key aromatic compounds influencing the flavor of the mushroom edible fungi, and particularly, the 1-octen-3-ol is most important for influencing the maturity and the flavor of the mushroom edible fungi.
Flavor test was performed on the fruiting bodies of button mushrooms cultivated on the cultivation substrates obtained in examples 1 to 3 and comparative example 1, and the test results are shown in fig. 5 and table 7.
TABLE 7 Agaricus bisporus fruiting body characteristic volatile Compound content (mg/kg)
As can be seen from FIG. 5 and Table 7, the content of 8-carbon ketol compounds such as 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octen-3-ol and 1-octen-3-one in Agaricus bisporus obtained by using the cultivation substrate of the embodiment of the present invention is significantly increased, as most evident by the increment of T2 group, wherein three key compounds are increased by 552.2%, 3410.2% and 103.6% respectively relative to the control group. The results of sensory evaluation are combined to support the measurement results, and the agaricus bisporus dregs in the T2 group have the most intense fresh smell, flavor and taste after cooking.
According to the detection results, the invention takes the chicken manure, straw and soybean meal mixed fermentation culture medium which is implemented on the market for many years and optimized for many times as a contrast, takes the instant tea dregs in different proportions to replace the soybean meal as a processing group, and calculates the carbon nitrogen loss in the substrate fermentation process to optimize the formula by measuring the carbon nitrogen content of different components of the substrate, so that the high-quality agaricus bisporus culture medium formula is obtained.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and therefore should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The agaricus bisporus culture medium is characterized by comprising the following preparation raw materials: straw, instant tea leaves, chicken manure, calcium superphosphate and light calcium carbonate.
2. The agaricus bisporus culture medium according to claim 1, wherein the culture medium comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100-110 parts of straw, 15-25 parts of instant tea leaves, 25-35 parts of chicken manure, 0.4-0.6 part of calcium superphosphate and 0.2-0.3 part of light calcium carbonate.
3. The Agaricus bisporus cultivation substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the active ingredients in the instant tea leaves comprise crude protein, amino acid, cellulose, tea polyphenol, caffeine and theanine.
4. The agaricus bisporus culture medium according to claim 3, wherein the instant tea leaves are waste tea leaves generated after processing of instant tea.
5. The agaricus bisporus culture medium according to claim 1, 2 or 4, wherein the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the culture medium is 16-20: 1.
6. The method for preparing an agaricus bisporus culture medium according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising the steps of:
(1) pre-wetting the straws and the instant tea leaves, and then mixing the straws and the instant tea leaves with chicken manure, calcium superphosphate and light calcium carbonate to obtain a mixture;
(2) and fermenting the mixture to obtain the agaricus bisporus culture medium.
7. The preparation method according to claim 6, wherein the humidity of the mixed material in the step (1) is 94-95%.
8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the fermentation in the step (2) comprises pre-wet composting, composting fermentation and composting fermentation in this order.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the pre-wet windrow time is 5 to 7 days;
the composting fermentation is indoor composting fermentation, the humidity is 93%, the composting temperature is controlled at 80 ℃, the fermentation time is 11-12 days, and the composting is turned for 3-4 times.
10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the decomposing fermentation is specifically: controlling the humidity to be 89-90%, heating to 60 ℃, keeping for 8-10 hours, then cooling to 48 ℃, keeping for 4 days, then cooling to normal temperature, and carrying out the whole mature fermentation period for 6-8 days.
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