CN110817813B - Preparation method of nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder - Google Patents

Preparation method of nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder Download PDF

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CN110817813B
CN110817813B CN201911316916.7A CN201911316916A CN110817813B CN 110817813 B CN110817813 B CN 110817813B CN 201911316916 A CN201911316916 A CN 201911316916A CN 110817813 B CN110817813 B CN 110817813B
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CN110817813A (en
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张春雨
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Hunan Zhongxin New Materials Technology Co ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B21/00Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • C01B21/06Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
    • C01B21/0615Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with transition metals other than titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • C01B21/0617Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with transition metals other than titanium, zirconium or hafnium with vanadium, niobium or tantalum
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/64Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/80Compositional purity
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13Energy storage using capacitors

Abstract

A process for preparing the nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder includes such steps as hydrogenating the vanadium source, mechanical breaking to a certain granularity, dehydrogenating and gasifying at high temp by plasma atomizing powder preparing apparatus, quickly condensing under the action of liquid argon to obtain nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, passivating in nitrogen atmosphere, and finally preparing the nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder. The whole process has low production cost and short process time, and is easy to realize industrial production.

Description

Preparation method of nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder
Technical Field
The invention relates to a preparation method of nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder, belonging to the technical field of vanadium-nitrogen alloys and the field of nano materials.
Background
Vanadium Nitride (VN), also known as vanadium-nitrogen alloy, belongs to a novel alloy, and as a transition metal nitride, the vanadium nitride has unique advantages in the aspects of theoretical specific capacity, electronic conductivity, chemical stability, anti-poisoning performance, electrochemical potential window range, comprehensive mechanical performance and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of supercapacitors, catalysis, lithium electrochemistry and the like.
Compared with micron-sized vanadium nitride, the nano vanadium nitride has the following advantages: 1. the sintering temperature of some materials can be reduced, and the sintering performance is improved; 2. the reinforcing phase can effectively improve the strength and the wear resistance of metal and ceramic matrixes; 3. as a catalyst, the catalyst has higher catalytic activity; 4. as a superconducting material, the material has higher superconducting performance. Therefore, the nano vanadium nitride has wide application prospect.
The traditional nitriding process of the metal vanadium is extremely complex, the metal powder needs to be ground to be less than 300 meshes and reacts for a long time at high temperature, and even if a microwave plasma combined method is applied, after the reaction is carried out for 3 hours, the reactants need to be ground and then react for 3 hours, so that the phase-pure vanadium nitride can be obtained. In industry, vanadium nitride usually adopts V2O5 and carbon as raw materials, and micron-sized vanadium nitride can be obtained only by carrying out reduction nitridation reaction at 1250 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere. Impure vanadium nitride can only be obtained by reacting metal vanadium powder with Li3N, ca N2 or Mg3N2 in nitrogen atmosphere. The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal nitrifying agent and VCl2 or VCl3 are used for carrying out solid-solid double decomposition reaction under the vacuum condition or VCl4 is used for carrying out liquid-solid double decomposition reaction, VN can be prepared under the mild condition (400-900 ℃), but the reaction raw materials are expensive, and only micron-sized vanadium nitride can be obtained.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems, overcomes the defects of low yield, complex process, harsh preparation conditions and the like in the process of preparing the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder in the prior art, and provides the method for preparing the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder, which has the advantages of low production cost, short process time and easy realization of industrial production.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the preparation method of the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: adding a vanadium source into a vacuum hydrogenation furnace, vacuumizing the vacuum hydrogenation furnace to 10Pa, introducing hydrogen into the vacuum hydrogenation furnace, heating to 450-580 ℃, controlling the pressure of the hydrogen in the vacuum hydrogenation furnace to be 0.1-0.12 Mpa all the time, carrying out hydrogenation treatment for 3-5 hours, and obtaining vanadium hydride after the reaction is finished;
step two: crushing the vanadium hydride prepared in the step one by using a mechanical crushing device under the protection of inert gas atmosphere, and then sieving the crushed vanadium hydride by using a 325-mesh sieve to prepare-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder (namely the particle size is smaller than 325 meshes);
step three: introducing the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder prepared in the step two into 100KW plasma atomization powder-making equipment by taking argon as a carrier gas, controlling the feeding speed to be 2-5KG/H, introducing argon as a protective gas into an atomization chamber of the plasma atomization powder-making equipment, generating a plasma torch by taking the argon as a plasma generating gas through the plasma atomization powder-making equipment, and instantly dehydrogenating the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder at the high temperature of the plasma torch and quickly gasifying the powder to form vanadium steam; and then introducing liquid argon into the atomizing chamber, and under the rapid cooling of the liquid argon, instantly condensing and crystallizing the vanadium steam to form nano vanadium powder, and falling into a powder collecting cylinder at the lower end of the plasma atomization powder preparation device. Through detection, the average particle size of the formed vanadium powder is 30-100nm;
step four: and (3) taking down the powder collecting cylinder in the third step, continuously introducing nitrogen from the bottom of the powder collecting cylinder to ensure that the nano vanadium powder in the cylinder is always in a boiling rolling state under the flushing of nitrogen flow, controlling the pressure of the nitrogen in the cylinder to be 0.1-0.15 Mpa, and finally passivating the nano vanadium powder by the nitrogen to form nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder after 2-4 hours, then packaging the nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, and introducing the nitrogen as a protective gas.
The obtained nano vanadium powder has very small particles and large specific surface area, the surface of the nano vanadium powder is converted into vanadium nitride by absorbing nitrogen, and the vanadium nitride is generated by completely absorbing nitrogen by utilizing the active property of the nano powder.
Preferably, in the first step, the vanadium source is at least one of sponge vanadium, vanadium block and vanadium wire.
Preferably, in the second step, the mechanical crushing method is one of ball milling and airflow crushing.
Preferably, in step two, the inert gas is argon.
Preferably, in the third step, the plasma atomization powder making device is one of a radio frequency plasma atomization powder making device, a microwave plasma atomization powder making device and a high-frequency induction plasma atomization powder making device.
Preferably, in the fourth step, the temperature of the nitrogen gas is 0-200 ℃.
Preferably, the powder collecting cylinder in the fourth step is fixed on a rolling device, and the powder collecting cylinder is continuously rolled.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the preparation method of the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder, the hydrogen brittleness characteristic of vanadium is utilized, a vanadium source absorbing hydrogen easily forms micron-sized vanadium hydride powder under a mechanical crushing method, then the vanadium hydride powder is easily dehydrogenated and gasified at the high temperature of a plasma torch, and the nano vanadium powder is formed under the cooling of liquid argon, and finally the nano vanadium powder is easily passivated by nitrogen to form the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder due to larger specific surface area and larger activity. The preparation method of the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder has the advantages of low production cost, short process time and easy realization of industrial production.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
The preparation method of the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: adding a vanadium source into a vacuum hydrogenation furnace, vacuumizing the vacuum hydrogenation furnace to 10Pa, introducing hydrogen into the vacuum hydrogenation furnace, heating to 450-580 ℃, controlling the pressure of the hydrogen in the furnace to be 0.1-0.12 Mpa all the time, and carrying out hydrogenation treatment for 3-5 hours to obtain vanadium hydride;
step two: crushing the vanadium hydride prepared in the step one by using mechanical crushing equipment under the protection of inert gas atmosphere, and then sieving the crushed vanadium hydride by using a 325-mesh sieve to prepare-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder;
step three: introducing the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder prepared in the step two into 100KW plasma atomization powder making equipment by taking argon as carrier gas, controlling the feeding speed to be 2-5KG/H, introducing the argon as protective gas into an atomization chamber of the plasma atomization powder making equipment, generating a plasma torch by taking the argon as plasma generating gas by the plasma atomization powder making equipment, and instantly dehydrogenating the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder at the high temperature of the plasma torch and quickly gasifying the powder to form vanadium steam; and then introducing liquid argon into the atomizing chamber, and under the rapid cooling of the liquid argon, instantly condensing and crystallizing the vanadium steam to form nano vanadium powder, and falling into a powder collecting cylinder at the lower end of the plasma atomization powder preparation device. Through detection, the average particle size of the formed vanadium powder is 30-100nm;
step four: and (3) taking down the powder collecting cylinder in the third step, continuously introducing nitrogen from the bottom of the powder collecting cylinder to ensure that the nano vanadium powder in the cylinder is always in a boiling rolling state under the flushing of nitrogen airflow, controlling the pressure of the nitrogen in the cylinder to be 0.1-0.15 Mpa, and finally passivating the nano vanadium powder by the nitrogen after 2-4 hours to form nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, then packaging the nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, and introducing the nitrogen as protective gas.
Preferably, the vanadium source in the first step is at least one of sponge vanadium, vanadium block and vanadium wire.
Preferably, the mechanical crushing method in the second step is one of ball milling and airflow crushing.
Preferably, the plasma atomization powder making device in the third step is one of a radio frequency plasma atomization powder making device, a microwave plasma atomization powder making device and a high-frequency induction plasma atomization powder making device.
Preferably, the temperature of the nitrogen introduced in the fourth step is 0-200 ℃.
Preferably, the powder collecting barrel in the fourth step is fixed on a rolling device, and the powder collecting barrel is continuously rolled.
Examples 2-4 below are specific examples of applications using the process of example 1.
Example 2
The mechanical crushing equipment of this embodiment is the ball mill, and the powder process equipment of plasma atomizing is 100 KW's radio frequency plasma atomizing powder process equipment.
The method comprises the following steps: adding sponge vanadium with the particle size of 3-20mm into a vacuum hydrogenation furnace, vacuumizing the vacuum hydrogenation furnace to 10Pa, introducing hydrogen into the furnace, heating to 450 ℃, controlling the pressure of the hydrogen in the furnace to be 0.1-0.12 Mpa all the time, carrying out hydrogenation treatment for 5 hours, and obtaining the vanadium hydride after the reaction is finished;
step two: carrying out ball milling crushing on the vanadium hydride prepared in the step one by using a ball mill under the protection of inert gas argon atmosphere, wherein the lining and the grinding balls of the ball mill are made of zirconia ceramics to prevent the vanadium hydride from being doped by other materials, the ball-to-material ratio of the ball mill is controlled to be 2.5;
step three: introducing the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder prepared in the step two into 100KW radio frequency plasma atomization powder making equipment by taking argon as carrier gas, controlling the feeding speed to be 2KG/H, introducing argon as protective gas into an atomization chamber of the radio frequency plasma atomization powder making equipment, generating a plasma torch by taking the argon as plasma generating gas by the radio frequency plasma atomization powder making equipment, and instantly dehydrogenating the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder at the high temperature of the plasma torch and rapidly gasifying the powder to form vanadium steam; and then introducing liquid argon into the atomizing chamber, and under the rapid cooling of the liquid argon, instantly condensing and crystallizing the vanadium steam to form nano vanadium powder, and falling into a powder collecting barrel at the lower end of the radio frequency plasma atomization powder preparation equipment. Through detection, the average particle size of the formed vanadium powder is 30nm;
step four: and (3) taking down the powder collecting cylinder in the third step, continuously introducing nitrogen gas at 0 ℃ from the bottom of the powder collecting cylinder to ensure that the nano vanadium powder in the cylinder is always in a boiling rolling state under the flushing of nitrogen gas flow, controlling the pressure of the nitrogen gas in the cylinder to be 0.1-0.15 Mpa, and finally completely passivating the nano vanadium powder by the nitrogen gas after 4 hours to form nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, then packaging the nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, and filling the nitrogen gas as protective gas.
Through detection, the average particle size of the packaged nano vanadium nitride powder is 35nm, the hydrogen content is below 50ppm, and the nano vanadium nitride powder is placed in a room-temperature environment for three months without change in powder properties.
Example 3
The mechanical crushing equipment of this embodiment is airflow crusher, and plasma atomizing powder process equipment is 100 KW's microwave plasma atomizing powder process equipment.
The method comprises the following steps: adding sponge vanadium with the particle size of 10-30mm into a vacuum hydrogenation furnace, vacuumizing the vacuum hydrogenation furnace to 10Pa, introducing hydrogen into the furnace, heating to 580 ℃, controlling the pressure of the hydrogen in the furnace to be 0.1-0.12 Mpa all the time, carrying out hydrogenation treatment for 3 hours, and obtaining the vanadium hydride after the reaction is finished;
step two: airflow crushing the vanadium hydride prepared in the step one by using an airflow crusher under the protection of inert gas argon atmosphere, wherein the parts in the airflow crusher, which are in contact with the vanadium hydride, are made of 304 stainless steel materials so as to prevent the vanadium hydride from being doped by other materials, crushing the vanadium hydride by using the airflow crusher, and sieving the crushed vanadium hydride by using a 325-mesh sieve to prepare-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder;
step three: introducing the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder prepared in the step two into 100KW microwave plasma atomization powder making equipment by taking argon as carrier gas, controlling the feeding speed to be 5KG/H, introducing argon as protective gas into an atomization chamber of the microwave plasma atomization powder making equipment, generating a plasma torch by taking the argon as plasma generating gas by the microwave plasma atomization powder making equipment, and instantly dehydrogenating the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder at the high temperature of the plasma torch and quickly gasifying the powder to form vanadium steam; and then introducing liquid argon into the atomizing chamber, and under the rapid cooling of the liquid argon, instantly condensing and crystallizing the vanadium steam to form nano vanadium powder, and falling into a powder collecting cylinder at the lower end of the microwave plasma atomization powder preparation device. Through detection, the average particle size of the formed vanadium powder is 100nm;
step four: and (3) taking down the powder collecting cylinder in the third step, continuously introducing nitrogen gas at 200 ℃ from the bottom of the powder collecting cylinder to ensure that the nano vanadium powder in the cylinder is always in a boiling rolling state under the flushing of nitrogen gas flow, controlling the pressure of the nitrogen gas in the cylinder to be 0.1-0.15 Mpa, completely passivating the nano vanadium powder by the nitrogen gas after 2 hours to form nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, packaging the nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, and filling the nitrogen gas as protective gas.
Through detection, the average particle size of the packaged nano vanadium nitride powder is 110nm, the hydrogen content is below 80ppm, and the powder is placed in a room-temperature environment for three months without change in powder properties.
Example 4
The mechanical crushing equipment of this embodiment is the ball mill, and plasma atomizing powder process equipment is 100 KW's high frequency induction plasma atomizing powder process equipment.
The method comprises the following steps: adding a vanadium wire with the diameter of 0.3-2mm into a vacuum hydrogenation furnace, vacuumizing the vacuum hydrogenation furnace to 10Pa, introducing hydrogen into the furnace, heating to 500 ℃, controlling the pressure of the hydrogen in the furnace to be 0.1-0.12 Mpa all the time, and carrying out hydrogenation treatment for 4 hours to obtain vanadium hydride;
step two: ball-milling and crushing the vanadium hydride prepared in the step one by using a ball mill under the protection of inert gas argon atmosphere, wherein the lining and the grinding balls of the ball mill are made of zirconia ceramics to prevent the vanadium hydride from being doped by other materials, the ball-to-material ratio of the ball mill is controlled to be 2:1, after the vanadium hydride is ground by the ball mill, the ground and crushed vanadium hydride is sieved by a 325-mesh sieve, and then-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder is prepared;
step three: introducing the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder prepared in the step two into 100KW high-frequency induction plasma atomization powder making equipment by taking argon as carrier gas, controlling the feeding speed to be 3KG/H, introducing argon as protective gas into an atomization chamber of the high-frequency induction plasma atomization powder making equipment, generating a plasma torch by taking the argon as plasma generating gas by the high-frequency induction plasma atomization powder making equipment, and instantly dehydrogenating the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder at the high temperature of the plasma torch and rapidly gasifying the powder to form vanadium steam; and then introducing liquid argon into the atomizing chamber, and under the rapid cooling of the liquid argon, instantly condensing and crystallizing the vanadium steam to form nano vanadium powder, and falling into a powder collecting barrel at the lower end of the high-frequency induction plasma atomization powder making device. Through detection, the average particle size of the formed vanadium powder is 80nm;
step four: and (3) taking down the powder collecting barrel in the third step, continuously introducing 100 ℃ nitrogen from the bottom of the powder collecting barrel, enabling the nano vanadium powder in the barrel to be in a boiling rolling state all the time under the flushing of nitrogen airflow, controlling the pressure of the nitrogen in the barrel to be 0.1-0.15 Mpa, fixing the powder collecting barrel on rolling equipment, and enabling the powder collecting barrel to roll continuously. And finally, passivating the nano vanadium powder by nitrogen completely after 3 hours to form nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, packaging the nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, and filling nitrogen as protective gas.
Through detection, the average particle size of the packaged nano vanadium nitride powder is 82nm, the hydrogen content is below 60ppm, and the powder is placed in a room-temperature environment for three months without change in powder properties.

Claims (6)

1. A preparation method of nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: adding a vanadium source into a vacuum hydrogenation furnace, vacuumizing the vacuum hydrogenation furnace to 10Pa, introducing hydrogen into the vacuum hydrogenation furnace, heating to 450-580 ℃, controlling the pressure of the hydrogen in the furnace to be always kept at 0.1-0.12 MPa, and after the hydrogenation treatment is finished for 3-5 hours, obtaining vanadium hydride;
step two: crushing the vanadium hydride prepared in the step one by using mechanical crushing equipment under the protection of inert gas atmosphere, and then sieving the crushed vanadium hydride by using a 325-mesh sieve to prepare-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder;
step three: introducing the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder prepared in the step two into 100kW plasma atomization powder making equipment by taking argon as a carrier gas, controlling the feeding speed to be 2-5kg/h, introducing the argon as a protective gas into an atomization chamber of the plasma atomization powder making equipment, generating a plasma torch by taking the argon as a plasma generating gas through the plasma atomization powder making equipment, and instantly dehydrogenating the-325-mesh vanadium hydride powder at the high temperature of the plasma torch and quickly gasifying the powder to form vanadium steam; then introducing liquid argon into the atomizing chamber, and instantly condensing and crystallizing vanadium steam under the rapid cooling of the liquid argon to form nano vanadium powder, and falling into a powder collecting barrel at the lower end of the plasma atomization powder-making equipment; the average particle size of the formed vanadium powder is 30-100nm;
step four: taking down the powder collecting cylinder in the third step, continuously introducing nitrogen from the bottom of the powder collecting cylinder to ensure that the nano vanadium powder in the cylinder is always in a boiling rolling state under the flushing of nitrogen airflow, controlling the pressure of the nitrogen in the cylinder to be 0.1-0.15 MPa, and finally completely passivating the nano vanadium powder by the nitrogen after 2-4 hours to form nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, then packaging the nano-crystal vanadium nitride powder, and introducing the nitrogen as protective gas;
in the fourth step, the temperature of the introduced nitrogen is 0-200 ℃.
2. The method for preparing nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the vanadium source is at least one of sponge vanadium, vanadium lumps, and vanadium filaments.
3. The method for preparing the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the second step, the mechanical crushing method is one of ball milling crushing and airflow crushing.
4. The method for preparing the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the third step, the plasma atomization powder manufacturing device is one of a radio frequency plasma atomization powder manufacturing device, a microwave plasma atomization powder manufacturing device and a high-frequency induction plasma atomization powder manufacturing device.
5. The method for preparing the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the powder collecting barrel in the fourth step is fixed on a rolling device, and the powder collecting barrel is continuously rolled.
6. The method for preparing the nanocrystalline vanadium nitride powder according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the second step, the inert gas is argon.
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CN102491289A (en) * 2011-12-09 2012-06-13 上海交通大学 Method for preparing nanoscale magnesium nitride powder
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