CN110934881B - Application of monostroma nitidum oligobiose and monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivative in resisting colorectal cancer - Google Patents
Application of monostroma nitidum oligobiose and monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivative in resisting colorectal cancer Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The embodiment of the invention provides application of monostromyces nitidum oligobiose and monostromyces nitidum oligobiose derivatives in resisting colorectal cancer, and the monostromyces nitidum oligobiose or the monostromyces nitidum oligobiose derivatives are used for treating the colorectal cancer. Specifically, the monostroma nitidum oligobiose or the monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivative is applied to a drug for resisting colorectal cancer, or the monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivative is applied to a functional food for resisting colorectal cancer. The embodiment of the invention treats the colorectal cancer by inhibiting the enzyme activity of COX-2 in a targeted mode and killing colon cancer cells.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of biotechnology drugs, and particularly relates to application of monostroma nitidum oligobiose and monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivatives in anti-colorectal cancer, in particular to application of monostroma nitidum oligobiose in targeted COX-2 anti-colorectal cancer drugs and functional foods, and application of monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivatives in targeted COX-2 anti-colorectal cancer drugs and functional foods.
Background
In recent years, various malignant tumors have been frequently found, and the malignant tumors have been difficult in the medical field, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and the like. Therefore, the medical community is also constantly working on the attack of various malignant tumors.
Taking colorectal cancer as an example, approximately 125 million people worldwide are diagnosed with colorectal cancer each year, and over 60 million people die from the disease. Standard treatment modalities for colorectal cancer include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy with fluopicolide, oxaliplatin and irinotecan as the primary agents. Despite advances in cancer treatment, its 5-year survival rate remains 60%. Therefore, there remains a need for additional, auxiliary pathways to control the development of colorectal cancer. Recent studies have shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression has a critical role in the development of tumors, particularly in colorectal cancer. The efficacy of non-selective and selective COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib, etc.) to reduce the risk of recurrence of colorectal adenomas has been demonstrated in several studies. The focus of clinical cancer research for NSAIDs as COX-2 inhibitors was initially chemoprevention, but with the continued sophistication of clinical experimental data, the potential therapeutic use of NSAIDs drugs and specific COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., aspirin, sulindac, ibuprofen, celecoxib, naproxen, nimesulide, etc.) in cancer has gained considerable attention. Therefore, the search for novel COX-2 inhibitors from natural products to treat colorectal cancer is the focus of recent research.
Alginates and their derivatives from different sources have various biological and medicinal effects, such as neuroprotective effect, antiinflammatory effect, immunostimulating effect, anticancer effect, and antioxidant effect. Alginates are also widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industries due to their stability, biodegradability and low toxicity. At present, most of the literature reports are researches in the field of brown algae polysaccharide and oligosaccharide, and for green algae, the results are more complex, so the researches mainly focus on the structural analysis and activity exploration of polysaccharide, and the researches on oligosaccharide are rarely reported.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide application of monostroma nitidum oligosaccharose in resisting colorectal cancer, which can inhibit the enzyme activity of COX-2 and kill colon cancer cells to treat colorectal cancer.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
one aspect of the invention provides the use of monostroma nitidum oligobiose against colorectal cancer, for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
A further aspect of the invention provides the use of a monostroma oligodisaccharide derivative against colorectal cancer, for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
As a further improvement scheme of the invention, the monostroma nitidum oligobiose or the monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivative is applied to a drug for resisting colorectal cancer, or the monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivative is applied to a functional food for resisting colorectal cancer.
Specifically, the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide is applied to medicaments for resisting colorectal cancer or functional foods for resisting colorectal cancer, and/or the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide derivative is applied to medicaments for resisting colorectal cancer or functional foods for resisting colorectal cancer.
As a further improvement of the invention, the monostroma nitidum oligosaccaride is used for treating colorectal cancer by targeting and inhibiting the enzyme activity of COX-2 and killing colon cancer cells.
As a further improvement of the invention, the molecular skeleton of the monostroma nitidum oligobiose is formed by connecting glucuronic acid (GIA) with rhamnose (Rha) through a beta-1, 3 glycosidic bond, and the molecular weight of the monostroma nitidum oligobiose is 340.28 Da.
As a further improvement scheme of the invention, the molecular structural general formula of the monostroma nitidum oligobiose is as follows:
as a further improvement of the present invention, the monostroma oligobiose derivative comprises: sulfated derivatives containing Monostroma nitidum oligobiose as the core, phosphorylated derivatives containing Monostroma nitidum oligobiose as the core, and acetylated derivatives containing Monostroma nitidum oligobiose as the core.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing Monostroma nitidum oligobiose, comprising the following steps:
dissolving green algae in water to obtain green algae water solution;
adding dilute sulfuric acid into a green alga aqueous solution, heating and stirring to chemically degrade the green alga to obtain a degradation solution;
putting the degradation liquid into a dialysis bag for dialysis, and standing overnight to obtain dialysate;
concentrating the dialysate, and performing ultrafiltration membrane to obtain oligosaccharide;
concentrating, separating and purifying the oligosaccharide to obtain an eluent;
and detecting the sugar content of the eluent, drawing an elution curve, collecting the peak part, and freeze-drying to obtain the monostroma nitidum oligobiose.
As a further improvement of the invention, the sugar content of the eluent is detected by adopting a phenol-sulfuric acid method.
As a further improvement of the invention, the concentration step adopts a rotator to carry out concentration;
the ultrafiltration membrane is a 1000Da ultrafiltration membrane.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention provides application of monostromyces nitidum oligobiose and monostromyces nitidum oligobiose derivatives in resisting colorectal cancer, and the monostromyces nitidum oligobiose or the monostromyces nitidum oligobiose derivatives are used for treating the colorectal cancer.
The monostroma nitidum oligobiose or the monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivative is applied to a drug for resisting colorectal cancer, or the monostroma nitidum oligobiose derivative is applied to a functional food for resisting colorectal cancer, the COX-2 enzyme activity can be inhibited through targeting, and colon cancer cells are killed, so that colorectal cancer can be treated.
2. According to the embodiment of the invention, a COX-2 in-vitro molecular model and an HT-29 colon cancer cell model are adopted, and the application of monostroma nitidum oligosaccaride in preparing a targeted COX-2 anti-colorectal cancer medicament or functional food is explored.
In vitro experiment results prove that: the monostroma nitidum oligose can obviously inhibit the enzyme activity of inflammatory protease COX-2, has obvious killing effect on colon cancer cells HT-29, and can inhibit colorectal cancer through multiple ways by inhibiting COX-2 in a targeted manner and killing colon cancer cells at the same time. Therefore, the monostroma nitidum oligosaccaride has obvious anti-colorectal cancer effect.
3. In the embodiment of the invention, the raw material source adopts green algae, and specifically, green algae Monostroma nitidum powder can be adopted; the raw materials are derived from marine natural Monostroma nitidum polysaccharide, and the preparation method has the advantages of rich resources, easiness in industrialization, safety, effectiveness and the like, and can be developed into anti-colorectal cancer medicines and health products through the experimental discovery of an inventor, so that the preparation method has a good market application prospect.
4. The embodiment of the invention provides application of monostroma nitidum oligobiose in preparation of targeted COX-2 anti-colorectal cancer drugs and functional foods, and the technical scheme provides drugs or functional foods taken by colorectal cancer patients, sub-health people and the like for clinical application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a second-order mass spectrum of Monostroma nitidum oligobiose in an example of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The conception, the specific structure, and the technical effects produced by the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the embodiments below, so that the objects, the features, and the effects of the present invention can be fully understood. It is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and those skilled in the art can obtain other embodiments without inventive effort based on the embodiments of the present invention, and all embodiments are within the protection scope of the present invention.
One embodiment of the invention provides the use of monostromyces nitidum oligobiose for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Specifically, the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide is applied to medicaments for resisting colorectal cancer, or the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide is applied to functional foods for resisting the colorectal cancer. The specific application mode is as follows: the Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharide is directly taken as a medicine or a functional food for eating.
The specific usage and dosage are as follows: the dosage of Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharide is 10-500 mg each time, 3 times per day.
Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharose can be used for treating colorectal cancer by inhibiting COX-2 enzyme activity in a targeted manner and killing colon cancer cells. In particular, in vitro experiments prove that in the embodiment, the monostroma nitidum oligosacchride can obviously reduce the enzyme activity of an inflammatory protease COX-2, has an obvious killing effect on colon cancer cells HT-29, and can achieve the effect of treating colorectal cancer through multiple ways by inhibiting COX-2 in a targeted manner and killing colon cancer cells at the same time.
Another embodiment of the invention provides the use of the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide derivative for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Specifically, the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide derivative is applied to medicaments for resisting colorectal cancer, or the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide derivative is applied to functional foods for resisting the colorectal cancer. The specific application mode is as follows: the Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharide derivative can be directly used as medicine or functional food for eating.
The specific usage and dosage are as follows: the dosage of Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharide is 10-500 mg each time, 3 times per day.
Further, the Monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide derivative comprises: sulfated derivatives containing Monostroma nitidum oligobiose as the core, phosphorylated derivatives containing Monostroma nitidum oligobiose as the core, and acetylated derivatives containing Monostroma nitidum oligobiose as the core.
In the application of the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide derivative, the mechanism for generating the effect of treating the colorectal cancer is the same as that of the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide, and the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide plays a role, and the details are not repeated. Specifically, the enzyme activity of the inflammatory protease COX-2 is obviously reduced through the monostroma nitidum oligose, the action of killing the colon cancer cell HT-29 is obvious, and the effect of treating the colorectal cancer can be achieved through multiple ways by inhibiting COX-2 in a targeted manner and killing the colon cancer cell at the same time.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the monostroma nitidum oligobiose, which specifically comprises the following steps of S1-S6:
s1, dissolving the green algae in water to obtain a green algae water solution with the weight percent of 5-15%;
in this embodiment, the green algae is Monostroma nitidum powder, which is dissolved in water to prepare a 5-15 wt% aqueous solution of Monostroma nitidum.
S2, adding 1.0 wt% of dilute sulfuric acid into the green alga aqueous solution, heating to 50-85 ℃, and stirring to chemically degrade the green alga for 6-8 hours to obtain degradation liquid;
in this embodiment, 1.0 wt% of dilute sulfuric acid is added to the aqueous solution of Monostroma nitidum obtained in step S1, heated to 50-85 deg.C, and stirred to chemically degrade Monostroma nitidum for 6-8 hours to obtain a degradation solution.
S3, putting the degradation liquid obtained in the step S2 into a dialysis bag for dialysis, and staying overnight to obtain dialysate;
s4, concentrating the dialysate obtained in the step S3 by using a rotary instrument to obtain a primary concentrated solution, and passing the obtained primary concentrated solution through a 1000Da ultrafiltration membrane to obtain oligosaccharide smaller than 1000 Da;
s5, concentrating the oligosaccharide obtained in the step S4 by using a rotator to obtain a secondary concentrated solution, and separating and purifying the secondary concentrated solution by using a Bio-Gel P4 chromatographic column to obtain an eluent;
s6, detecting the sugar content of the eluent obtained in the step S5 by adopting a phenol-sulfuric acid method, drawing an elution curve, collecting the eluent corresponding to the peak part in the elution curve, and freeze-drying the collected eluent to obtain the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide.
In the embodiment of the invention, the molecular skeleton of the monostroma nitidum oligobiose is formed by connecting glucuronic acid (GIA) with rhamnose (Rha) through a beta-1, 3 glycosidic bond, and the molecular weight of the monostroma nitidum oligobiose is 340.28 Da. And the structural general formula of the Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharose molecule is as follows:
the following are specific examples.
Example 1
Embodiment 1 of the present invention provides a method for preparing monostroma nitidum oligobiose, which specifically comprises the following steps S1-S6:
s1, dissolving the green alga Monostroma nitidum powder in water to prepare a5 wt% green alga Monostroma nitidum water solution.
S2, adding 1.0 wt% of dilute sulfuric acid into the water solution of the green alga Monostroma nitidum obtained in the step S1, heating to 50 ℃, and stirring to chemically degrade the green alga Monostroma nitidum for 6 hours to obtain degradation liquid.
S3, putting the degradation liquid obtained in the step S2 into a dialysis bag for dialysis, and staying overnight to obtain dialysate;
s4, concentrating the dialysate obtained in the step S3 by using a rotary instrument to obtain a primary concentrated solution, and passing the obtained primary concentrated solution through a 1000Da ultrafiltration membrane to obtain oligosaccharide smaller than 1000 Da;
s5, concentrating the oligosaccharide obtained in the step S4 by using a rotator to obtain a secondary concentrated solution, and separating and purifying the secondary concentrated solution by using a Bio-Gel P4 chromatographic column to obtain an eluent;
s6, detecting the sugar content of the eluent obtained in the step S5 by adopting a phenol-sulfuric acid method, drawing an elution curve, collecting the eluent corresponding to the peak part in the elution curve, and freeze-drying the collected eluent to obtain the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide.
Example 2
Embodiment 2 of the present invention provides a method for preparing monostroma nitidum oligobiose, which specifically comprises the following steps S1-S6:
s1, dissolving the green alga Monostroma nitidum powder in water to prepare a 15 wt% green alga Monostroma nitidum water solution.
S2, adding 1.0 wt% of dilute sulfuric acid into the water solution of the green alga Monostroma nitidum obtained in the step S1, heating to 85 ℃, and stirring to chemically degrade the green alga Monostroma nitidum for 8 hours to obtain degradation liquid.
S3, putting the degradation liquid obtained in the step S2 into a dialysis bag for dialysis, and staying overnight to obtain dialysate;
s4, concentrating the dialysate obtained in the step S3 by using a rotary instrument to obtain a primary concentrated solution, and passing the obtained primary concentrated solution through a 1000Da ultrafiltration membrane to obtain oligosaccharide smaller than 1000 Da;
s5, concentrating the oligosaccharide obtained in the step S4 by using a rotator to obtain a secondary concentrated solution, and separating and purifying the secondary concentrated solution by using a Bio-Gel P4 chromatographic column to obtain an eluent;
s6, detecting the sugar content of the eluent obtained in the step S5 by adopting a phenol-sulfuric acid method, drawing an elution curve, collecting the eluent corresponding to the peak part in the elution curve, and freeze-drying the collected eluent to obtain the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide.
Example 3
Embodiment 3 of the present invention provides a method for preparing monostroma nitidum oligobiose, which specifically comprises the following steps S1-S6:
s1, dissolving the green alga Monostroma nitidum powder in water to prepare a 10 wt% green alga Monostroma nitidum water solution.
S2, adding 1.0 wt% of dilute sulfuric acid into the water solution of the green alga Monostroma nitidum obtained in the step S1, heating to 85 ℃, and stirring to chemically degrade the green alga Monostroma nitidum for 7 hours to obtain degradation liquid.
S3, putting the degradation liquid obtained in the step S2 into a dialysis bag for dialysis, and staying overnight to obtain dialysate;
s4, concentrating the dialysate obtained in the step S3 by using a rotary instrument to obtain a primary concentrated solution, and passing the obtained primary concentrated solution through a 1000Da ultrafiltration membrane to obtain oligosaccharide smaller than 1000 Da;
s5, concentrating the oligosaccharide obtained in the step S4 by using a rotator to obtain a secondary concentrated solution, and separating and purifying the secondary concentrated solution by using a Bio-Gel P4 chromatographic column to obtain an eluent;
s6, detecting the sugar content of the eluent obtained in the step S5 by adopting a phenol-sulfuric acid method, drawing an elution curve, collecting the eluent corresponding to the peak part in the elution curve, and freeze-drying the collected eluent to obtain the monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharide.
The product obtained in example 3 was analyzed as follows:
and (3) analyzing the oligosaccharide by electrospray mass spectrometry in a negative ion mode. A small amount of the oligosaccharide fraction of example 3 was taken and dissolved in acetonitrile/water 1: 1(V/V) solution at a flow rate of 250L/h using nitrogen as a carrier gas. In secondary mass spectrometry, a cone voltage of 80eV is required, and argon is used as the collision gas. At the same time, the best sequence information is obtained while maintaining the collision energy exchanged at 20-50 eV. The mobile phase was acetonitrile: water 1: 1(V/V) and the ion source and solvent volatilization peak temperatures were 80 ℃ and 150 ℃, respectively.
FIG. 1 shows the secondary mass spectrum of glucuronic acid rhamnose m/z 339, and referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that glucuronic acid is located at the non-reducing end. The m/z 339 has the structure of beta-D-GlcA- (1 → 3) -alpha-L-Rhap, and the disaccharide molecule skeleton is formed by connecting glucuronic acid (GIA) with rhamnose (Rha) through beta-1, 3 glycosidic bonds.
The effect of Monostroma nitidum oligosaccaride on the survival of HT-29 colon cancer cells was analyzed as follows
The monostroma nitidum oligosaccarides prepared in example 3 were used for this analysis. The specific analysis process is as follows:
(1) cell culture: HT-29 cells were inoculated into MEM complete medium containing 100U/mL penicillin, 100U/mL streptomycin and 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum), and the medium was incubated at 37 ℃ with 5% CO2Culturing in an incubator.
(2) 8000 cells per well are planted in a 96-well plate, the 96-well plate is placed in a constant-temperature cell culture box to be incubated for 12 hours, and then monostroma nitidum oligosaccharose with different concentrations is added and placed in the constant-temperature cell culture box to be incubated for 48 hours continuously. After the incubation is finished, the culture medium is replaced, 20 mu L (5mg/ml) of MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2) -2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) solution is added into each hole, and the incubator continues to incubate for 4 hours. After completion, the solution was removed, 150. mu.L of LDMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) solution was added to each well, mixed well and incubated in a 37 ℃ incubator for 20 min. Finally, absorbance was measured using a microplate reader a540 nm. Three replicates were taken each time and the experiment was repeated three times.
Calculating the formula: cell viability (Cell viability) ═ absorbance of experimental group/control group
The experimental results are shown in Table 1, when the administration concentration of the monostroma nitidum oligobiose is 100 μmol/L, 200 μmol/L, 400 μmol/L and 500 μmol/L, the cell survival rate is significantly different from that of the control group, and the experimental results show that: monostroma nitidum oligosaccharose can inhibit the growth of colon cancer cell and has obvious dose dependent effect.
TABLE 1 influence of Monostroma nitidum oligosaccaride on the survival rate of HT-29 colon cancer cells
Note: n is 9, x ± SD, P < 0.05, P < 0.001 compared to the model group
The effect of Monostroma nitidum oligosaccarides on intracellular COX-2 enzyme activity was analyzed as follows
The monostroma nitidum oligosaccarides prepared in example 3 were used for this analysis. The specific analysis process is as follows:
(1) cell culture: HT-29 cells were inoculated into MEM complete medium (containing 100U/mL penicillin, 100U/mL streptomycin, and 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum)), and incubated at 37 ℃ with 5% CO2Culturing in an incubator.
(2) 8000 cells per well are planted in a 96-well plate, put into a constant-temperature cell culture box and incubated for 24 hours, then 200 mug/ml monostroma oligosaccharose is added, and put into the constant-temperature cell culture box and incubated for 48 hours. After the incubation was completed, 200. mu.L of PBS solution (phosphate buffer solution) was added to each well, and washed twice. mu.L of cell lysate was added to each well, and the lysate was collected after 20min of lysis on ice. 13000rpm, 4 ℃ centrifugation for 5min, collecting the supernatant. Finally, 20 μ L of the extracted protein was incubated at 37 deg.C for 10min with substrate and cofactors (see commercial COX-2 assay kit, product No. S0168, Biyuntian Biotech Co., Ltd.) and fluorescence and wavelength were measured using a microplate reader (565/590). The experiment was repeated three times.
Calculating the formula: fluorescent value of COX-2 enzyme activity (experimental group/100% enzyme activity group)
The experimental result is shown in Table 2, the COX-2 enzyme activity of the drug group is significantly different from that of the control group, and the Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharide (100 mu mol/L-400 mu mol/L) can significantly reduce the COX-2 enzyme activity in HT-29 cells.
Experiments show that: the monostroma nitidum oligosaccharose can not only directly kill colon cancer cells, but also can obviously inhibit the enzyme activity of COX-2 enzyme in the cells, and can play a role in resisting colon cancer from multiple ways.
TABLE 2 Effect of Monostroma nitidum oligodisaccharides on COX-2 enzyme activity in HT-29 cells
Note: n is 9, x ± SD, P < 0.05 compared to model group
The experiments prove that the monostroma nitidum oligosaccharose can well inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells and has obvious dose-dependent effect.
Moreover, the monostroma nitidum oligosaccharose can not only directly kill colon cancer cells, but also obviously inhibit the enzyme activity of COX-2 enzyme in the cells, and can play a role in resisting colon cancer from multiple ways.
It should be noted that, throughout the specification, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
The principles and embodiments of the present invention are explained herein using specific examples, which are presented only to assist in understanding the method and its core concepts of the present invention. It should be noted that there are no more than infinite trial-and-error modes objectively due to the limited character expressions, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, decorations, or changes may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention or the technical features described above may be combined in a suitable manner; such modifications, variations, combinations, or adaptations of the invention using its spirit and scope, as defined by the claims, may be directed to other uses and embodiments.
Claims (5)
1. The application of the monostroma nitidum oligosacchare in preparing the medicine for resisting colon cancer is characterized in that a molecular skeleton of the monostroma nitidum oligosacchare is formed by connecting glucuronic acid with rhamnose bond through beta-1, 3 glycosidic bond, the molecular weight of the monostroma nitidum oligosacchare is 340.28Da, and the molecular structural general formula of the monostroma nitidum oligosacchare is as follows:
2. the use of claim 1, wherein said Monostroma nitidum oligosaccarides are used to treat colon cancer by targeting COX-2 inhibitory enzyme activity and killing colon cancer cells.
3. The use of claim 1, wherein the method for preparing Monostroma nitidum oligobiose comprises the following steps:
dissolving green algae in water to obtain green algae water solution;
adding dilute sulfuric acid into a green alga aqueous solution, heating and stirring to chemically degrade the green alga to obtain a degradation solution;
putting the degradation liquid into a dialysis bag for dialysis, and standing overnight to obtain dialysate;
concentrating the dialysate, and performing ultrafiltration membrane to obtain oligosaccharide;
concentrating, separating and purifying the oligosaccharide to obtain an eluent;
and detecting the sugar content of the eluent, drawing an elution curve, collecting the peak part, and freeze-drying to obtain the monostroma nitidum oligobiose.
4. Use according to claim 3, wherein the eluent is tested for its sugar content using the phenol-sulfuric acid method.
5. The use according to claim 3, wherein the concentrating step is carried out using a rotameter; the ultrafiltration membrane is a 1000Da ultrafiltration membrane.
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