CN110813038A - 根据第二渗余物中的ch4浓度调节进料气流压力的膜渗透处理 - Google Patents
根据第二渗余物中的ch4浓度调节进料气流压力的膜渗透处理 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
用于含有至少甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流的膜渗透处理的装置,其包含:‑用于压缩进料气流的压缩机,‑能够接收来自压缩机的气流并供应第一渗透物和第一渗余物的第一膜分离单元,‑能够接收第一渗余物并供应第二渗透物和第二渗余物的第二膜分离单元,‑能够接收第一渗透物并供应第三渗透物和第三渗余物的第三膜分离单元,‑能够接收第三渗余物并供应第四渗透物和第四渗余物的第四膜分离单元,‑至少一个用于测量第二渗余物中的CH4浓度的第一测量工具,和‑至少一个根据第一测量工具获取的测量结果调节进料气流的压力的压力调节工具、其中各膜分离单元包含至少一个二氧化碳比甲烷更容易透过的膜。
Description
本发明涉及用于通过膜渗透处理含有至少甲烷和二氧化碳的气体料流以产生其甲烷含量满足其使用要求的富甲烷气体料流的装置和控制这种装置的方法。
其特别涉及生物气体的净化,目标是产生符合注入天然气网络的规范的生物甲烷。
生物气体是当有机物在不存在氧气的情况下分解(需氧发酵(aerobicfermentation))(也称为甲烷化)时产生的气体。这可以是天然分解-其因此在沼泽地或在生活垃圾排放物中发现-但生物气体的产生也可能来自在被称为甲烷化器(methanizer)或消化器(digester)的专用反应器中的废物甲烷化。
由于其主要成分-甲烷和二氧化碳-生物气体是强力温室气体;同时,其也构成在化石燃料越来越稀缺的背景下重要的可再生能源。
生物气体主要含有甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2),其比例可随获得方式而变,还含有较小比例的痕量形式的水、氮气、硫化氢、氧气和其它有机化合物。
组分的比例根据已分解的有机物和根据所用技术而不同,尽管平均而言生物气体在干气体中含有30至75%甲烷、15至60%CO2、0至15%氮气、0至5%氧气和痕量化合物。
生物气体以各种方式实现有利可图的应用。其可在光照处理后在生产现场附近实现有利可图的应用以供应热、电或两者的混合物(热电联产);高二氧化碳含量降低其热值,提高压缩和运输的成本并限制由此在附近实现其有利可图的应用的经济效益。
在更大程度上净化生物气体赋予其更广泛的用途,特别地,生物气体的充分净化产生已净化至天然气的规格并可替代天然气的生物气体;由此净化的生物气体被称为“生物甲烷”。生物甲烷因此用境内生产的可再生比例补充天然气资源;其可用于与化石来源的天然气完全相同的用途。其可供入天然气网络、车辆加气站;其也可液化并以液化天然气(LNG)等形式储存。
有利可图地利用生物甲烷的方式取决于当地情况:当地能源需求、其有利可图地用作生物甲烷燃料的可能性和特别地,附近是否有天然气运输或分配网络。通过在给定地区中运营的各方(农业、工业、民政当局)之间建立协同作用,生物甲烷的生产有助于该地区在能源方面获得更大的自足性。
在收集生物气体与获得生物甲烷(可压缩或液化的最终产品)之间需要经过许多阶段。
特别地,在旨在分离二氧化碳以产生纯化甲烷料流的处理之前需要几个阶段。第一阶段是压缩已生成并在大气压下引入的生物气体,并可使用压缩机以常规方式获得这种压缩。接下来的阶段旨在除去生物气体的腐蚀性组分,其是硫化氢和挥发性有机化合物(VOC),用于此的技术是,以常规方式,变压吸附(PSA)和活性炭捕获。接着是涉及分离二氧化碳以最终获得其后续应用所需纯度的甲烷的阶段。
二氧化碳是天然气中通常存在的污染物,并且常见做法需要将其除去。根据情况为此使用不同技术;其中,当CO2含量高时膜技术表现得特别好;其因此用于分离源自释放的气体或植物或动物废物消化器的生物气体中存在的CO2。
用于净化气体的膜气体分离法(无论它们使用一个还是几个膜阶段)需要能够以低成本生产所需质量的气体,同时将投入有利可图的应用的气体的损失减至最低。因此,在生物气体净化的情况下,实施的分离主要是CH4/CO2分离,其需要能够生产根据其用途含有多于85%CH4,优选多于95%CH4,更优选多于97.5%CH4的气体,同时使残余气体中的CH4损失和净化成本最小化,后者在很大程度上与在膜上游压缩气体的装置的耗电量相关联。
天然气网络优选接收甲烷浓度恒定的甲烷料流,因此使用生物甲烷的设备可一致地运行。
在这一基础上,出现的一个问题在于提供能够获得恒定浓度的甲烷料流的装置。
本发明的一个解决方案是一种用于含有至少甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流的膜渗透处理的装置,其包含:
-用于压缩进料气流的压缩机,
-能够接收来自压缩机的气流并供应第一渗透物和第一渗余物的第一膜分离单元,
-能够接收第一渗余物并供应第二渗透物和第二渗余物的第二膜分离单元,
-能够接收第一渗透物并供应第三渗透物和第三渗余物的第三膜分离单元,
-能够接收第三渗余物并供应第四渗透物和第四渗余物的第四膜分离单元,
-至少一个用于测量第二渗余物中的CH4浓度的第一测量工具,和
-至少一个根据第一测量工具获取的测量结果调节进料气流的压力的压力调节工具;
其中各膜分离单元包含至少一个二氧化碳比甲烷更容易透过的膜。
根据本发明的装置的一个实例描绘在图1中。
根据情况,根据本发明的装置可具有一个或多个下列特征:
-所述装置包含至少用于测量进料气流中的CH4浓度的第二测量工具并且所述调节进料气流的压力的压力调节工具能够根据第一测量工具和第二测量工具获取的测量结果调节进料气流的压力。
-第一测量工具和/或第二测量工具是气体分析仪。
-所述调节工具是压缩机或渐进式截止和增压阀(progressive shut-off andpressurizing valve)。
-将第四渗余物再循环至用于压缩进料气流的压缩机。
-所述膜分离单元中所用的膜具有相同选择性。
-至少一个膜分离单元包含至少两个具有相同选择性的膜。
-至少一个膜分离单元包含至少两个具有不同选择性的膜。
-至少一个膜分离单元使用具有与其它膜分离单元的膜的选择性不同的选择性的膜。
本发明还涉及一种控制如本发明中定义的装置的方法,其包含下列步骤:
-测量第二渗余物中的CH4浓度的步骤,
-比较这一测量结果与设定点值并确定与这一设定点值的偏差的步骤,和-根据确定的偏差调节进料气流的压力的步骤。
使用气体分析仪测量CH4浓度。
图2图解根据本发明的方法。
视具体情况,根据本发明的方法可表现出一个或多个下列特征:
-使用压缩机或使用渐进式截止和增压阀调节进料气流的压力。
-所述调节步骤涉及提高或降低压力。
-所述进料气流是生物气体。
-所述比较步骤和所述调节步骤通过数据传输和数据处理工具自动进行。数据传输和数据处理工具可以例如是可编程控制器类型的工业处理器。
Claims (14)
1.用于含有至少甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流的膜渗透处理的装置,其包含:
-用于压缩进料气流的压缩机,
-能够接收来自压缩机的气流并供应第一渗透物和第一渗余物的第一膜分离单元,
-能够接收第一渗余物并供应第二渗透物和第二渗余物的第二膜分离单元,
-能够接收第一渗透物并供应第三渗透物和第三渗余物的第三膜分离单元,
-能够接收第三渗余物并供应第四渗透物和第四渗余物的第四膜分离单元,
-至少一个用于测量第二渗余物中的CH4浓度的第一测量工具,和
-至少一个根据第一测量工具获取的测量结果调节进料气流的压力的压力调节工具
其中各膜分离单元包含至少一个二氧化碳比甲烷更容易透过的膜。
2.根据权利要求1的装置,其特征在于所述装置包含至少用于测量进料气流中的CH4浓度的第二测量工具并且所述调节进料气流的压力的压力调节工具能够根据第一测量工具和第二测量工具获取的测量结果调节进料气流的压力。
3.根据权利要求1和2之一的装置,其特征在于第一测量工具和/或第二测量工具是气体分析仪。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一的装置,其特征在于所述调节工具是压缩机或渐进式截止和增压阀。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一的装置,其特征在于将第四渗余物再循环至用于压缩进料气流的压缩机。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一的装置,其特征在于所述膜分离单元中所用的膜具有相同选择性。
7.根据权利要求1至5之一的装置,其特征在于至少一个膜分离单元使用具有与其它膜分离单元的膜的选择性不同的选择性的膜。
8.根据权利要求1至7之一的装置,其特征在于至少一个膜分离单元包含至少两个具有相同选择性的膜。
9.根据权利要求1至7之一的装置,其特征在于至少一个膜分离单元包含至少两个具有不同选择性的膜。
10.控制如权利要求1至9之一中所述的装置的方法,其包含下列步骤:
-测量第二渗余物中的CH4浓度的步骤,
-比较这一测量结果与设定点值并确定与这一设定点值的偏差的步骤,和
-调节进料气流的压力以降低确定的偏差的步骤。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其特征在于使用压缩机或使用渐进式截止和增压阀调节进料气流的压力。
12.根据权利要求10和11之一的方法,其特征在于所述调节步骤涉及提高或降低压力。
13.根据权利要求10至12之一的方法,其特征在于所述进料气流是生物气体。
14.根据权利要求10至13之一的方法,其特征在于所述比较步骤和所述调节步骤通过数据传输和数据处理工具自动进行。
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