CN110770991A - 电弧故障电路断流器 - Google Patents

电弧故障电路断流器 Download PDF

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CN110770991A
CN110770991A CN201880034359.7A CN201880034359A CN110770991A CN 110770991 A CN110770991 A CN 110770991A CN 201880034359 A CN201880034359 A CN 201880034359A CN 110770991 A CN110770991 A CN 110770991A
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CN110770991B (zh
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约书亚·P·海恩斯
托马斯·帕卡德
安东尼·特斯塔尼
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Passy Sim Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/0007—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the detecting means
    • H02H1/0015—Using arc detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
    • G01R31/52—Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/04—Means for indicating condition of the switching device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/44—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to the rate of change of electrical quantities

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  • Testing Of Short-Circuits, Discontinuities, Leakage, Or Incorrect Line Connections (AREA)
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Abstract

公开了一种布置在配电系统中的电弧故障保护接线装置(10)，该装置包括脉冲频率数字转换器(36)，该脉冲频率数字转换器(36)被配置为接收多个脉冲，每个脉冲表示通过中性导线(22)的电流的导数超过第一预定阈值的时刻，所述脉冲频率数字化器还被配置为产生数字信号，所述数字信号表示所述多个脉冲的频率超过预定阈值的时刻；和至少一个处理器(40)，所述至少一个处理器(40)被配置为至少部分地基于所述数字信号而触发跳闸机构(42)，以将线路端子(12,14)与负载端子(16,18)电解耦。

Description

电弧故障电路断流器
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2017年5月23日提交的临时申请序列号62/510202和2017年7月13日提交的临时申请序列号62/532141的权益。
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及用于检测电弧故障的系统和方法。
背景技术
当电流在接线系统的出口或绝缘线的范围之外形成电弧时，电气接线系统可能遭受电弧故障发生的影响。此类电弧可能是由于线路或中性线中的不连续性(称为串联电弧故障)或由于线路和中性线之间或线路与地线之间的短路(称为并联电弧故障)而引起的。电弧故障很危险，并可能在电气接线系统所在的结构内引起火灾。因此，期望在发生电弧故障时立即检测并停止流过接线系统的电流，以将火灾风险降至最低。
然而，检测电弧故障可能很困难，这是因为许多家用电器，诸如吸尘器、电钻等，会产生模拟电弧故障出现的信号。这些假阳性信号被称为滋扰(nuisance)信号，并且当没有发生电弧故障时，可导致电弧故障检测系统跳闸。因此，期望在电气接线系统中找到用于区分实际电弧故障和滋扰信号的方法。
发明内容
本公开总体上涉及一种用于在辨别滋扰信号的同时确定是否发生电弧故障的系统和方法。该系统和方法可以包括脉冲频率数字转换器，所述脉冲频率数字转换器用于确定流经线路或中性导线(conductor)的电流的导数超过预定阈值的时刻(instance)的频率何时超过预定频率达预定时间段。该系统和方法可以进一步包括分路放大器(shuntamplifier)，所述分路放大器用于使用在已知点(分路放大器的输入连接到该点)与地面之间延伸的一段中性导线的固有电阻来确定流过中性导线的电流的大小。该系统和方法可以基于所述脉冲频率数字转换器和所述分路放大器中的一个或两个的输出来确定是否发生电弧故障。
根据一个方面，一种布置在配电系统中的电弧故障保护接线装置，所述装置包括：多个线路端子，包括线路侧相端子和线路侧中性端子；多个负载端子，包括负载侧相端子和负载侧中性端子；线路导线，所述线路导线将所述线路侧相端子与所述负载侧相端子电耦接；中性导线，所述中性导线将所述线路侧中性端子与所述负载侧中性端子电耦接；脉冲频率数字转换器，所述脉冲频率数字转换器被配置为接收多个脉冲，每个脉冲表示通过导线的电流的导数超过第一预定阈值的时刻，所述脉冲频率数字转换器还被配置为产生数字信号，所述数字信号表示所述多个脉冲的频率超过预定阈值的时刻；和至少一个处理器，所述至少一个处理器被配置为至少部分地基于所述数字信号而触发跳闸机构，以将所述多个线路端子中的至少一个与所述多个负载端子中的至少一个电解耦。
根据一个实施方式，所述电弧故障保护接线装置还包括di/dt检测器，所述di/dt检测器被配置为产生表示通过所述导线的电流的导数的di/dt信号。
根据一个实施方式，所述电弧故障保护接线装置还包括比较器，所述比较器被配置为接收所述di/dt信号，并且每当所述di/dt信号超过所述第一预定阈值时向所述脉冲频率数字转换器输出脉冲。
根据权利要求3所述的接线装置，其中所述脉冲频率数字转换器包括累加器，所述累加器被配置为接收所述多个脉冲并输出表示接收到所述多个脉冲的频率的累加器信号。
根据权利要求4所述的接线装置，其中所述脉冲频率数字转换器还包括数字转换器，所述数字转换器被配置为当所述累加器信号超过第三预定阈值时输出所述数字信号，其中当接收到所述脉冲的频率超过所述第二预定阈值时，所述累加器信号超过所述第三预定阈值。
根据一个实施方式，所述累加器是电容器。
根据一个实施方式，所述数字转换器是开关。
根据一个实施方式，所述累加器是与所述比较器的输出端串联并且与所述开关的控制端子并联的电容器。
根据一个实施方式，所述电弧故障保护接线装置还包括与所述比较器的输出端呈串联关系的高通滤波器，所述高通滤波器的转折频率等于或小于所述比较器的最大输出频率。
根据一个实施方式，所述电弧故障保护接线装置还包括具有第一输入端子的分路放大器，所述第一输入端子被连接在沿所述线路侧中性端子和所述负载侧中性端子之间的所述中性导线的第一点处，所述第一点被定位成使得存在与流过所述中性导线的电流成比例且由于所述中性导线的电阻而导致的可检测电压，其中所述分路放大器被配置为输出分路信号，所述分路信号具有与通过所述中性导线的电流成比例的电压值。
根据一实施方式，所述至少一个处理器被配置为至少部分地基于所述分路信号，触发电路断流器以将所述多个线路端子中的至少一个与所述多个负载端子中的至少一个电解耦。
根据另一方面，一种布置在配电系统中的电弧故障保护接线装置，所述装置包括：多个线路端子，包括线路侧相端子和线路侧中性端子；多个负载端子，包括负载侧相端子和负载侧中性端子；线路导线，所述线路导线将所述线路侧相端子与所述负载侧相端子电耦接；中性导线，所述中性导线将所述线路侧中性端子与所述负载侧中性端子电耦接；具有第一输入端子的分路放大器，所述第一输入端子被连接在沿着所述线路侧中性端子和所述负载侧中性端子之间的所述中性导线的第一点处，所述第一点被定位成使得存在与流过所述中性导线的电流成比例且由于一段中性导线的电阻而导致的可检测电压，其中所述分路放大器被配置为输出分路信号，所述分路信号具有与通过所述中性导线的电流成比例的电压值；和至少一个处理器，所述至少一个处理器被配置为触发电路断流器，以至少部分地基于所述分路信号将所述多个线路端子中的至少一个与所述多个负载端子中的至少一个电解耦。
根据一个实施方式，所述输入端子被放置在所述中性端子的一段中性导线的电阻大于1mOhm的点处。
根据另一方面，一种用于检测电弧故障的方法，包括以下步骤：接收接线装置的线路导线和中性导线中的输入电流；获得所述输入电流的导数；确定所述输入电流的导数超过预定阈值的时刻的频率；确定所述时刻的频率是否超过预定频率并持续预定时间段；并且至少部分地基于所述时刻的频率是否超过所述预定频率并且持续所述预定时间段来确定是否发生电弧故障。
根据一个实施方式，所述方法还包括以下步骤：获得通过所述中性导线的所述输入电流的大小；至少部分地基于通过所述中性导线的所述输入电流的大小来确定是否发生电弧故障。
本发明的附加特征和优点将在下面的详细描述中阐述，并且在某种程度上，通过该描述，对于本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的，或者通过实践本文所述的发明(包括以下的详细描述、权利要求以及附图)而被认识到。
应当理解的是，前面的一般描述和下面的详细描述都仅是本发明的示例，并且旨在提供用于理解所要求保护的本发明的性质和特征的概述或框架。应当理解的是，前述概念和下面更详细讨论的附加概念的所有组合(假设这样的概念并不相互矛盾)被认为是本文公开的发明主题的一部分。特别地，出现在本公开的结尾处的要求保护的主题的所有组合被认为是本文公开的发明主题的一部分。还应理解的是，本文明确采用的，也可能出现在通过引用并入的任何公开中的术语应被赋予与本文公开的特定概念最一致的含义。
附图被包括来提供对本发明的进一步理解，并结合在本说明书中并构成本说明书的一部分。附图示出了本发明的各种实施方式，并且与说明书一起用于解释本发明的原理和操作。
附图说明
在附图中，贯穿不同的视图，相似的附图标记通常指代相同的部件。而且，附图不一定按比例绘制，而是通常将重点放在说明本发明的原理上。
图1是根据示例的AFI/GFI接线装置的简化示意图。
图2是根据示例的AFI/GFI接线装置的更详细的示意图。
图3是根据示例的AFI/GFI接线装置的更详细的示意图。
图4是根据示例的脉冲频率数字转换器的更详细的示意图。
图5是根据示例的用于检测电弧故障的方法的流程图。
图6是根据示例的用于检测电弧故障的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
现在将详细参考本发明的当前示例性实施方式，其示例在附图中示出。只要有可能，就在整个附图中使用相同的附图标记来表示相同或相似的部件。图1描绘了根据示例的afci/gfci接线装置10的简化示意表示。如图所示，接线装置10包括线路侧端子，该线路侧端子包括线路相端子12和线路中性端子14。与线路侧端子相对的是包括负载相端子16和负载中性端子18的负载侧端子。线路相端子12通过线路导线20连接到负载相端子16。类似地，线路中性端子14通过中性导线22连接到负载相端子18。可分离触点对24分别沿着线路导线20和中性导线22定位，以断开线路侧端子与负载侧端子之间的连接。
当检测到诸如电弧故障或接地故障的故障时，可分离触点24断开。通过保护性接地故障中断26和电弧故障中断28电路来确定发生电弧故障还是接地。如图所示，AFI 28电路可与di/dt检测器30通信，并包括比较器32(与比较器支持电路34一起)、脉冲频率数字转换器36、分路放大器38和处理器40。当AFI 28电路检测到故障时，触发跳闸机构42以断开可分离触点24，并阻止电流流过接线装置并流向任何负载或下游装置。
GFI 26与至少一个差动变压器44通信以检测相20和中性导线22之间的电流不平衡，并且一旦检测到指示出接地故障的电流不平衡就触发跳闸机构42。可以使用适合于检测这种电流不平衡的任何GFI电路。一种这样的GFI电路在美国专利号6522510中描述并且涉及“Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter with Miswire Protection and Indicator”，其全部内容通过引用结合于此。
在高电平下，比较器32和脉冲频率数字转换器36从di/dt检测器30接收指示流经线路导线20或中性导线22的电流的导数的di/dt信号，并一起产生数字输出信号，该数字输出信号表示高频电流尖峰超出预定频率和时间出现在线路导线20或中性导线22上的时刻。分路放大器38监视由一段中性导线22组成的分路并产生分路信号。数字输出信号和分路信号两者均被馈送到处理器40，处理器40基于数字输出信号和分路信号中的一个或两个，触发跳闸机构42以断开中断触点24。AFI 28电路的每个组成组件将在下面结合图2-4进行详细讨论。
图2和3示出了结合图1描述的电路的更详细示例。如上所述，di/dt检测器30产生di/dt信号，该di/dt信号表示通过线路导线20或中性导线22的导数。如图2所示，di/dt检测器30可以是环形线圈46，其以与接线系统的线路导线20或中性导线22呈包围的关系(在此示出为与中性导线呈包围的关系)而被布置。环形线圈的输出将是通过线路或中性线的电流的导数。将理解的是，除了环形线圈之外，还可以其他方式获得电流的导数。
返回图1，比较器32可以将在步骤110中接收到的电流的导数与预定电压(例如，50mV)进行比较。因此，每当电流的导数超过预定值时，比较器32将输出一个脉冲。比较器32为其输出脉冲的导数的精确值将取决于环形线圈的电压输出(例如，环形线圈中存在的绕组数和通过线的电流值)以及比较电压值。如图3所示，该比较器在处理器40中实现，但是将理解的是，该比较器可以以硬件、软件或固件来实现，这是因为这种比较器是已知的。
比较器支持电路34可以设置在比较器32的输入端与di/dt检测器30的输出端之间，以调节比较器32的di/dt检测器30的输出。在一个示例中，比较器32支持电路可以包括电阻器50、电容器52和54、以及由电阻器56、58和60形成的分压器。在一个示例中，电阻器50可以跨过di/dt检测器30的输出端62、64(例如，在图2中示出)放置，以为环形线圈提供电阻。电阻器50例如可以被设置为20K。电容器52、54可以为由电阻器56、58和60组成的分压器提供宽带旁路，并且例如可以分别具有0.01μF和10μF的值。最后，分压器可以调节提供给比较器32的电压。在示例中，电阻器56、58、60可以分别具有2.43K、49.9欧姆和2.43K的值。
比较器32的输出可以被馈送到脉冲频率数字转换器36。脉冲频率数字转换器36被配置为从比较器32接收脉冲，并生成数字信号，该数字信号表示脉冲频率超过预定阈值的时刻的频率超过预定频率达预定时间。
图4描绘了图3所示的脉冲频率数字转换器36的详细视图。如图所示，在示例中，脉冲频率数字转换器36可以包括调节电路66、累加器68和数字转换器70。在高电平下，调节电路66调节将由累加器68和数字转换器70处理的比较器输出，并且可以包括用于对DC和低频比较器的输出进行滤波的高通滤波器72，以及仅允许正脉冲的二极管74。调节电路66的输出由累加器68接收，累加器68被配置为输出表示(例如，成比例)比较器32产生脉冲的频率的信号。数字转换器70输出包括离散高值和低值序列的数字信号。每当接收脉冲的频率超过预定阈值时，将生成数字信号的值中的一个：低值或高值。因此，数字信号的另一个值表示接收脉冲的频率未超过预定阈值的时间。因此，数字信号大致表示随着时间的推移，比较器输出的脉冲的频率超过特定阈值的时刻并且达预定时间段。
如上所述，比较器32的输出可以由电容器72和二极管74调节。电容器72部分地用作高通滤波器。各种滋扰负载可能会产生相当恒定的电流变化率，这将导致比较器的实质上的DC输出。类似地，如果处理器40发生故障(或者替代地，比较器32发生故障)，则这种故障模式的输出可能导致实质上的DC输出。这两种情况-滋扰负载和处理器40的故障模式-都产生由电容器72滤波的实质上的DC输出。因此，必须选择电容器72的转折频率，以确保在发生电弧故障时不会将比较器的输出滤出。这意味着高通滤波器的转折频率必须不大于由比较器32的延迟传播确定的比较器的最大输出频率。因此，高通滤波器的转折频率必须大于滋扰负载的最大输出频率，并且小于比较器的最大输出频率。在一个示例中，电容器72可以具有18pF的值。将意识到的是，可以结合电容器72或代替电容器72来实现其他实现高通滤波器的方法。
二极管74可以进一步调节比较器的输出，以仅允许正输出脉冲来对电容器76充电(如下文将进一步描述的)。负输出脉冲将被二极管74阻挡。在示例中，二极管74可以是肖特基二极管，以使电容器76两端可能的电压最大化。比较器产生的负脉冲可以由处理器内部的负电压钳位二极管钳位(clamp)。在其他示例中，这种负电压钳位二极管可以在处理器40的外部实现。在另外的示例中，可能不需要二极管74和负电压钳位二极管，这是因为比较器可以被配置为仅响应于正或负变化率或者仅响应于正变化率或仅响应于负变化率而输出正脉冲。
再次看图4，累加器68可以包括电容器76和电阻器78、80。电容器76与比较器32的输出端串联放置；因此，从比较器32输出的脉冲的频率越高，电容器76两端的电压越高。换句话说，由累加器68输出的电压将与在预定时间段内由比较器产生的脉冲数量成比例。
因为在任何时候不从比较器32输出脉冲，电容器76两端的电压就会开始衰减，因此需要一定的脉冲频率来保持或增加电容器76两端的电压。电容器76将保持电荷的最小频率将由电容器的大小以及电阻器78和80的值确定(具体来说，衰减率由电容器76与电阻器78和80之和的乘积确定)。大电容器将比小电容器衰减更慢，并且会在更长的时间段内积累脉冲。因此，与小电容器相比，将需要较低的脉冲频率来维持大电容器两端的电压。相反，较小的电容器将快速放电，并因此将需要较高的脉冲频率以保持电荷。通过调整电容器76和电阻器78、80的值，可以根据需要定制累加器68的输出信号以针对特定的脉冲频率实现特定的值。
例如，将如下所述，数字转换器可以用诸如BJT或MOSFET的开关来实现。因此，可以定制电容器76以及电阻器78和80的值，使得在特定的脉冲频率下，累加器68的电压输出等于或大于开关82控制节点(例如，基极、栅极或开关82)的阈值电压，从而致使开关82开始导通。
作为示例，电容器76可以具有10nF的电容，电阻器78可以具有1K的电阻，并且电阻器80可以具有9.09K的电阻。
实际上，电弧故障会在中性导线或线路导线中引起高频脉冲。累加器68要求高频数据持续一段足以使累加器的输出信号(例如，电容器76两端的电压)增加到足以接通开关82的电平的时间段。将电容器76和电阻器78、80设置为上述值将需要比较器32输出的高频数据持续至少250μs，以使开关82接通。相反，累加器将忽略小于250μs的高频脉冲的猝发，这是因为这种猝发不足以使开关82的控制端子之上的电容器76的电压升高到阈值电压以上。
当然，可以以电容器76以外的方式累积这些脉冲，并且仅以电容器76为例。在另一个示例中，累加器68可以用配置为对输出脉冲进行计数的微处理器来实现，从而
现在转到数字转换器70，如前所述，数字转换器可以输出表示比较器32输出的脉冲的频率超过预定频率的时刻的数字信号。如上简述，数字转换器70可以包括开关82，诸如MOSFET或BJT。在图4所示的示例中，电容器76与开关82的控制端子并联，并因此，电容器76两端的电压输入到开关80的控制端子。因此，为了接通开关82，必须以足够高的频率并在足够的时间段内从比较器32输出脉冲，以确保电容器76两端存在足够的电压来接通开关82。如果来自比较器32的脉冲频率太低，或者没有持续足够长的时间段，则电容器76两端的电压将不足够高来接通开关82。以此方式，可以消除不会从比较器产生高于给定阈值并达给定时长的脉冲频率的滋扰负载。
由于开关82接地，一旦累加器68的输出信号足够高以接通开关82，则与开关82的集电极相连的处理器40的引脚将被拉低(在该示例中，处理器40的引脚由于设置在处理器40内的上拉电阻而以其他方式被保持为高)。当然，在替代示例中，晶体管可以连接到电压源，并且处理器300的相同引脚可以因此被拉高。(如上所述，在一个示例中，接通开关82所需的电压通过由电阻器78和80组成的分压器网络进行调节)。
开关82的输出因此指示线路中存在的电流变化率何时在给定时间内超过给定阈值给定次数。此输出可用作较大计算的一部分，以确定电气接线系统中是否发生实际的电弧故障。
将意识到的是，可以以任何其他合适的方式来完成确定比较器输出的频率是否超过第二阈值达预定时间段。
返回图1，分路放大器38在点P处连接到中性导线22。由于中性导线每单位长度具有固有电阻，所以当电流流过中性导线22时，电压V分路(即，分路信号)会出现在点P上，该电压V分路与电流值和中性导线长度的电阻成比例。中性导线在点P处的电阻将取决于从点P到地面的距离以及每单位长度的中性导线的固有电阻。可以选择点P，以使由流过中性线的电流产生的电压导致来自分路放大器38的可检测输出电压。如图2所示，该长度从点P延伸到地面，通过di/dt检测器30的环形线圈和差动变压器44。
在一个示例中，从点P到地面的中性线的电阻大于1mOhm。在另一个示例中，从点P到地面的中性线的电阻约为1.5mOhm。一段中性导线22可以是汇流条或一段电线，并且可以由被分类为导线的任何材料(诸如铜)组成。应当进一步理解的是，从点P到地面的一段中性导线不应包括集总元件电阻器。
如图3所示，分路放大器38可以是非反相放大器84，该非反相放大器84配置有包含电阻器86、88、90、92、94的电阻网络。电阻器90可以放置在此处为3.3V的DC电源电压源与放大器84的非反相输入之间。电阻器90可以与电阻器92形成分压器，其被耦接在放大器84的非反相输入和地面之间。电阻器86可以耦接在中性导线22处的点P与放大器84的非反相输入之间。电阻器88可以耦接在放大器84的反相输入和地之间。因此，电阻器88连接到中性导线的接地参考点，从该相同的参考点测量点P。电阻器94可以耦接在放大器84的反相输入和放大器84的输出之间。
在示例中，电阻器86和电阻器88的值可以匹配，电阻器90和92的并联电阻(即戴维南等值)可以与电阻器94匹配。这种配置将导致点P处的电压值的放大器增益乘以电阻器88与电阻器94的比值。在示例中，可以将电阻器设置为以下值：电阻器86和88两者都可以设置为大约4.02kOhm，电阻器94可以设置为69.8kOhm，以及电阻器90、92可以设置为140kOhm。假设来自点P的中性导线的电阻为1.5mOhm，则流经中性导线22的电流输出约为25mV/Amp。
这种配置允许检测通过中性导线的电流，而无需将电阻器与导线串联放置。应当理解的是，可以使用其他放大器拓扑和其他类型的放大器来放大存在于中性导线的点P处的电压。
处理器40可以接收来自脉冲频率数字转换器36的数字输出信号以及来自分路放大器38的分路信号，并且基于数字输出信号、分路信号或二者来触发跳闸机构42以断开中断触点。在一个示例中，处理器40可以是微处理器40，其能够接收数字信号和/或分路信号，执行至少一个分析过程以基于数字信号和分路信号中的至少一个来确定故障的存在，并启动跳闸过程以断开中断触点24。在示例中，处理器40可以包括存储用于执行指令以执行上述过程的程序代码的非暂时性存储介质。在另一个示例中，处理器可以包括多个这样的存储介质，和/或可以由多个独立的装置组成，它们协同工作以实现上述处理器。
跳闸机构42的详细视图在图2中示出。如图所示，跳闸机构42可包括SCR96和螺线管98。当处理器40确定发生故障时，基于分路信号和数字信号输入中的至少一个，处理器40输出信号以触发SCR 96，其使螺线管98通电，从而断开中断触点24。电阻器100限制流入SCR96栅极的电流。
中断触点24可被实现为机电装置，并且任何已知的中断触点可用于将线路端子与负载端子分开。在涉及“Protective Wiring Device”的美国专利号9437386中教导了一组这样的中断触点，支持其操作的机电装置，其全部公开内容通过引用结合于此。
转到图5，示出了用于确定是否可能发生电弧故障的方法500。方法500的步骤可以使用上述接线装置10来完成，但是，应该理解的是，这些步骤可以使用适合于执行所描述的步骤的其他装置来完成。例如，方法500的步骤可以以软件、固件或硬件来实现。例如，信号输入可以从电气接线系统的中性或线路输入接收，并且可以由例如控制器(诸如处理器、FPGA、ASIC)或包括非暂时性可编程存储介质的其他计算装置数字化。因此，处理器可以实施方法100的步骤(例如，包括步骤200和202作为步骤114的一种可能的实施方式)。在替代示例中，方法100的步骤可以通过硬件或硬件和软件的组合来实现。
转到步骤510，接收输入电流，例如，可以通过诸如接线装置10的接线装置的线路导线20和中性导线22来接收信号。
在步骤512，获得输入电流的导数。如上所述，可以使用di/dt检测器30(诸如环形线圈)获得导数。
在步骤514，确定输入电流的导数超过预定阈值的时刻的频率。可以使用比较器32和累加器68的组合来完成步骤514。具体而言，步骤514可以分为图6所示的子步骤602和604。在步骤602，确定电流变化率超过预定阈值的每个时刻。可以使用例如比较器32来完成步骤602，比较器32每当电流输入信号的导数超过预定阈值时输出一个脉冲。在步骤604，确定电流变化率超过预定阈值的时刻的频率。可以使用例如上述的累加器68来完成步骤604，该累加器68输出与从比较器32输出的脉冲的频率成比例的信号，并且因此表示电流变化率超过预定阈值的时刻的频率。
返回图5，在步骤516，确定在步骤514中确定的频率是否超过预定频率并且持续预定时间段。可以使用数字转换器70来完成步骤516，仅当累加器68的输出信号超过预定阈值时才触发数字转换器70，该预定阈值表示这样一种时刻：输入电流的导数超过预定阈值的时刻的频率超过预定频率，并持续预定时间段。
在步骤518，获得输入电流的大小。例如，可以使用分路放大器38来完成该步骤，该分路放大器38被配置为使用从已知点起的一段中性导线作为电阻分路器来获得流过中性导线的电流的大小。
在步骤520，至少部分地基于步骤516的输出和/或输入电流的大小来确定是否发生电弧故障。例如，可以使用处理器40来完成该步骤，该处理器40接收来自分路放大器38和脉冲频率数字转换器36两者的输入，并且至少部分地基于来自一个或两个的信号，确定是否存在电弧故障。
尽管在附图中(例如，图1-4)已经示出并描述了双重afci/gfci实施方式，但是该电路可以被实现为仅电弧故障保护电路而不是接地故障保护装置(实际上，电弧故障和接地故障电路的操作是相对独立的，并且可以毫无困难地分开)。此外，afi保护电路(包括di/dt检测器30、电弧故障电路28，以及跳闸机构42和中断触点24)可以在具有中性导线的任何接线应用中实现，从中性导线可以测量电流的导数和/或可以将其一段用作分路器。这样的接线装置可以例如包括壁式插座、电灯开关等。此外，与要求保护的装置一致的afi保护装置的变型(例如，使用脉冲频率数字转换器36和分路放大器38中的任一个而不是两个)可以在任何接线装置中实现。
尽管已经在本文中描述和示出了几个发明实施方式，但是本领域普通技术人员将容易想到用于执行功能和/或获得结果和/或本文所述一个或多个优点的多种其他装置和/或结构，并且这种变型和/或修改中的每一个都被认为在本文所述的发明实施方式的范围内。更一般地，本领域技术人员将容易地理解的是，本文描述的所有参数、尺寸、材料和配置均旨在是示例性的，并且实际参数、尺寸、材料和/或配置将取决于使用本发明的教导的一个或多个特定应用。仅使用常规实验，本领域技术人员将认识到或能够确定本文所述的具体发明实施方式的许多等同方案。因此，应当理解的是，前述实施方式仅以示例的方式给出，并且在所附权利要求及其等同物的范围内。可以以不同于具体描述和要求保护的方式实践本发明的实施方式。
本文引用的所有参考文件，包括出版物、专利申请以及专利以相同的程度通过引用被结合于此，就像每个参考文件都单独并特别地表明在本文中以其整体阐述并通过引用并入。
如本文所定义和使用的所有定义应被理解为控制在(control over)字典定义、通过引用并入的文档中的定义和/或所定义术语的普通含义以上。
在描述本发明的上下文中(特别是在所附权利要求的上下文中)使用术语“一个”，“一种”和“所述”以及类似的指示物应被解释为涵盖单数和复数，除非本文另有说明或明显与上下文相矛盾。术语“包括”，“具有”，“包含”和“含有”将被解释为开放式术语(即，意思是包括但不限于)，除非另有说明。术语“连接”应理解为部分或全部包含在、附接或结合在一起，即使有中间物插入。
如本说明书和权利要求中所使用的，关于一个或多个元件的列表的短语“至少一个”应被理解为意为从元件列表中的任何一个或多个元件中选择的至少一个元件，但不一定包括元件列表中具体列出的每个元件中的至少一个，并且也不排除元件列表中的任何元件组合。该定义还允许元件可以选择性地存在，而不是短语“至少一个”所指的元件列表中明确标识的元件，无论这些元件是否与明确标识的那些元件相关还是无关。因此，作为非限制性示例，“A和B中的至少一个”(或等效地，“A或B中的至少一个”，或等效地“A和/或B中的至少一个”)可以在一个实施方式中指代至少一个(可选地包括多于一个)A，而不存在B(并且可选地包括B以外的元件)；在另一个实施方式中，指代至少一个(可选地包括多于一个)B，而不存在A(并且可选地包括A以外的元件)；在又一实施方式中，指代至少一个(可选地包括多于一个)A，并且至少一个(可选地包括多于一个)B(并且可选地包括其它元件)；等等。
还应理解的是，除非有明显的相反指示，否则在本文要求保护的包括多于一个步骤或动作的任何方法中，该方法的步骤或动作的顺序不必限于叙述的方法的步骤或动作的顺序。
如在本文中在整个说明书和权利要求中所使用的近似语言可以被应用于修饰可以允许改变而不会造成其相关的基本功能变化的任何定量表示。因此，由诸如“大约”和“基本上”的一个或多个术语修饰的值不限于所指定的精确值。在至少一些情况下，近似语言可以对应于用于测量值的仪器的精度。在这里以及整个说明书和权利要求书中，范围限制可以被组合和/或互换；除非上下文或语言另有说明，否则此类范围被标识并包括其中包含的所有子范围。
在本文中对值范围的叙述仅旨在用作对落入该范围内的每个单独值进行单独引用的速记方法，除非本文另有说明，并且每个单独值都包含在说明书中，就像它在本文中被单独地叙述了一样。
本文描述的所有方法可以以任何合适的顺序执行，除非本文另有说明或明显与上下文相矛盾。除非另有要求，否则本文提供的任何或所有示例或示例性语言(例如，“诸如”)的使用仅旨在更好地阐释本发明的实施方式，并且不对本发明的范围构成限制。
说明书中的任何语言都不应该理解为表明任何未要求保护的元件对于本方面的实施是必须的。
在权利要求书以及以上说明书中，所有过渡短语诸如“包括”、“包含”、“携带”、“具有”、“含有”、“涉及”、“持有”、“由……组成”等应理解为开放式的，即意为包括但不限于。如美国专利局专利审查程序手册第2111.03节所述，仅过渡短语“由……组成”和“基本上由……组成”应分别是封闭的或半封闭的过渡短语。
对于本领域技术人员将显而易见的是，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下，可以对本发明进行各种修改和变型。无意将本发明限制为所公开的一种或多种特定形式，而是相反，意图是涵盖落入如所附权利要求书所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有修改、替代构造和等同物。因此，意图是本发明覆盖在所附权利要求及其等同物的范围内的本发明的修改和变化。

Claims (15)

1.一种布置在配电系统中的电弧故障保护接线装置，所述装置包括：
多个线路端子，包括线路侧相端子和线路侧中性端子；
多个负载端子，包括负载侧相端子和负载侧中性端子；
线路导线，所述线路导线将所述线路侧相端子与所述负载侧相端子电耦接；
中性导线，所述中性导线将所述线路侧中性端子与所述负载侧中性端子电耦接；
脉冲频率数字转换器，所述脉冲频率数字转换器被配置为接收多个脉冲，每个脉冲表示通过导线的电流的导数超过第一预定阈值的时刻，所述脉冲频率数字转换器还被配置为产生数字信号，所述数字信号表示所述多个脉冲的频率超过第二预定阈值的时刻；和
至少一个处理器，所述至少一个处理器被配置为至少部分地基于所述数字信号而触发跳闸机构，以将所述多个线路端子中的至少一个与所述多个负载端子中的至少一个中的多个中的至少一个电解耦。
2.根据权利要求1所述的接线装置，还包括di/dt检测器，所述di/dt检测器被配置为产生表示通过所述导线的电流的导数的di/dt信号。
3.根据权利要求2所述的接线装置，还包括比较器，所述比较器被配置为接收所述di/dt信号，并且每当所述di/dt信号超过所述第一预定阈值时向所述脉冲频率数字转换器输出脉冲。
4.根据权利要求3所述的接线装置，还包括与所述比较器的输出端呈串联关系的高通滤波器，所述高通滤波器的转折频率等于或小于所述比较器的最大输出频率。
5.根据权利要求1所述的接线装置，其中所述脉冲频率数字转换器包括累加器，所述累加器被配置为接收所述多个脉冲并输出表示所述多个脉冲的接收频率的累加器信号。
6.根据权利要求4所述的接线装置，其中所述脉冲频率数字转换器还包括数字转换器，所述数字转换器被配置为当累加器信号超过第三预定阈值时输出所述数字信号，其中当接收到所述多个脉冲的频率超过所述第二预定阈值时，所述累加器信号超过所述第三预定阈值。
7.根据权利要求5所述的接线装置，其中所述累加器包括电容器，其中数字转换器包括开关，其中所述电容器与所述比较器的输出端串联并且与所述开关的控制端子并联。
8.根据权利要求1所述的接线装置，还包括具有第一输入端子的分路放大器，所述第一输入端子被连接在沿着所述线路侧中性端子和所述负载侧中性端子之间的所述中性导线的第一点处，其中所述第一点被定位成使得存在与流过所述中性导线的电流成比例且由于所述中性导线的电阻而导致的可检测电压，其中所述分路放大器被配置为输出分路信号，所述分路信号具有与通过所述中性导线的电流成比例的电压值。
9.根据权利要求8所述的接线装置，其中所述至少一个处理器被配置为至少部分地基于所述分路信号，触发电路断流器以将所述多个线路端子中的至少一个与所述多个负载端子中的至少一个电解耦。
10.一种布置在配电系统中的电弧故障保护接线装置，所述装置包括：
多个线路端子，包括线路侧相端子和线路侧中性端子；
多个负载端子，包括负载侧相端子和负载侧中性端子；
线路导线，所述线路导线将所述线路侧相端子与所述负载侧相端子电耦接；
中性导线，所述中性导线将所述线路侧中性端子与所述负载侧中性端子电耦接；
具有第一输入端子的分路放大器，所述第一输入端子被连接在沿着所述线路侧中性端子和所述负载侧中性端子之间的所述中性导线的第一点处，所述第一点被定位成使得存在与流过所述中性导线的电流成比例且由于一段中性导线的电阻而导致的可检测电压，其中所述分路放大器被配置为输出分路信号，所述分路信号具有与通过所述中性导线的电流成比例的电压值；以及
至少一个处理器，所述至少一个处理器被配置为至少部分地基于所述分路信号，触发电路断流器以将所述多个线路端子中的至少一个与所述多个负载端子中的至少一个电解耦。
11.根据权利要求10所述的接线装置，其中所述输入端子被放置在中性端子的所述一段中性导线的电阻大于1mOhm的点处。
12.根据权利要求10所述的接线装置，其中所述分路放大器具有第二输入端子，所述第二输入端子被电耦接至所述中性导线的基准点。
13.根据权利要求12所述的接线装置，其中所述一段中性导线被定位并且被路由通过至少一个故障感测组件。
14.一种检测电弧故障的方法，包括以下步骤：
接收接线装置的线路导线和中性导线中的输入电流；
获得所述输入电流的导数；
确定所述输入电流的导数超过预定阈值的时刻的频率；
确定所述时刻的频率是否超过预定频率并持续预定时间段；和
至少部分地基于所述时刻的频率是否超过所述预定频率并且持续所述预定时间段来确定是否发生电弧故障。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法，还包括以下步骤：
获得通过所述中性导线的所述输入电流的大小；
至少部分地基于通过所述中性导线的所述输入电流的大小来确定是否发生电弧故障。
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