CN110781225B - Method for diagnosing concentration level of environmental medium pollutants - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental pollutant prevention and control, and particularly relates to a method for diagnosing the concentration level of an environmental medium pollutant. The method comprises the following steps: s1 determining an environmental medium; s2 selecting the pollutant to be diagnosed; s3, analyzing and diagnosing the concentration of the pollutants in the environment medium; conclusion S4: analyzing and summarizing the results of the concentration level of the pollutants in the environment medium; wherein, S3 specifically includes the following operations: s3.1, setting a data acquisition range; s3.2, determining a data acquisition rule; s3.3, data sorting, merging and calculating; s3.4, sampling data; s3.5 evaluation of contamination level. The method summarizes the data with the same investigation range and the same investigation purpose, indirectly increases the investigation frequency and the investigation sample quantity, avoids sampling errors caused by small investigation samples and quantity, improves the accuracy of environmental pollution concentration level analysis, and is beneficial to the establishment of pollution prevention strategies by managers.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental pollutant prevention and control, and particularly relates to a method for diagnosing the concentration level of an environmental medium pollutant.
Background
The rapid development of economy promotes various pollution events in China to frequently occur, and different pollution conditions of environment media such as atmosphere, water, soil and the like are caused. The accurate grasp of the type and level of environmental medium pollutants is the basis and key for effective development of pollution prevention and control. Currently, the pollution status investigation is usually completed by field investigation and laboratory analysis, and the investigation data formed in this way is one of the indispensable ways for diagnosing the environmental problem. However, from the management perspective, the field investigation has large manpower and material resource investment; the pollutants are of various types and have strict requirements on laboratory analysis equipment and technology; moreover, there is a certain period of time from the investigation to the reporting of the results.
In addition, there is some variability in the levels of contamination status obtained from different investigations. For example, in the report of heavy metal element Cd in Taihu lake sediment, the research mean concentration of Yangchen et al (2016) is 22 times of the research concentration of Yanghui et al (2013); in good terms and the like (2017), Hg is considered as a main index of potential ecological hazards of the lake tai, and research studies of bin and the like (2017), and Qin Yan Wen and the like (2012) consider Cd as a main ecological risk factor. The conclusion of the difference is not beneficial to the understanding of managers on the heavy metal pollution of the lake sediments, and the difficulty of making pollution control strategies is increased.
At present, the environmental survey and monitoring in China mainly depends on scientific research projects of colleges and universities and scientific research units, and routine monitoring of departments such as national monitoring stations and the like. The differences in the above research results are mainly due to the non-uniform distribution of the pollutants in the environmental medium, which makes certain sampling errors between different research surveys. I.e. the investigation results with the same investigation scope and purpose, only reflect the local data characteristics of the contamination status.
Increasing the frequency of investigation and the number of samples investigated is an effective way to reduce sampling errors. Therefore, it is considered that aggregating data having the same investigation range and the same investigation purpose is also a strategy for increasing the investigation frequency and the investigation sample number. The method of the strategy is also beneficial to improving the accurate judgment of the environmental pollution concentration level.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problems in the prior art, the invention of the present application aims to provide a method for diagnosing the environmental medium pollutant concentration level. The diagnosis method improves the management of environmental pollution and the diagnosis of environmental problems.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a method of diagnosing a concentration level of an environmental agent contaminant comprising the steps of:
s1 determining an environmental medium; s2 selecting the pollutant to be diagnosed; s3, analyzing and diagnosing the concentration of the pollutants in the environment medium; conclusion S4: analyzing and summarizing the results of the concentration level of the pollutants in the environment medium; wherein, S3 specifically includes the following operations:
s3.1, setting a data acquisition range: setting a data acquisition source based on a Chinese and English academic database and/or unpublished but verifiable data;
s3.2, determining a data acquisition rule;
s3.3, data sorting, merging and calculating: the data is collated according to study objectives, including but not limited to maximum, minimum, mean, and standard deviation;
carrying out merging calculation on the collected data meeting the conditions through a point location weighted mean method to obtain a point location number weighted mean Nmean and a standard deviation SD of the pollutant to be diagnosed;
s3.4 data sampling: extracting data meeting the normal distribution or rectangular distribution characteristics according to the mean value and standard deviation of the normal distribution or the maximum value and the minimum value of the rectangular distribution;
s3.5 evaluation of contamination level: the level of the contaminant in the environmental medium is evaluated from at least one of human health safety, ecological risk health, and contaminant accumulation characteristics based on the extracted data.
Preferably, the chinese and english academic database includes china learnt web database, wanfang database and WebofScience.
Further preferably, the chinese-english academic database further includes other periodical databases; the other journal databases comprise an American chemical society electronic journal full-text database ACS, an American physical association AIP, a Cambridge journal online backtracking database CJDA, a academic paper integration discovery system trial version DDS, a direct full-text DOI, an American engineering index database EI, a basic scientific index ESI, a FirstSearch basic group database, a law journal full-text database Heinonline, a Stanford university library journal database HighWire, an Australian Bomo excellent academic full-text resource database HKMO and an Incites database; the institute of electrical and electronics engineers, the institute of electrical and electronics engineers full-text database IEL, the national library of medicine MEDLINE, the springlink database, the Wiley-blackwell database, and the world science and technology journal network WSN.
Further preferably, the unpublished but verifiable data is from measured data obtained by colleges and universities, scientific research units and government monitoring stations through experimental and automatic monitoring equipment; the related data is obtained through purchasing, cooperation, sharing and the like.
S3.3 data arrangement, merging and calculation
In actual investigation, the larger the number of single investigation point sites, the more representative the obtained pollutant monitoring result is. Therefore, the basic investigation result of the pollutant needs to be calculated by adopting the point number to carry out weighted average calculation so as to reasonably represent the comprehensive investigation conclusion.
Preferably, the calculation formula of the point location weighted average method is as follows (1):
nmean is the weighted mean of the number of points of a certain pollutant, CiTo report the contaminant concentration in i, NiReport the number of spots in i.
Preferably, step S3.3 arranges the data into a table before merging and calculating the data, where m is the number of data pieces meeting the screening rule, and n is the type of pollutant disclosed in the data; the table format is as follows in table 1:
TABLE 1
Preferably, S3.2 determines that the data collection rule specifically includes the following:
s3.2.1 specifying a panelist
For data collection, the panelists are explicitly specified and the data disclosure is spread around the panelists;
s3.2.2 determining investigation time
For the specific survey object data, specific survey time descriptions are required in the data disclosure; for example:
year, month, quarter, month, day, etc.;
s3.2.3 determining investigation pollutant species
There is a clear level of contaminant concentration reported in the disclosure of the data; including but not limited to: mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum;
s3.2.4 other limitations
The data for acquisition has relevant defining conditions specified in a unified way, including but not limited to: two parameters of the mean value and the standard deviation must be reported in survey data; the test analysis needs to be measured by a special instrument.
For step S3.5, depending on the purpose of the study, a corresponding evaluation method is selected, if necessary to investigate the contamination
And evaluating the influence on the ecological risk health by adopting a potential ecological risk evaluation method.
If the pollutant accumulation condition needs to be inspected, an accumulation evaluation method corresponding to the method is needed to be adopted for evaluation. The evaluation methods include, but are not limited to, the above.
Preferably, the contaminant level is assessed in S3.5 using at least one of the following methods:
① potential ecological risk evaluation method
The potential ecological risk index method is a method for evaluating the potential influence of heavy metal pollution and organisms by utilizing the sedimentology principle proposed by Hakanson in 1980[1]。
Firstly, according to the formulas (1) and (2), E is obtainedi rAnd RI values; then according to Ei rAnd the RI value determines a potential ecological risk level; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the equations (1) (2) are as follows:
RI is the comprehensive potential ecological risk index of various heavy metals; ei rPotential ecological risk coefficient for heavy metal i; t isi rIs the toxicity coefficient;
is a single heavy metal pollution index; ci sIs the measured value of the metal; ci nThe measured value and the reference value are both mg/kg;
wherein the toxicity coefficient Tir of common heavy metals is shown in Table 2,
according to Ei rThe comparison table for determining the potential ecological risk level with the RI value is shown in Table 3;
TABLE 2 toxicity coefficients (Tir) of common heavy metals
TABLE 3 comparison table for evaluation of potential ecological risks
② cumulative evaluation method
The Gemini index method is a method for specially researching quantitative indexes of heavy metal pollution degree in sediment of water environment by Muller of scientist of sediment institute of university of Heidelberg, Germany in 1969[2]In recent years, experts of scholars at home and abroad are widely used for evaluating the soil pollution caused by heavy metals generated by artificial activities.
The method first calculates the cumulative index IgeoThen according to IgeoDetermining the pollution degree according to the size; wherein, IgeoThe formula (3) is as follows:
wherein C isnIs the actually measured content of the element n in the bottom mud; b isnThe geochemical background value of the element in the clay sedimentary rock (common shale) or the content of the element in a local pollution-free area is taken as the background value;
wherein the geochemical background value of each heavy metal element in the sedimentary shale is shown in Table 4,
heavy metal accumulation classification and pollution degree relation[3]As shown in the following table 5,
TABLE 3 geochemical background values of the heavy metals in sedimentary shales
Note: the data come from the background value of Chinese soil elements
TABLE 5 heavy Metal site accumulation rating vs. contamination level[3]
③ toxic unit method
The method is used for evaluating the influence of heavy metals in sediments on the water environment, standardizing the toxicity caused by various heavy metals by calculating a toxicity unit TU, and judging the pollution degree according to the sum sigma TU of the toxicity unit TUi;
wherein TUi is Ci/Pi, TU is the ratio of the actually measured concentration Ci to the PEL value Pi; the sum of toxicity units ∑ TU, i.e. the sum of TUi;
according to the Petersen (1998) study, toxicity classifications for different contamination levels are given in Table 6 below:
TABLE 6 Classification of heavy Metal toxicity levels
Preferably, the calculation formula of the standard deviation SD in S3.3 is as follows:
s2＝[(x1-x)2+...(xn-x)2]/n
s＝sqrt(s2)
wherein x is a representative of x1，x2，…xnThe mean value of (a); s is the standard deviation.
Preferably, the pollutant to be diagnosed in S2 refers to a substance capable of directly or indirectly harming human beings after entering the environment, and can be monitored and analyzed under the current technology.
Preferably, the environmental medium in S1 refers to substances in each independent component of the natural environment, including but not limited to sediment, soil, rock and organisms.
Preferably, the number of data extracted in S3.4 is 1000-100000.
Reference documents:
[1]
L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sediment ecological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[2]Muller G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal,1969,2:108-118.
[3]Pedersen,F.,
E.,Andersen,H.V.,
J.,Poll,C.1998.Characterization of sediments from Copenhagen Harbour by use ofbiotests.Water Science and Technology,37(6-7),233-240.
[4]Niu,Y.,Jiao,W.,Yu,H.,Niu,Y.,Pang,Y.,Xu,X.,Guo,X.2015a.Spatialevaluation of heavy metals concentrations in the surface sediment of TaihuLake.International journal of environmental research and public health,12(12),15028-15039.
compared with the prior art, the diagnosis method aiming at the environmental medium pollutant concentration level provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the method summarizes the data with the same investigation range and the same investigation purpose, indirectly increases the investigation frequency and the investigation sample quantity, avoids sampling errors caused by the small investigation samples and quantity, and improves the accuracy of the analysis of the environmental pollution concentration level.
(2) The method adopts a quantitative mode to describe and research the pollution state of a target environment medium, and quantitative management is helpful for improving the water refining level of management of environmental pollution. In addition, the quantified environmental medium pollution level diagnosis result also contributes to comparison and evaluation of the environmental improvement effect.
(3) The analysis result of the method is a scientific objective system calculation method, and the uncertainty of result judgment caused by random errors in the field investigation process is overcome to the greatest extent. The method can provide a more objective, comprehensive and unified environmental medium pollution level diagnosis result for a manager, and is helpful for the manager to make a pollution prevention strategy.
(4) Compared with the environmental medium pollution level obtained by a survey monitoring means, the method system has the advantages of low cost, comprehensive and objective conclusion and the like.
Detailed Description
In order to make the purpose and technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
The problems are solved: and (3) the heavy metal pollution level of the lake Taihu sediment.
S1 determines that the environmental medium: lake Tai sediment;
s2 selecting the contaminants to be diagnosed: heavy metals, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, Hg;
s3, analyzing and diagnosing the concentration of the pollutants in the environment medium;
s3.1, setting a data acquisition range:
the China Hopkinson network database, the Wanfang database, the Web of Science and other unpublished published databases comprise national automatic monitoring station data and laboratory analysis data; in addition, sources not included in the public database include college databases not subject to the Chinese network protocol, and Chinese-academy literature databases
S3.2, determining a data acquisition rule:
1) the survey was conducted on a full lake Taihu scale;
2) data acquisition time range: 1 month 2000-12 months 2018;
3) survey points and quantity are clear and variable;
4) with quantified heavy metal concentration reports;
s3.3 data arrangement, merging and calculation
1) Data collation
And collecting the average values of the data meeting the conditions according to the data rules, sorting the average values and forming a table. m is the number of data pieces meeting the screening rule. n is the contaminant species disclosed in the document. The results of the finishing are given in Table 7 below.
TABLE 7
2) Data merge computation
According to the Nmean and SD calculation formula, the data combination calculation result is as follows:
3.4 data sampling
The data distribution characteristics after merging are as follows:
| Cu | Zn | Pb | Ni | Cr | Cd | As | Hg | |
| Nmean | 29.36 | 64.15 | 35.02 | 27.58 | 64.76 | 0.42 | 7.77 | 0.06 |
| SD | 17.61 | 33.81 | 22.68 | 11.93 | 25.86 | 0.53 | 4.76 | 0.09 |
random sampling obtains a data set of each element:
for example: 1000 pieces of Cu element concentration data are extracted, and the data accord with that the mean value is 29.36, and the SD is 17.61 normal distribution numbers. When data is acquired by random sampling, data conforming to the positive distribution or the rectangular distribution is extracted according to the mean value and the standard deviation of the positive distribution, and the extraction method can be used for extraction by adopting a conventional method in the field, such as an EXCEL table or a manual writing mode.
The same method is adopted for other elements, and partial sampling data (meaning concentration, unit is mg/kg) are as follows:
s3.5 evaluation of contamination level: and evaluating the characteristics of the pollutants in the environmental medium from three aspects of human health safety, ecological risk health and pollutant accumulation characteristics based on the extracted data. And respectively evaluating by adopting a potential ecological risk evaluation method, an accumulation evaluation method and a toxicity unit method.
The specific method for calculating formula reference and classifying standard reference is as follows:
the results after calculation using the 3.6 contamination level evaluation method were passed through the classification criteria of tables 3, 5 and 6. And respectively counting the quantity and the proportion of the results in different classification intervals.
(1) Summarizing evaluation results of potential ecological risk evaluation:
(2) classification summary of earth accumulation evaluation results
(3) Summary of toxicity Unit evaluation results
Conclusion S4: analytical summary of results for contaminant concentration levels in environmental media
(1) The evaluation results of potential ecological risks based on sampling calculation show that the 51.5% probability of the heavy metal pollution level of the lake Taihu sediments is at higher potential ecological risks. The potential ecological risk contribution of Cd in the heavy metal elements in the 8-element strain is the largest, and the probability of 32.7 percent is in a high and extremely high potential ecological risk level.
(2) Cumulative index evaluation based on sampling calculations showed that Cd is the most heavily contaminated element with a 53.6% probability of reaching medium-heavy (34.9%) and heavy (18.7%) contamination levels. Secondly, 1.9% and 11.7% of Pb and Hg, respectively, reach medium contamination level.
(3) Toxicity unit evaluation based on sampling calculations showed that there was a 68.3% cumulative probability at low toxicity level, a 26.1% cumulative probability at moderate toxicity level, and a 5.6% cumulative probability at severe toxicity level. The total toxicity of the Taihu lake sediment mainly comprises the following components in percentage by weight: pb (32%), Cr (24%), As (15%).
The above are merely embodiments of the present invention, which are described in detail and with particularity, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and these changes and modifications are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method of diagnosing a concentration level of an environmental agent contaminant, comprising the steps of:
s1 determining an environmental medium; s2 selecting the pollutant to be diagnosed; s3, analyzing and diagnosing the concentration of the pollutants in the environment medium; conclusion S4: analyzing and summarizing the results of the concentration level of the pollutants in the environment medium;
wherein, S3 specifically includes the following operations:
s3.1, setting a data acquisition range: setting a data acquisition source based on a Chinese and English academic database and/or unpublished but verifiable data;
s3.2, determining a data acquisition rule;
s3.3, data sorting, merging and calculating: the data is collated according to study objectives, including but not limited to maximum, minimum, mean, and standard deviation;
carrying out merging calculation on the collected data meeting the conditions through a point location weighted mean method to obtain a point location number weighted mean Nmean and a standard deviation SD of the pollutant to be diagnosed;
s3.4 data sampling: extracting data meeting the normal distribution or rectangular distribution characteristics according to the mean value and standard deviation of the normal distribution or the maximum value and the minimum value of the rectangular distribution;
s3.5 evaluation of contamination level: evaluating a level of a contaminant in the environmental medium from at least one of human health safety, ecological risk health, and contaminant accumulation characteristics based on the extracted data;
the calculation formula of the point location weighted mean value method described in S3.3 is as follows (1):
nmean is the weighted mean of the number of points of a certain pollutant, CiTo report the contaminant concentration in i, NiReport the number of sites in i;
s3.2, determining that the data acquisition rule specifically comprises the following contents:
s3.2.1 specifying a panelist
For data collection, the panelists are explicitly specified and the data disclosure is spread around the panelists;
s3.2.2 determining investigation time
For the specific survey object data, specific survey time descriptions are required in the data disclosure;
s3.2.3 determining investigation pollutant species
There is a clear level of contaminant concentration reported in the disclosure of the data; including but not limited to: mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum;
s3.2.4 other limitations
The data for acquisition has relevant defining conditions specified in a unified way, including but not limited to: two parameters of the mean value and the standard deviation must be reported in survey data; the test analysis needs to be measured by a specific instrument; s3.5, the contaminant level is evaluated using at least one of the following methods:
① potential ecological risk evaluation method
The evaluation method utilizes the principle of sedimentology to evaluate the heavy metal pollution and the potential influence on organisms; firstly, according to the formulas (1) and (2), E is obtainedi rAnd RI values; then according to Ei rAnd the RI value determines a potential ecological risk level; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the equations (1) (2) are as follows:
Ei r＝Ti r×Ci f＝Ti r×Ci s/Ci n(1)
RI is the comprehensive potential ecological risk index of various heavy metals; ei rPotential ecological risk coefficient for heavy metal i; t isi rIs the toxicity coefficient; ci fIs a single heavy metal pollution index; ci sIs the measured value of the metal; ci nThe measured value and the reference value are both mg/kg;
② cumulative evaluation method
The evaluation method is used for evaluating the soil pollution caused by heavy metal generated by artificial activities, and firstly, the soil accumulation index I is calculated and obtainedgeoThen according to IgeoDetermining the pollution degree according to the size; wherein, IgeoThe formula (3) is as follows:
wherein C isnIs the actually measured content of the element n in the bottom mud; b isnThe geochemical background value of the element in the clay sedimentary rock or the content of the element in a local pollution-free area is taken as the background value;
③ toxic unit method
The method is used for evaluating the influence of heavy metals in sediments on the water environment, standardizing the toxicity caused by various heavy metals by calculating a toxicity unit TU, and judging the pollution degree according to the sum sigma TU of the toxicity unit TUi;
wherein TUi is Ci/Pi, TU is the ratio of the actually measured concentration Ci to the PEL value Pi; sum of toxicity units ∑ TU, i.e. sum of TUi.
2. The method of diagnosing environmental media contaminant concentration levels of claim 1, wherein the academic database of chinese and english includes the china agnet database, the wan database and the Web of Science.
3. The method of diagnosing environmental media contaminant concentration levels of claim 1, wherein the chinese-english academy database further includes other journal databases; the other journal databases comprise an American chemical society electronic journal full-text database ACS, an American physical association AIP, a Cambridge journal online backtracking database CJDA, a academic paper integration discovery system trial version DDS, a direct full-text DOI, an American engineering index database EI, a basic scientific index ESI, a FirstSearch basic group database, a law journal full-text database Heinonline, a Stanford university library journal database HighWire, an Australian Bomo excellent academic full-text resource database HKMO and an Incites database; the institute of electrical and electronics engineers, the institute of electrical and electronics engineers full-text database IEL, the national library of medicine MEDLINE, the springlink database, the Wiley-blackwell database, and the world science and technology journal network WSN.
4. The method of diagnosing a concentration level of a contaminant in an environmental medium of claim 1, wherein the standard deviation SD in S3.3 is calculated as follows:
s2＝[(x1-x)2+...(xn-x)2]/n
s＝sqrt(s2)
wherein x is x1、x2...xnThe mean value of (a); s is the standard deviation.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the contaminant to be diagnosed is a substance that can directly or indirectly harm humans after entering the environment and that can be monitored and analyzed under current techniques.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the environmental medium is selected from the group consisting of S1, S comprising substances contained in individual components of the natural environment, including but not limited to sediment, soil, rock, and organisms.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of data extracted in S3.4 is 1000-100000.
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