CN110764260A - Augmented reality device - Google Patents
Augmented reality device Download PDFInfo
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- CN110764260A CN110764260A CN201810849540.5A CN201810849540A CN110764260A CN 110764260 A CN110764260 A CN 110764260A CN 201810849540 A CN201810849540 A CN 201810849540A CN 110764260 A CN110764260 A CN 110764260A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/017—Head mounted
- G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/42—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect
- G02B27/4205—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having a diffractive optical element [DOE] contributing to image formation, e.g. whereby modulation transfer function MTF or optical aberrations are relevant
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/42—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect
- G02B27/4272—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having plural diffractive elements positioned sequentially along the optical path
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Abstract
The optical waveguide lens comprises a medium layer, a transmission-type coupling-in grating, an optical waveguide and a coupling-out grating, wherein the optical machine is used for generating light, the medium layer is arranged on the surface of one side, close to the optical machine, of the transmission-type coupling-in grating and used for transmitting the light to the transmission-type coupling-in grating, the refractive index of the medium layer is larger than that of the transmission-type coupling-in grating, the transmission-type coupling-in grating is arranged on the surface of one side, close to the optical machine, of the optical waveguide and used for coupling the light passing through the medium layer into the optical waveguide, the optical waveguide is used for transmitting the light coupled in by the transmission-type coupling-in grating to the coupling-out grating, and the coupling-out grating. Since the dielectric layer with the refractive index larger than that of the transmission-type coupling-in grating is added on the surface of the transmission-type coupling-in grating, the optical path of light passing through the transmission-type coupling-in grating can be increased, therefore, more light can be coupled into the optical waveguide, and the coupling efficiency of the transmission-type coupling-in grating to the light can be improved.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of augmented reality, in particular to an augmented reality device.
Background
The Augmented Reality (AR) technology is a technology for calculating the position and angle of an image emitted by an optical computer in real time and adding a corresponding image, and aims to sleeve a virtual world on a screen in the real world, perform interaction, superimpose entity information (such as visual information, sound, touch and the like) which is difficult to experience in the time space range of the real world after simulation by a computer and the like, and apply the virtual information to the real world. Currently, augmented reality technology has been widely applied to augmented reality devices, such as AR glasses, which can project virtual images into human eyes to realize superposition of the virtual images and real images.
Currently, the coupling-in grating in the enhancement implementation device has low coupling efficiency when coupling light generated by the optical machine into the optical waveguide.
Disclosure of Invention
An augmented reality device for improving the coupling efficiency of a transmission-type incoupling grating or a reflection-type outcoupling grating included in the augmented reality device when coupling light into an optical waveguide.
In a first aspect, the present application provides an augmented reality device, comprising an optical machine and an optical waveguide lens; the optical waveguide lens comprises a medium layer, a transmission type coupling-in grating, an optical waveguide and a coupling-out grating. The optical machine is used for generating light and directing the light to the optical waveguide lens, a dielectric layer in the optical waveguide lens is arranged on the surface of one side, close to the optical machine, of the transmission-type coupling grating and is used for transmitting the light generated by the optical machine to the transmission-type coupling grating, the refractive index of the dielectric layer is larger than that of the transmission-type coupling grating, the transmission-type coupling grating is arranged on the surface of one side, close to the optical machine, of the optical waveguide and is used for coupling the light passing through the dielectric layer into the optical waveguide, the optical waveguide is used for transmitting the light coupled in by the transmission-type coupling grating to the coupling grating, and the coupling grating is used for coupling the light out of the optical waveguide to.
The light generated by the optical machine is transmitted to human eyes through the process to carry virtual image information, and the light of the virtual image information and the fused light of the light carrying the real image information form images in the human eyes, so that a user can see the fused image comprising the virtual image and the real image through AR glasses.
Based on the scheme, the surface of the transmission type coupling grating close to one side of the optical machine is added with the dielectric layer, so that the light generated by the optical machine firstly enters the dielectric layer and then is transmitted to the transmission type coupling grating through the dielectric layer. The refractive index of the medium layer is greater than that of the transmission-type coupling-in grating, so that the effective refractive index of the transmission-type coupling-in grating can be improved by adding the medium layer on the surface of the transmission-type coupling-in grating, and thus, the optical path of light emitted by the optical machine is increased through the transmission-type coupling-in grating, the optical path is increased, the transmission-type coupling-in grating provided with the medium layer can be used for coupling more light into the optical waveguide, and the coupling effect of the optical waveguide can be improved.
In one possible implementation method, the material of the dielectric layer includes, but is not limited to, any one or a combination of any more of the following materials: titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and aluminum oxide.
In a possible implementation method, when the shape of the dielectric layer is matched with the shape of the surface of the transmission-type incoupling grating, the transmission-type incoupling grating is used as a mold, and the dielectric layer is formed on the surface of the transmission-type incoupling grating, so that the dielectric layer and the transmission-type incoupling grating can be attached conveniently, and the manufacturing cost of the augmented reality device can be reduced.
In one possible implementation, the transmission-type incoupling grating may be a binary grating, a blazed grating, or a multi-step grating. Because the binary grating, the blazed grating and the multi-step grating are easy to demould during preparation, the preparation cost of the transmission type coupling grating is reduced when the binary grating, the blazed grating or the multi-step grating is used as the transmission type coupling grating.
In one possible implementation, to expand the range of light transmitted in the optical waveguide and improve the uniformity of light imaged in the human eye, any of the above augmented reality devices may further include a pupil expanding grating. The pupil expanding grating is arranged on the surface of one side of the optical waveguide, which is close to the optical machine, and is used for expanding the light transmitted in the optical waveguide and coming from the transmission type coupling-in grating and transmitting the expanded light to the coupling-out grating through the optical waveguide. The pupil expanding grating comprises at least two different areas, and the grating depths corresponding to the at least two different areas are sequentially increased along the propagation direction of light. The diffraction efficiency of the pupil expanding grating can be improved by increasing the grating depth of the pupil expanding grating in the light propagation direction, and although the intensity of light in the light propagation direction is gradually weakened, the diffraction efficiency of the grating is increased in the light propagation direction, so that the diffracted light expanded by the pupil expanding grating is still relatively uniform in the light propagation direction, and the integral uniformity of light imaged by human eyes is improved, and the range of light transmitted in the optical waveguide is expanded.
In order to further improve the uniformity of the light coupled out from the coupling-out grating in the image formation of human eyes, any one of the coupling-out gratings may further include at least two regions, and the depths of the gratings respectively corresponding to the at least two regions are sequentially increased along the propagation direction of the light.
In a possible implementation, any of the above optical waveguides may be specifically configured to totally reflect light coupled in from the transmissive incoupling grating to the outcoupling grating. The total reflection helps to avoid waste caused by refraction of light in transmission, so that the light is transmitted to the coupling-out grating in the optical waveguide in a total reflection mode, and the utilization rate of the light transmitted in the optical waveguide can be improved.
In a second aspect, the present application provides an augmented reality device, comprising an optical engine and an optical waveguide lens; the optical waveguide lens comprises a metal layer, a reflective coupling-in grating, an optical waveguide and a coupling-out grating. The optical machine is used for generating light and directing the light to the optical waveguide lens, the metal layer in the optical waveguide lens is arranged on the surface of one side, away from the optical machine of the augmented reality device, of the reflective incoupling grating and is used for reflecting the light generated by the optical machine which sequentially penetrates through the optical waveguide and the reflective incoupling grating to the reflective incoupling grating, the reflective incoupling grating is arranged on the surface of one side, away from the optical machine, of the optical waveguide and is used for coupling the light reflected by the metal layer into the optical waveguide, the optical waveguide is used for transmitting the light coupled in by the reflective incoupling grating to the incoupling grating, and the incoupling grating is used for coupling the light in the optical waveguide.
The light generated by the optical machine is transmitted to human eyes through the process to carry virtual image information, and the light of the virtual image information and the fused light of the light carrying the real image information form images in the human eyes, so that a user can see the fused image comprising the virtual image and the real image through AR glasses.
Based on the scheme, the metal layer is added on the surface of the side, away from the optical machine, of the reflective coupling-in grating, when light generated by the optical machine is emitted, the light is firstly emitted into the optical waveguide, then is transmitted to the reflective coupling-in grating through the optical waveguide, and is transmitted to the metal layer through the reflective coupling-in grating.
In one possible implementation, the material of the metal layer includes, but is not limited to, any one or a combination of any of the following materials: gold, silver, aluminum, copper, platinum.
In a possible implementation method, when the shape of the metal layer is matched with the shape of the surface of the reflective coupling-in grating, the reflective coupling-in grating can be directly used as a mold, and the metal layer is formed on the surface of the reflective coupling-in grating, so that the metal layer and the injection coupling-in grating can be attached to each other, and the manufacturing cost of the augmented reality device can be reduced.
In one possible implementation, any of the reflective incoupling gratings described above may be a binary grating, a blazed grating, or a multi-step grating. Because the binary grating, the blazed grating and the multi-step grating are easy to demould during preparation, the preparation cost of the transmission type coupling grating is reduced when the binary grating, the blazed grating or the multi-step grating is used as the transmission type coupling grating.
In one possible implementation, in order to expand the field angle of the light transmitted in the optical waveguide entering the human eye and improve the uniformity of the light imaged in the human eye, the augmented reality device may further include a pupil grating. The pupil expanding grating is arranged on the surface of one side of the optical waveguide, which is far away from the optical machine, and is used for expanding the light transmitted in the optical waveguide and coming from the transmission type coupling-in grating and transmitting the expanded light to the coupling-out grating through the optical waveguide. The pupil expanding grating comprises at least two different areas, and the grating depths corresponding to the at least two different areas are sequentially increased along the propagation direction of light. The diffraction efficiency of the pupil expanding grating can be improved by increasing the grating depth of the pupil expanding grating in the light propagation direction, and although the intensity of light in the light propagation direction is gradually weakened, the diffraction efficiency of the grating is increased in the light propagation direction, so that the diffracted light expanded by the pupil expanding grating is still relatively uniform in the light propagation direction, and the light expanded by the pupil expanding grating is relatively uniform.
In order to further improve the uniformity of the light coupled out by the coupling-out grating in the imaging of human eyes, any one of the coupling-out gratings may further include at least two regions, and the grating depths respectively corresponding to the at least two regions are sequentially increased along the propagation direction of the light.
In a possible implementation, any of the above optical waveguides is specifically configured to totally reflect light coupled in from the reflective in-coupling grating to the out-coupling grating. The total reflection helps to avoid waste caused by refraction of light in transmission, and the light is transmitted to the coupling-out grating in the optical waveguide in a total reflection mode, so that the utilization rate of the light transmitted in the optical waveguide can be improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an augmented reality device (e.g., AR glasses) provided in the present application;
fig. 2(a) is a schematic structural diagram of an augmented reality device provided in the present application;
fig. 2(b) is a schematic structural diagram of another augmented reality apparatus provided in the present application;
FIG. 3(a) is a diagram illustrating a simulation effect of the coupling efficiency of a transmission-type in-grating without a dielectric layer according to the present application;
FIG. 3(b) is a diagram illustrating simulation effects of coupling efficiency of a transmission-type incoupling grating provided with a dielectric layer according to the present application;
fig. 4(a) is a schematic structural diagram of a binary grating provided with a dielectric layer according to the present application;
FIG. 4(b) is a schematic structural diagram of a blazed grating provided with a dielectric layer according to the present application;
fig. 4(c) is a schematic structural diagram of a multi-step structure provided with a dielectric layer according to the present application;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another augmented reality apparatus provided in the present application;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a pupil expansion grating provided in the present application;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a structure of an outcoupling grating provided in the present application;
fig. 8(a) is a schematic structural diagram of another augmented reality device provided in the present application;
fig. 8(b) is a schematic structural diagram of another augmented reality device provided in the present application;
FIG. 9(a) is a graph showing the simulation results of the coupling efficiency of a reflective in-coupling grating provided without a metal layer;
FIG. 9(b) is a graph showing the simulation results of the coupling efficiency of a reflective incoupling grating provided with a metal layer according to the present application;
fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of another augmented reality apparatus provided in the present application.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present application more clear, the present application will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the description of the present application, the term "plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified.
The application provides an augmented reality device, and this augmented reality device can fuse the light that carries virtual image and the light that carries real image to the realization uses the virtual image effect in the real world. The augmented reality device may be, for example, AR glasses, or may also be an AR helmet or the like. For convenience of explanation, the augmented reality device is described as AR glasses. As shown in fig. 1, a schematic structural diagram of an example of an augmented reality device (e.g., AR glasses) is given. The AR glasses include an optical waveguide lens 10, an optical engine (also referred to as an optical engine component) 20, temple arms 30, and a frame 40. The optical engine 20 is used for generating light and emitting the light to the optical waveguide lens 10. The optical waveguide lens 10 transmits the received light to the human eye for imaging. The temples 30 are used to wear the AR glasses in front of the user's eyes. The frame 40 is used to secure the light engine 20, the optical waveguide lens 10 and the temple 30. The light generated by the optical engine 20 is light carrying virtual image information, the glasses legs 30 and the glasses frames 40 may be, for example, metal structures or plastic structures, and the structures of the glasses legs 30 and the glasses frames 40 are not limited in this application.
The embodiment of the present application mainly aims to improve the structure of the optical waveguide lens 10 in an augmented reality device, and as an example, fig. 2(a) shows a schematic structural diagram of an augmented reality device. The optical waveguide lens 10a in the enhanced device includes a transmissive incoupling grating 101, an optical waveguide 102, an outcoupling grating 103, and a dielectric layer 104. The optical engine 20a is configured to generate light and transmit the light to the optical waveguide lens 10 a. The dielectric layer 104 in the optical waveguide lens 10a is disposed on a surface of the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 close to the optical engine 20a, the dielectric layer 104 is used for transmitting light generated by the optical engine 20a to the transmission-type incoupling grating 101, and a refractive index of the dielectric layer 104 is greater than a refractive index of the transmission-type incoupling grating 101. The transmission-type incoupling grating 101 is disposed on a surface of the optical waveguide 102 near a side of the optical engine 20a, and is used for coupling light emitted by the optical engine 20a into the optical waveguide 102. The optical waveguide 102 is used to transmit light coupled in by the transmissive incoupling grating 101 to the outcoupling grating 103. The outcoupling grating 103 is used to couple light in the optical waveguide 102 out to the human eye for imaging. One example of the augmented reality device in fig. 2(a) may be the AR glasses in fig. 1, where the optical waveguide lens 10 in fig. 1 refers to the optical waveguide lens 10a in fig. 2(a), and the optical engine 20 in fig. 1 refers to the optical engine 20a in fig. 2 (a).
As can be confirmed from fig. 2(a), a dielectric layer is added on the surface of the transmission-type incoupling grating near the optical engine, so that the light generated by the optical engine is firstly incident on the dielectric layer and then transmitted to the transmission-type incoupling grating through the dielectric layer. The refractive index of the medium layer is greater than that of the transmission-type coupling-in grating, so that the effective refractive index of the transmission-type coupling-in grating can be improved by adding the medium layer on the surface of the transmission-type coupling-in grating, and thus, the optical path of light emitted by the optical machine is increased through the transmission-type coupling-in grating, the optical path is increased, the transmission-type coupling-in grating provided with the medium layer can be used for coupling more light into the optical waveguide, and the coupling effect of the optical waveguide can be improved.
Further, when light is incident on the transmission type coupling-in grating of the add medium layer at an angle of α, the corresponding refraction angle is β1When light enters the transmission type coupling-in grating without the medium layer at α degrees, the corresponding refraction angle is β degrees2β since the larger the refractive index, the smaller the angle of refraction1Less than β2Furthermore, the transmission-type incoupling grating provided with the dielectric layer can allow light with a larger range of incidence angles to be injected, i.e. more light enters the transmission-type incoupling grating, and especially when the light is injected into the transmission-type incoupling grating with a larger incidence angle, more light can be coupled into the optical waveguide due to a smaller refraction angle, so that the transmission-type incoupling grating provided with the dielectric layer can further couple more light into the optical waveguide. Therefore, the dielectric layer with the refractive index larger than that of the transmission-type coupling-in grating is arranged on the transmission-type coupling-in grating, so that the coupling efficiency of the transmission-type coupling-in grating for coupling light into the optical waveguide in a practical device can be improved, the coupling efficiency of the light injected at a larger incident angle is particularly improved, and the uniform and higher angle spread within a certain range of coupling efficiency can be realized. The present application will be described in detail with reference to the simulation results, aiming at the above-mentioned advantages.
Referring to fig. 3(a), a graph showing simulation results of coupling efficiency of a transmission-type incoupling grating provided with no dielectric layer is provided, and referring to fig. 3(b), a graph showing simulation results of coupling efficiency of a transmission-type incoupling grating provided with a dielectric layer is provided. The transmission-type coupling grating diffracts light incident from the optical machine, and can diffract multiple-order diffracted light, such as zero-order diffracted light, first-order diffracted light, second-order diffracted light, third-order diffracted light, and the like. However, the intensity of the zero-order diffracted light is strong, but the propagation angle of the zero-order diffracted light is not changed, and the zero-order diffracted light cannot propagate through the optical waveguide. The intensity of the first-order diffracted light is larger than the intensity of the second-order diffracted light, the third-order diffracted light and the like, and the brightness of light imaged on human eyes is improved. Accordingly, fig. 3(a) and 3(b) are both simulated for the first order diffracted light of the diffracted light that is transmissively coupled into the grating, using G-solution software, wherein the simulation of the G-solution software is calculated based on the strict coupled wave theory (RCWA). As shown in fig. 3(a), when the incident angle of light incident on the transmission-type incoupling grating varies within the range of [ -20 °, 20 ° ] the highest coupling efficiency is about 25%, and the lowest coupling efficiency is close to 0, and thus it is known that when no dielectric layer is provided on the transmission-type incoupling grating, the coupling efficiency rapidly decreases as the incident angle increases, and therefore, the coupling efficiency of light generated by the optical engine into the optical waveguide is low by the transmission-type incoupling grating without the dielectric layer. As shown in fig. 3(b), when the incident angle of light incident on the transmission-type coupling-in grating 101 also varies within the range of [ -20 °, 20 ° ], the highest coupling efficiency and the lowest coupling efficiency are both around 20%, and the coupling efficiency is substantially constant as the incident angle increases. Therefore, after the dielectric layer is disposed on the transmission-type incoupling grating, the coupling efficiency of the transmission-type incoupling grating is increased, and particularly, when light is incident on the transmission-type incoupling grating at a large incident angle, the coupling efficiency is significantly increased. Therefore, the surface of one side of the transmission-type coupling grating close to the optical machine is provided with the dielectric layer with the refractive index larger than that of the transmission-type coupling grating, so that the coupling efficiency of the transmission-type coupling grating for coupling the light generated by the optical machine into the optical waveguide can be improved.
In one possible implementation, the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 may be the same material as the optical waveguide 102, for example, the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 may be obtained by: slits which are parallel to each other and have equal distance and equal width are etched in a set area on the optical waveguide 102, so that the etched set area is the transmission-type coupling grating 101. In yet another possible implementation, the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 can also be obtained by: an imprint paste, i.e. a transmissive incoupling grating 101, is formed on the optical waveguide 102 by an imprint technique, wherein the refractive index of the imprint paste is typically less than or equal to 1.7.
As an example, the transmissive incoupling grating 101 may be a binary grating, blazed grating (blazed grating), multi-step grating, or the like. The material of the dielectric layer 104 may be titanium dioxide, or zinc sulfide, or zinc oxide, or silicon dioxide, or silicon nitride, or aluminum oxide, or a combination of any of the above materials. As an example, the refractive index of titanium dioxide may be 2.0. Any one or a combination of any of these materials has a refractive index greater than that of the transmission incoupling grating 101 to improve the coupling efficiency of the transmission incoupling grating 101.
In one possible implementation, the shape of the dielectric layer 104 matches the shape of the surface of the transmission incoupling grating 101, where matching is understood to mean that the shapes are the same or consistent. As an example, the transmissive incoupling grating 101 is described below as a binary grating, a blazed grating, or a multi-step grating, respectively. As shown in fig. 4(a), a schematic structural diagram of a binary grating provided with a dielectric layer is provided for the present application. The transmission-type incoupling grating 101 is a binary grating, the binary grating includes a plurality of bosses arranged at intervals, and the dielectric layer 104 covers the surfaces of the bosses of the binary grating. The thickness of the dielectric layer 104 may be, for example, 10nm to 200 nm. As shown in fig. 4(b), a schematic diagram of a blazed grating provided with a dielectric layer is provided for the present application. The transmission-type incoupling grating 101 is a blazed grating, the blazed grating includes a plurality of triangular tables arranged at intervals, and the medium layer 104 covers the surfaces of the triangular tables. As shown in fig. 4(c), a schematic structural diagram of a multi-step grating provided with a dielectric layer is provided for the present application. The transmission-type incoupling grating 101 is a multi-step grating, and the dielectric layer 104 covers the surface of the multi-step grating. As can be seen from fig. 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c), the shape of the dielectric layer 104 matches the shape of the surface of the transmission-coupled grating 101.
In a possible implementation method, when the dielectric layer is formed in fig. 4(a), 4(b), and 4(c), the dielectric layer 104 may be formed by sputtering or evaporation using the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 as a mold, so that the shape of the dielectric layer 104 can be matched with the shape of the surface of the transmission-type incoupling grating 101.
In order to enable a larger range of light outcoupling, so that the image is still visible when the human eye can move within a larger range, the light coupled into the optical waveguide 102 by the transmissive incoupling grating 101 can be expanded. At this time, the basic principles to be satisfied are: the outcoupled light and the incoupled light need to be parallel to each other. Thus, when the expanded light is coupled out to the human eyes for imaging, the image is not distorted. In one possible implementation, in the enhanced implementation, the optical paths of the transmissive incoupling grating 101 and the outcoupling grating 103 are aligned, and the outcoupling grating 103 can expand the light transmitted in the optical waveguide 102 and couple out the light for imaging by the human eye. It will also be understood that it is necessary to set the period of the transmission-coupling-in grating 101 and the period of the coupling-out grating 103 to be the same, and the orientation of the transmission-coupling-in grating 101 and the orientation of the coupling-out grating 103 to be the same. For example, the period of the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 and the period of the outcoupling grating 103 are set to be 392nm, and the inclination directions of the protruding structures of the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 and the outcoupling grating 103 are the same. By this method, it is possible to expand the light coupled into the optical waveguide 102 by the transmissive incoupling grating 101. In yet another possible implementation, the expansion of the light coupled into the optical waveguide 102 by the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 can be realized by adding a pupil grating in the augmented reality device, and this implementation can realize a more flexible setting of the positions of the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 and the outcoupling grating 103.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another augmented reality device provided in the present application. The optical waveguide lens 10a in the enhancement device includes a transmissive incoupling grating 101, an optical waveguide 102, an outcoupling grating 103, a dielectric layer 104, and a pupil expanding grating 105, where the pupil expanding grating 105 is disposed on a surface of the optical waveguide 102 near the optical engine 20a, and the pupil expanding grating 105 is configured to expand light transmitted in the optical waveguide 102 and originating from the transmissive incoupling grating 101, and transmit the expanded light to the outcoupling grating 103 through the optical waveguide 102. Fig. 5 may be the pupil expansion grating 105 added to fig. 2(a), where the pupil expansion grating 105 may be a binary grating, a blazed grating, or a multi-step grating, and the optical engine 20a and the optical waveguide lens 10a (including the transmissive incoupling grating 101, the optical waveguide 102, the outcoupling grating 103, and the medium layer 104) have the same functions and structures. The positional relationship among the transmissive incoupling grating 101, the optical waveguide 102 and the outcoupling grating 103 included in the optical waveguide lens 10a can be adjusted on the basis of fig. 2(a), for example, the positional relationship between the optical engine 20a and the dielectric layer 104 can be adjusted to the structure shown in fig. 5, and the positional relationship between the optical engine 20a and the dielectric layer 104 can be the same as that in fig. 2 (a). The shape and size of the dielectric layer 104 and the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 shown in fig. 5 may be the same, and it is also understood that the dielectric layer 104 and the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 may be overlapped or overlapped. After the pupil expansion grating 105 is added to the augmented reality device, the pupil expansion grating 105 expands the light coupled into the optical waveguide 102 by the transmission-type in-coupling grating 101 by setting a certain included angle between the normal of the pupil expansion grating 105 and the normal of the transmission-type in-coupling grating 101. Further, after the pupil expanding grating 105 is disposed, strict alignment between the transmission-type incoupling grating 101 and the outcoupling grating 103 may not be required, and thus flexible arrangement of the orientations of the transmission-type incoupling grating 101, the outcoupling grating 103, and the pupil expanding grating 105 may also be achieved.
For example, the structure shown in the augmented reality device shown in fig. 5 may be applied to the above-described AR glasses in fig. 1, and the transmission process of light of an image seen by human eyes when a user wears the AR glasses is described with reference to fig. 1 and 5. The optical machine 20a (which may be the same as the optical machine 20 in fig. 1) generates light, the optical machine 20a directs the generated light to the optical waveguide lens 10a, specifically, the light firstly enters the dielectric layer 104 in the optical waveguide lens 10a, is transmitted to the transmission-type coupling grating 101 through the dielectric layer 104, then the transmission-type coupling grating 101 couples the light into the optical waveguide 102, the light coupled into the optical waveguide 102 is expanded through the pupil expanding grating 105, the expanded light is transmitted to the coupling grating 103 through the optical waveguide 102, and the coupling grating 103 couples the light out to the human eye for imaging. The light generated by the optical machine is transmitted to human eyes through the process to carry virtual image information, and the light of the virtual image information and the fused light of the light carrying the real image information form images in the human eyes, so that a user can see the fused image comprising the virtual image and the real image through AR glasses.
Further, in order to make the light expanded by the pupil expanding grating 105 more uniform, as shown in fig. 6, a schematic structural diagram of the pupil expanding grating provided in this application is shown. The pupil expanding grating comprises at least two different regions, and the grating depths respectively corresponding to the at least two different regions are sequentially increased along the propagation direction of light. The pupil grating may be any of the pupil gratings 105 described above, and fig. 6 illustrates an example in which the propagation direction of light is the C direction and the pupil grating 105 includes 4 regions. The propagation direction (C direction) of the light of the pupil expanding grating 105 may be the propagation direction of the first order diffracted light after the light of the transmission-type coupling-in grating 101 is diffracted, and the first order diffracted light of the transmission-type coupling-in grating 101 may be the incident light of the pupil expanding grating 105. The 4 regions are region I, region II, region III and region IV, respectively. The grating depth corresponding to the area I is smaller than that corresponding to the area II, the grating depth corresponding to the area II is smaller than that corresponding to the area III, and the grating depth corresponding to the area III is smaller than that corresponding to the area IV. For example, the grating depth for region I may be 50nm, the grating depth for region II may be 70nm, the grating depth for region III may be 85nm, and the grating depth for region IV may be 100 nm. Since the diffraction efficiency with respect to light increases as the grating depth of the pupil grating 105 increases, the diffraction efficiency with respect to light in the 4 regions of the pupil grating 105 has the relationship: the diffraction efficiency corresponding to the region I, the diffraction efficiency corresponding to the region II, the diffraction efficiency corresponding to the region III and the diffraction efficiency corresponding to the region IV are increased in sequence. Therefore, when light is transmitted in the direction C, although the intensity of light from the region I to the region IV is gradually reduced, the diffraction efficiency of the pupil expanding grating 105 is gradually increased, and since the intensity of light and the diffraction efficiency of the pupil expanding grating both affect the uniformity of diffracted light diffracted by the pupil expanding grating, the intensity of diffracted light diffracted by the pupil expanding grating 105 including 4 regions is relatively uniform, which contributes to improving the uniformity of imaging of human eyes. Alternatively, the pupil expanding grating 105 may be a binary grating, a blazed grating, a multi-step grating, or the like.
To further improve the uniformity of the human eye imaging, fig. 7 shows a schematic structure of an outcoupling grating as an example. The outcoupling grating may comprise at least two regions, the grating depths of which respectively increase in the propagation direction of the light. The outcoupling grating may be the outcoupling grating 103 in any of the embodiments described above. Illustratively, the propagation direction of light in fig. 7 is the D direction, and the outcoupling grating 103 includes three regions. The propagation direction (D direction) of the light exiting from the grating 103 may be the propagation direction of the first-order diffracted light expanded by the pupil expansion grating 105 in fig. 6, and the first-order diffracted light expanded by the pupil expansion grating 105 may be the incident light exiting from the grating 103. As shown in fig. 7, the coupling grating 103 includes a region I, a region II, and a region III, wherein a grating depth corresponding to the region I, a grating depth corresponding to the region II, and a grating depth corresponding to the region III are sequentially increased. For example, the grating depth for region I may be 70nm, the grating depth for region II may be 80nm, and the grating depth for region III may be 90 nm. Based on the same principle as the above-described pupil grating 105 in fig. 6: the deeper the depth of the grating of the outcoupling grating 103, the higher the diffraction efficiency for light. Therefore, when light is transmitted along the direction D, the intensity of light from the region I to the region III is reduced, but the diffraction efficiency of the outcoupling grating 103 is increased, so that the light outcoupled from the outcoupling grating 103 to human eyes can be more uniform, and therefore, the uniformity of human eye imaging can be further improved.
In one possible implementation, the outcoupling grating 103 of any of the above embodiments may be a transmission outcoupling grating, and is disposed on the surface of the optical waveguide 102 on the side close to the optical engine 20a, as shown in fig. 2 (a). As shown in fig. 2(b), for a structural schematic diagram of another augmented reality device provided in the present application, the light coupling grating 103 may also be a reflective light coupling grating, and is disposed on a surface of the side of the optical waveguide 102 away from the optical engine 20a, a positional relationship of the optical waveguide lens 10a in fig. 2(b) including the transmissive light coupling grating 101, the optical waveguide 102, and the dielectric layer 104 may be the same as that in fig. 2(a), and a position of the optical engine 20a in the augmented reality device may also be the same as that in fig. 2(a), which is not described herein again. Specific structures of any of the coupling-out gratings 103 include, but are not limited to, binary gratings, blazed gratings, or multi-step gratings.
In a possible implementation method, the optical waveguide 102 of any of the above embodiments may be specifically configured to totally reflect light coupled in by the transmissive incoupling grating 101 to the outcoupling grating 103. The optical waveguide 102 may be a multi-mode waveguide having the same diameter, or may be a tapered waveguide. The optical waveguide is beneficial to avoiding waste caused by refraction of light in transmission by totally reflecting the light coupled into the optical waveguide, so that the utilization rate of the light transmitted in the optical waveguide can be improved.
In one possible implementation, the light engine 20a may include a light emitting source for generating light that may form a virtual image, i.e., light incident to the human eye for imaging, and an optical system. The optical system is used for injecting light generated by the light source into the transmission-type coupling grating 101 through the dielectric layer 104. The light source can be a light source emitting parallel light, can also be a light source emitting divergent light, or can process the divergent light into the parallel light by arranging a parallel light conversion component for the light source so as to improve the quality of the image finally formed by entering eyes. The light source may be a flat panel display or a curved panel display, and may be a liquid crystal display, a Liquid Crystal On Silicon (LCOS) reflective projection display, or a Light Emitting Diode (LED) display. The optical system can be a group of lenses, the lenses can be aspheric lenses or free-form surface lenses for correcting various aberrations and chromatic aberration, and diffractive optical elements can be adopted for further optimizing the image quality.
Another augmented reality device is presented below that can also be used to improve the coupling efficiency of an incoupling grating in an augmented reality device when coupling light into an optical waveguide.
Fig. 8(a) is a schematic structural diagram of another augmented reality device provided by the present application. The optical waveguide lens 10b in the enhanced device includes a reflective incoupling grating 201, an optical waveguide 202, an outcoupling grating 203, and a metal layer 204. The optical engine 20b is configured to generate light and emit the light to the optical waveguide lens 10 b. The metal layer 204 in the optical waveguide lens 10b is disposed on a surface of the reflective coupling-in grating 201 on a side away from the optical engine 20b, and is used for reflecting light generated by the optical engine 20b sequentially passing through the optical waveguide 202 and the reflective coupling-in grating 201 to the reflective coupling-in grating 201. The reflective incoupling grating 201 is disposed on a surface of the optical waveguide 202 on a side away from the optical engine 20b, and is used for coupling light reflected by the metal layer 204 into the optical waveguide 202. The optical waveguide 202 is used to transmit light coupled in by the reflective in-coupling grating 201 to the out-coupling grating 203. The augmented reality device shown in fig. 8(a) may be applied to the AR glasses shown in fig. 1. The optical waveguide lens 10 in fig. 1 may adopt the structure of the optical waveguide lens 10b in fig. 8(a), and the optical engine 10 in fig. 1 may adopt the structure of the optical engine 20b in fig. 8(a), which is not limited in this embodiment of the present invention.
Based on fig. 8(a), a metal layer is added on the surface of the reflective incoupling grating away from the optical engine, and when light generated by the optical engine exits, the light enters the optical waveguide first, then is transmitted to the reflective incoupling grating through the optical waveguide, and is transmitted to the metal layer through the reflective incoupling grating.
Furthermore, the light injected into the metal layer excites free electrons in the metal layer to generate a resonance mode, and the coupling efficiency of the reflective coupling grating to light can be further improved through the resonance mode. The above advantageous effects are explained in detail below with reference to the simulation results.
Referring to fig. 9(a), a graph showing a simulation result of the coupling efficiency of the reflective incoupling grating provided with no metal layer is shown, and referring to fig. 9(b), a graph showing a simulation result of the coupling efficiency of the reflective incoupling grating provided with a metal layer is shown. Fig. 9(a) and 9(b) are both simulated for the first order diffracted light among the diffracted light of the multiple orders incident to the optical unit 20b by the reflective coupling-in grating 201 based on the same diffraction principle as fig. 3(a) and 3 (b). The software used for the simulations of fig. 9(a) and 9(b) may be the same as that used for fig. 3(a) and 3(b) described above. As shown in fig. 9(a), when the incident angle of light entering the reflective incoupling grating 201 is changed within the range of [ -20 °, 20 ° ], the highest coupling efficiency is close to 25%, and the lowest coupling efficiency is close to 0, and thus, when the metal layer 204 is not provided on the reflective incoupling grating 201, the coupling efficiency is rapidly reduced as the incident angle is increased, and therefore, the coupling efficiency of the reflective incoupling grating provided with the metal layer to the light is low. As shown in fig. 9(b), when the incident angle of light incident on the reflective coupling-in grating is also varied within the range of [ -20 °, 20 ° ], the highest coupling efficiency is close to 65%, the lowest coupling efficiency is about 40%, and the coupling efficiency gradually increases as the incident angle increases. Therefore, when the metal layer is provided on the reflective coupling-in grating, the coupling efficiency of the reflective coupling-in grating increases, and particularly, when light enters the reflective coupling-in grating at a large incident angle, the coupling efficiency significantly increases.
Illustratively, the reflective incoupling grating 201 may be a binary grating, a blazed grating, or a multi-step grating. Because the binary grating, the blazed grating and the multi-step grating are easy to demould during preparation, the preparation cost of the reflection type coupling grating is reduced when the binary grating, the blazed grating or the multi-step grating is used as the reflection type coupling grating. In one possible implementation, the material of the metal layer 204 includes any one or a combination of any of the following materials: gold, silver, aluminum, copper, platinum. The shape of the metal layer 204 may match the shape of the surface of the reflectively coupled grating 201, where matching refers to the same or consistent shape. Specifically, when the reflective incoupling grating 201 is a binary grating, the structure of the reflective incoupling grating provided with a metal layer may be the same as that of the binary grating provided with a dielectric layer shown in fig. 4(a) described above. When the reflective incoupling grating 201 is a blazed grating, the structure of the reflective incoupling grating provided with a metal layer may be the same as that of the blazed grating provided with a dielectric layer shown in fig. 4(b) described above. When the reflective incoupling grating 201 is a multi-step grating, the structure of the reflective incoupling grating provided with the metal layer may be the same as that of the multi-step grating provided with the dielectric layer shown in fig. 4(c) described above. The implementation manner of disposing the metal layer 204 on the surface of the reflective incoupling grating 201 away from the optical engine 20b refers to the manner of forming the dielectric layer 104 on the transmissive incoupling grating 101 in fig. 4(a), 4(b), and 4(c), which is not described herein again.
In order to enable a larger range of light outcoupling, so that the image is still visible to the human eye when moving over a larger range, the light coupled into the optical waveguide 202 by the reflectively coupled grating 201 can be expanded. At this time, the basic principles to be satisfied are: the outcoupled light and the incoupled light need to be parallel to each other. Thus, when the expanded light is coupled out to the human eyes for imaging, the image is not distorted. In one possible implementation, in the enhancement implementation, the optical paths of the reflective incoupling grating 201 and the outcoupling grating 203 are aligned, and the outcoupling grating 203 expands the light transmitted in the optical waveguide 202 and couples out to image the human eye. It will also be understood that it is necessary to set the period of the reflective in-coupling grating 201 and the period of the out-coupling grating 203 to be the same, and that the orientation of the reflective in-coupling grating 201 and the orientation of the out-coupling grating 203 are set to coincide. For example, the period of the reflective in-coupling grating 201 and the period of the out-coupling grating 203 are set to be 392nm, and the inclination directions of the convex structures of the reflective in-coupling grating 201 and the out-coupling grating 203 are the same, so that the light coupled into the optical waveguide 202 by the reflective in-coupling grating 201 can be expanded by the method. In yet another possible implementation, the expansion of the light coupled into the optical waveguide 202 by the reflective in-coupling grating 205 may be achieved by adding a pupil grating 205 in the augmented reality device, and this implementation may achieve a more flexible arrangement of the positions of the reflective in-coupling grating 201 and the out-coupling grating 203.
Fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of another augmented reality device provided in the present application. The optical waveguide lens 10b in the enhancement implementation device includes a reflective incoupling grating 201, an optical waveguide 202, an outcoupling grating 203, a metal layer 204, and a pupil expanding grating 205. The pupil expansion grating 205 is disposed on a surface of the optical waveguide 202 on a side away from the optical engine 20b, and is configured to expand the light transmitted in the optical waveguide 202 from the reflective incoupling grating 201, and transmit the light to the outcoupling grating 203 through the optical waveguide. Fig. 10 is a view that a pupil expansion grating 205 is added on the basis of fig. 8(a), and the functions and structures of the optical engine 20b and the optical waveguide lens 10b (including the reflective incoupling grating 201, the optical waveguide 202, the outcoupling grating 203 and the metal layer 204) are unchanged, and the positional relationship among the reflective incoupling grating 201, the optical waveguide 202 and the outcoupling grating 203 can be adjusted on the basis of fig. 8(a), for example, the structure shown in fig. 10 can be adjusted, and the positional relationship between the optical engine 20b and the metal layer 204 can be the same as the positional relationship in fig. 8 (a). The metal layer 204 shown in fig. 10 may have the same shape and size as the reflective incoupling grating 201. It is also understood that the metal layer 204 and the reflective incoupling grating 201 may be arranged overlapping or superposed. After the pupil expansion grating 205 is added in the augmented reality device, a certain included angle is formed between the normal of the pupil expansion grating 205 and the normal of the reflective coupling-in grating 201, so that the pupil expansion grating 205 can expand the light coupled into the optical waveguide 202 by the reflective coupling-in grating 201. Further, after the pupil expansion grating 205 is added to the augmented reality device, it is not necessary to strictly align the reflective in-coupling grating 201 and the out-coupling grating 203, and therefore, the orientations of the reflective in-coupling grating 201, the out-coupling grating 203, and the pupil expansion grating 205 can be flexibly set.
For example, the augmented reality device in fig. 10 may be applied to the above-mentioned AR glasses in fig. 1. The transmission process of light of an image seen by human eyes when a user wears AR glasses is explained with reference to fig. 1 and 10 described above. Light is generated by a light engine 20b (which may be the same as the light engine 20 in fig. 1), and the light engine 20b emits the generated light into the optical waveguide lens 10 b. The method specifically comprises the following steps: the light guide 202 firstly enters the light guide lens 10b, is transmitted to the reflective coupling grating 201 through the light guide 202, enters the metal layer 204 through the reflective coupling grating 210, reflects the light to the transmissive coupling grating 201 under the strong reflection action of the metal layer 204, then the transmissive coupling grating 201 couples the light into the light guide 202, the light coupled into the light guide 202 is expanded through the pupil expanding grating 205, the expanded light is transmitted to the coupling grating 203 through the light guide 202, and the coupling grating 203 couples the light out to human eyes for imaging. The light generated by the optical machine is transmitted to human eyes through the process to carry virtual image information, and the light of the virtual image information and the fused light of the light carrying the real image information form images in the human eyes, so that a user can see the fused image comprising the virtual image and the real image through AR glasses.
The uniformity of the eye imaging can also be improved by the pupil expansion grating 205. In one possible embodiment, the pupil expanding grating 205 includes at least two different regions, and the grating depths of the at least two different regions respectively increase along the propagation direction of light. The exemplary structure of the pupil expansion grating 205 can refer to the above-mentioned exemplary structure of the pupil expansion grating in fig. 6, and is not described herein again. Alternatively, the pupil expanding grating 205 may be a binary grating, a blazed grating, a multi-step grating, or the like.
In order to further improve the uniformity of the human eye image, the structure of the outcoupling grating 203 may be the same as the structure of the outcoupling grating 103 in fig. 6, and will not be described herein again. The coupling-out grating 203 may be a reflective coupling-out grating, and is disposed on a surface of the optical waveguide 202 on a side away from the optical engine 20b, as shown in fig. 8 (a). As shown in fig. 8(b), for a structural schematic diagram of another augmented reality device provided by the present application, the light coupling grating 203 may also be a transmissive light coupling grating, and is disposed on a surface of the light waveguide 202 near one side of the optical waveguide 20b, positions of the reflective light coupling grating 201, the light waveguide 202, and the metal layer 204 included in the light waveguide lens 10b in fig. 8(b) may all be the same as those in fig. 8(a), and a position of the optical waveguide 20b in the augmented reality device may also be the same as that in fig. 8(a), which is not described herein again. The structure of any of the outcoupling gratings 203 described above may be a binary grating, a blazed grating, a multi-step grating, or the like.
In a possible implementation manner, the optical waveguide 202 of any of the above embodiments may be specifically configured to totally reflect light coupled in from the reflective in-coupling grating 201 to the out-coupling grating 203. Alternatively, the structure of the optical waveguide 202 may be the same as that of the optical waveguide 102, for example, a multimode waveguide with the same diameter, or a tapered waveguide. The optical waveguide is beneficial to avoiding waste caused by refraction of light in transmission by totally reflecting the light coupled into the optical waveguide, so that the utilization rate of the light transmitted in the optical waveguide can be improved.
In a possible implementation manner, the structure of the optical engine 20b may refer to the structure of the optical engine 20a, which is not described herein again.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific features and embodiments thereof, it will be evident that various modifications and combinations can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and figures are merely exemplary of the invention as defined in the appended claims and are intended to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations, or equivalents within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (14)
1. An augmented reality device is characterized by comprising an optical machine and an optical waveguide lens;
the optical machine is used for generating light and emitting the light to the optical waveguide lens;
the optical waveguide lens comprises a medium layer, a transmission type coupling-in grating, an optical waveguide and a coupling-out grating, wherein:
the dielectric layer is arranged on the surface of one side, close to the optical machine, of the transmission-type incoupling grating and is used for transmitting light generated by the optical machine to the transmission-type incoupling grating, and the refractive index of the dielectric layer is larger than that of the transmission-type incoupling grating;
the transmission type coupling-in grating is arranged on the surface of one side, close to the optical machine, of the optical waveguide and is used for coupling the light passing through the dielectric layer into the optical waveguide;
the optical waveguide is used for transmitting the light coupled in by the transmission type coupling-in grating to the coupling-out grating;
the coupling-out grating is used for coupling out the light in the optical waveguide to human eyes for imaging.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the material of the dielectric layer comprises any one or a combination of any of the following materials:
titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and aluminum oxide.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein the shape of the dielectric layer matches the shape of the surface of the transmission-coupled grating.
4. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the transmissive incoupling grating is a binary grating, a blazed grating, or a multi-step grating.
5. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 4, further comprising a pupil grating;
the pupil expanding grating is arranged on the surface of one side, close to the optical machine, of the optical waveguide and is used for expanding the light transmitted in the optical waveguide and coming from the transmission type coupling-in grating and transmitting the expanded light to the coupling-out grating through the optical waveguide; the pupil expanding grating comprises at least two different regions, and the grating depths respectively corresponding to the at least two different regions are sequentially increased along the propagation direction of light.
6. The device according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the optical waveguide is specifically configured to totally reflect light coupled in by the transmissive incoupling grating to the outcoupling grating.
7. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the outcoupling grating comprises at least two regions, the grating depths of which respectively increase in the direction of propagation of the light.
8. An augmented reality apparatus, comprising: an optical machine and an optical waveguide lens;
the optical machine is used for generating light and transmitting the light to the optical waveguide lens;
the optical waveguide lens comprises a metal layer, a reflective coupling-in grating, an optical waveguide and a coupling-out grating;
the metal layer is arranged on the surface of one side, away from the optical machine, of the reflective incoupling grating and is used for reflecting light generated by the optical machine, which sequentially penetrates through the optical waveguide and the reflective incoupling grating, to the reflective incoupling grating;
the reflective coupling-in grating is arranged on the surface of one side of the optical waveguide, which is far away from the optical machine, and is used for coupling the light reflected by the metal layer into the optical waveguide;
the optical waveguide is used for transmitting the light coupled in by the reflective coupling-in grating to the coupling-out grating;
the coupling-out grating is used for coupling out the light in the optical waveguide to human eyes for imaging.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the material of the metal layer comprises any one or a combination of any of the following materials:
gold, silver, aluminum, copper, platinum.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 or 9, wherein the metal layer has a shape that matches a shape of a surface of the reflectively-coupled grating.
11. The apparatus according to any of claims 8 to 10, wherein the reflective incoupling grating is a binary grating, a blazed grating or a multi-step grating.
12. The apparatus of any of claims 8 to 11, wherein the apparatus further comprises a pupil grating;
the pupil expanding grating is arranged on the surface of one side, far away from the optical machine, of the optical waveguide and is used for expanding the light transmitted in the optical waveguide and coming from the transmission-type coupling-in grating and transmitting the expanded light to the coupling-out grating through the optical waveguide; the pupil expanding grating comprises at least two different regions, and the grating depths respectively corresponding to the at least two different regions are sequentially increased along the propagation direction of light.
13. The device according to any of claims 8 to 12, wherein the optical waveguide is in particular adapted to totally reflect light coupled in by the reflective in-coupling grating to the out-coupling grating.
14. The apparatus according to any of claims 8 to 13, wherein the outcoupling grating comprises at least two regions, the grating depths of which respectively increase in the direction of propagation of the light.
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