CN110722166B - Preparation method of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with multilayer structure - Google Patents
Preparation method of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with multilayer structure Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C14/00—Alloys based on titanium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C26/00—Alloys containing diamond or cubic or wurtzitic boron nitride, fullerenes or carbon nanotubes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/04—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing tin or lead
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multilayer structure, which comprises the following specific steps: the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure is prepared by using TiNiVTaW base alloy, SnAgPt alloy and a multi-element composite material as raw materials through the processes of layer-by-layer design, layer-by-layer proportioning, layer-by-layer preparation, sample treatment and superposition molding. The TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer composite structure prepared by the invention can meet the performance requirements of all parts of the guide rail material, can save the relative consumption of materials, and can obviously enhance the performances such as bearing capacity, pressure resistance, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of self-lubricating guide rail materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multilayer structure.
Background
In modern industry, more and more guide rail parts are exposed to a series of extreme working conditions such as ultrahigh temperature, ultrahigh pressure and dustiness. The guide rail parts are contacted with each other in the working process, and the guide rail parts are always in a load bearing state and a wear state due to the incompleteness of a lubricating grease film, so that the working performance of the guide rail on the straightness, the motion precision, the reliability, the service life and the like of the whole mechanical system are directly influenced. Up to now, the most common guide rails are sliding ball guide rails and sliding roller guide rails, the lubrication method is mainly oil lubrication or grease lubrication or solid lubrication such as graphite (plum poplar, bengal, yao ning, senna, cao libang, cao libra, high-strength low-resistance insulation roller guide rail [ J ]. a new product of the chinese technology, 2019(01): 75-76.), and the material of the sliding guide rail must be prepared from materials with excellent properties such as durability, low friction, small abrasion, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, which has extremely high requirements on the selection of the material of the guide rail. The TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer composite structure prepared by the invention has different mechanical physical and tribological properties of each layer due to unique component proportion and the like, so that the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material has excellent lubricating property, good bearing capacity and corrosion resistance, can realize small heat generation and long service life under high and low temperature conditions, and further enhances the engineering application range.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for preparing a TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multilayer structure, which takes TiNiVTaW as a matrix, SnAgPt as an anti-wear agent and a multi-component composite material as a reinforcing agent, for solving the defects of the prior art.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme for solving the technical problems, and the preparation method of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure is characterized by comprising the following specific processes: the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure is prepared by using TiNiVTaW base alloy, SnAgPt alloy and a multi-element composite material as raw materials through the processes of layer-by-layer design, layer-by-layer proportioning, layer-by-layer preparation, sample treatment and superimposed molding, and has the friction coefficient of 0.14-0.29 and the wear rate of (2.62-3.53) multiplied by 10-7cm3·N-1·m-1。
Further preferably, the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer composite structure comprises a four-layer composite structure, wherein the thickness of each layer of the composite structure accounts for the total thickness percentage:
the first layer, namely the friction film contact layer, is 5-10%, the volume fraction of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the first layer is 4-6%, the volume fraction of SnAgPt alloy is 35-40%, and the volume fraction of the multi-element composite material is 54-61%;
the second layer, namely the friction film supporting layer, is 8-12%, the volume fraction of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the second layer is 10-15%, the volume fraction of SnAgPt alloy is 35-40%, and the volume fraction of the multi-element composite material is 45-60%;
the third layer, namely the friction film transition layer, is 20-25 percent, the volume fraction of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the third layer is 45-65 percent, the volume fraction of SnAgPt alloy is 15-19 percent, and the volume fraction of the multi-component composite material is 30-45 percent;
the fourth layer is 53% -67%, and the fourth layer is TiNiVTaW matrix alloy.
Further preferably, the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy has different compositions in each layer structure according to different mass ratios, specifically:
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the first layer consists of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y, and the mass ratio of the elements is 72:13:7.5:3.5:3:0.25:0.3: 0.45;
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the second layer consists of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y, and the mass ratio of the elements is 70:12:8:4:4.5:0.48:0.32: 0.7;
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the third layer consists of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y, and the mass ratio of the elements is 73:11:8:4:3:0.24:0.31: 0.45;
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the fourth layer consists of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y, and the mass ratio of the elements is 75 (5-16): 4-7): 3-6): 2-4): 0.32-0.46): 0.2-0.4): 0.2-0.5.
Further preferably, the mass ratio of the SnAgPt alloy composition in each layer structure is the same, and the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt of each element of the SnAgPt alloy in the first layer, the second layer and the third layer is (25-45): 10-35): 35-40.
Further preferably, the volume percentages of the components of the multi-component composite material in each layer structure are different, specifically:
the multi-element composite material in the first layer consists of 4-8% of tungsten disulfide, 3-7% of molybdenum disulfide, 2-6% of cerium oxide, 4-8% of nano-alumina, 6-15% of ceramic fiber, 3-7% of nano-diamond, 1-1.5% of graphene, 2-3% of epoxy resin, 1-1.5% of graphite, 1-2% of aramid fiber, 1-3% of glass fiber, 2-4% of carbon fiber, 2-3% of butadiene acrylonitrile rubber powder, 1-2.5% of calcite, 1-2.5% of serpentine, 2-4% of nodular cast iron and 5% of multi-layer platy crystal MoWCrO;
the multi-element composite material in the second layer consists of 2-5% of tungsten disulfide, 3-6% of molybdenum disulfide, 3-5% of cerium oxide, 2-4% of nano-alumina, 2.5-6% of ceramic fiber, 4-7% of nano-diamond, 0.3-0.45% of graphene, 2-5% of epoxy resin, 0.5-1.5% of aramid fiber, 0.7-0.9% of glass fiber, 1.5-4% of carbon fiber, 2-3% of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber powder, 1.5-2% of calcite, 2-4% of brown corundum, 1-3% of nodular cast iron and 2-4.5% of multi-layer platy crystal MoWCrO;
the multi-element composite material in the third layer consists of 1 to 3 percent of tungsten disulfide, 1.5 to 2 percent of molybdenum disulfide, 0.8 to 1.5 percent of cerium oxide, 2 to 4 percent of nano alumina, 4 to 6 percent of nano diamond, 0.2 to 0.5 percent of graphene, 2.5 to 9 percent of ceramic fiber, 1.5 to 4 percent of aramid fiber, 0.9 to 1.2 percent of glass fiber, 1.5 to 2.1 percent of butadiene acrylonitrile rubber powder, 1 to 1.2 percent of calcite, 1.5 to 3 percent of nodular cast iron and 1.5 to 3.5 percent of multilayer platy crystal MorO.
Further preferably, the preparation method of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure is characterized by comprising the following specific steps of:
1) weighing ammonium molybdate powder, tungsten powder and cadmium powder according to the mol ratio of 5 (3-4) (1-2), grinding and mixing the ammonium molybdate powder, the tungsten powder and the cadmium powder, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 25-30 mu m; then sintering in a vacuum atmosphere furnace, wherein the sintering temperature is 650-750 ℃, the heat preservation time is 3.5-4.5h, the protective gas is argon, oxygen is introduced in the sintering process to enhance the reaction, and the oxygen introduction amount is 65-175mL/min, and finally the multilayer plate-shaped crystal MoWCrO is obtained;
2) weighing the multilayer plate-shaped crystal MoWCrO obtained in the step 1), tungsten disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, cerium oxide, nano alumina, ceramic fiber, nano diamond, graphene, epoxy resin, ceramic fiber, graphite, aramid fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber, butadiene acrylonitrile rubber powder, calcite, serpentine and nodular cast iron according to the corresponding volume fraction of each layer of structure, and classifying and storing the obtained powder of each layer of the multi-component composite material for later use;
3) mixing the multi-element composite material obtained in the step 2) with TiNiVTaW matrix alloy and SnAgPt alloy according to the volume percentage required by each layer structure: the first layer is made of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy 4-6%, SnAgPt alloy 35-40% and multi-element composite material 54-61%; the second layer is made of 10-15% of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, 35-40% of SnAgPt alloy and 45-60% of multi-element composite material; the third layer is composed of 45% -65% of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, 15% -19% of SnAgPt alloy and 30% -45% of multi-element composite material; the fourth layer is 100 percent of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy;
4) heating the first layer of material powder obtained in the step 3) in a vacuum environment, boiling by using alcohol and evaporating in vacuum to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying, wherein the required condition is that the vacuum degree is (3.2-3.5) multiplied by 10-2Pa, heating temperature of 55-65 deg.C, boiling time of 15-18 min; heating the second layer of material powder in vacuum environment, boiling with alcohol and vacuum evaporating to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying under the condition of vacuum degree of 3.5-4.2 x 10-2Pa, heating at 55-70 deg.C for 18-25 min; mechanically mixing the third layer of material powder by using a vibration mixer under the conditions that the vibration frequency is 45-50Hz, the vibration force is 4500-5500N, and the oscillation time is 40-45 min; the fourth layer of the material powder is mechanically mixed by a vibration mixer, the required conditions are that the vibration frequency is 110-130Hz, the vibration force is 11000-12500N, and the oscillation time is 55-65 min;
5) sequentially carrying out hot-pressing solidification on each layer of powder obtained in the step 4) according to the sequence of one to four layers, pouring each layer of mixed powder into a separate mould according to the corresponding layer thickness for compaction, and the required operation conditions are as follows: the first layer, the pressing pressure is applied to be 20-25MPa, the pressing temperature is 250-300 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 200-250min each time, the air is released for 4-5s every 30-45s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 6-8 times; the second layer, the pressing pressure is 25-28MPa, the pressing temperature is 250-280 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 110-130min each time, the air is discharged for 1-3s every 25-35s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 4-6 times; the third layer, the pressing pressure is 23-25MPa, the pressing temperature is 240 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 120-140min each time, the air is discharged for 1-2s every 20-30s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 4-6 times; the fourth layer, the pressing pressure is 28-32MPa, the pressing temperature is 800-950 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 100-120min each time, the air is discharged for 2s every 50s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 3-5 times;
6) transferring the pressed sheet prepared in the step 5) into a graphite die with the diameter of 30-40mm, and preparing the multilayer composite material by using a spark plasma sintering technology, wherein the spark plasma sintering process requires: the sintering temperature is 1000-1250 ℃, the sintering pressure is 20-25MPa, the heat preservation time is 10-15min, the protective gas is argon, and the heating rate is 200 ℃/min;
7) machining the multilayer composite pressed block prepared in the step 6), and then carrying out disc grinding by using grinding equipment according to the technical requirements, wherein the requirement of the grinding process is that the rotating speed of the equipment is 45-50 r/min; cleaning burrs and fins on the periphery of the guide rail by a polishing machine, carrying out electrostatic spraying at the rotating speed of 440-550r/min and the temperature of 35-400 ℃, and carrying out post-treatment to finally obtain the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure, which takes TiNiVTaW as a substrate, SnAgPt as an anti-wear agent and a multi-component composite material as a reinforcing agent, is designed by a gradient structure, the substrate material TiNiVTaW, the anti-wear agent SnAgPt and the reinforcing agent multi-component composite material are designed layer by layer, and the tribological property of the guide rail with the multilayer structure is obviously improved.
2. The SnAgPt alloy used by the multilayer structure TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material has outstanding anti-occlusion performance, strong high-temperature resistance, high pressure resistance, easy bonding with a steel backing material, and better corrosion resistance, curing property, embeddability and compatibility.
3. The TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure prepared by the invention contains TiNiVTaW-based materials in all layers, improves the compatibility among all layers, enables the structure to be more compact and solves the problems of high-temperature stripping and easy separation among all layers of the common multilayer material.
4. Compared with the common guide rail material, the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure prepared by the invention can meet the performance requirements of all parts of the guide rail material, can save the relative consumption of the material, has high bearing capacity, large pressure resistance and strong high temperature resistance, and has important significance for solving the application problem of modern guide rail engineering.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a manufacturing process of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an electron micrograph of a multilayer plate-like crystalline MoWCrO powder prepared in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the friction coefficient of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with multi-layer structure prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3;
FIG. 4 is a bar graph of wear rates of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating rail materials of multi-layer structures prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3;
FIG. 5 is an electron microscope topography of the multi-layer TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material prepared in example 2 in a state of bonding the substrate with the transitional layer of the friction film;
FIG. 6 is an electronic probe diagram of the tribological wear surface of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating rail material of multilayer structure prepared in example 2;
FIG. 7 is a SEM image of the tribological wear surface of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with multi-layer structure prepared in example 3;
FIG. 8 is a 3D micro-topography of the frictional wear of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating rail material with a multi-layer structure prepared in example 3.
Detailed Description
In order to better develop and verify the present invention, the following examples are provided to illustrate the main research contents of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
The friction test conditions in the following examples were: the load is 5-15N, the speed is 0.10-0.20m/s, the time is 70min and the friction radius is 4.0-4.5 mm.
Example 1
A TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multilayer composite structure, which takes TiNiVTaW as a base body, SnAgPt as an antiwear agent and a multi-component composite material as a reinforcing agent, is compounded to form the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer composite structure, wherein the thickness of each layer from a first layer to a fourth layer is gradually reduced and the thickness of a lubricating regulation material is gradually increased.
As shown in fig. 1, a method for preparing a multi-layer TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material mainly comprises the following steps:
1) weighing ammonium molybdate powder, tungsten powder and cadmium powder according to the molar ratio of 5:3:2, and grinding and mixing the ammonium molybdate powder, the tungsten powder and the cadmium powder to obtain raw material powder with the particle size of 25-30 mu m; and then sintering in a vacuum atmosphere furnace, wherein the sintering temperature is 650 ℃, the heat preservation time is 3.5 hours, the protective gas is argon, oxygen is introduced in the sintering process to enhance the reaction, and the oxygen introduction amount is 65mL/min, so that the multilayer plate-shaped crystal MoWCrO is finally obtained. FIG. 2 is an electron micrograph of MoWCrO powder of multi-layered plate crystals obtained in example 1.
2) Weighing and taking a TiNiVTaW base alloy and a SnAgPt alloy of each layer, wherein the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW base alloy of the first layer is 72:13:7.5:3.5:3:0.25:0.3: 0.45; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 30:30: 40. The second layer is formed by the following steps of enabling the mass ratio of elements such as Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy to be 70:12:8:4:4.5:0.48:0.32: 0.7; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 30:30: 40. The third layer is formed by the following steps that the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy is 73:11:8:4:3:0.24:0.31: 0.45; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 30:30: 40. And the fourth layer is formed by the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy is 74:10:5:6:4:0.4:0.3: 0.3.
3) Weighing the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy obtained in the step 2), the antiwear agent SnAgPt alloy and the reinforcing agent multi-element composite material according to the required volume percentage of each layer: the first layer, 4% tinvtaw matrix alloy, 35% SnAgPt alloy, 8% tungsten disulfide, 7% molybdenum disulfide, 6% cerium oxide, 8% nano alumina, 6% ceramic fiber, 7% nano diamond, 1% graphene, 2% epoxy resin, 1% graphite, 1% aramid fiber, 1% glass fiber, 2% carbon fiber, 2% nitrile rubber powder, 1% calcite, 1% serpentine, 2% nodular cast iron, 5% multilayer plate crystal MoWCrO. A second layer, 15% TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, 40% SnAgPt alloy, 5% tungsten disulfide, 6% molybdenum disulfide, 5% cerium oxide, 4% nano-alumina, 4.5% ceramic fiber, 7% nano-diamond, 0.3% graphene, 2% epoxy resin, 2% brown corundum, 0.5% aramid fiber, 0.7% glass fiber, 1.5% carbon fiber, 2% nitrile rubber powder, 1.5% calcite, 1% nodular cast iron, and 2% multilayer plate crystal MoWCrO. A third layer of 45% TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, 15% SnAgPt alloy, 3% tungsten disulfide, 2% molybdenum disulfide, 1.5% cerium oxide, 4% nano-alumina, 4.7% ceramic fiber, 6% nano-diamond, 0.5% graphene, 3.7% epoxy resin, 4% aramid fiber, 1.1% glass fiber, 2% nitrile rubber powder, 1.2% calcite, 2.8% nodular cast iron, and 3.5% multilayer plate crystal MoWCrO. And the volume fraction of the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the fourth layer is 100 percent.
4) Heating the first layer of material powder obtained in the step 3) in a vacuum environment, boiling with alcohol and evaporating in vacuum to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying, wherein the required condition is that the vacuum degree is 3.2 multiplied by 10-2Pa, heating temperature of 55 deg.C, boiling time of 15 min. Heating the second layer material powder in vacuum environment, boiling with alcohol and vacuum evaporating to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying under the condition of vacuum degree of 3.5 × 10-2Pa, heating temperature of 55 deg.C, boiling time of 18 min. And mechanically mixing the third layer of material powder by using a vibration mixer under the required conditions that the vibration frequency is 45Hz, the vibration force is 4500N, and the oscillation time is 40 min. And the fourth layer of the material powder is mechanically mixed by using a vibration mixer, and the required conditions are that the vibration frequency is 110Hz, the vibration force is 11000N, and the oscillation time is 55 min.
5) And 4) sequentially carrying out hot-pressing solidification on each layer of powder obtained in the step 4) according to the sequence of one to four layers, and pouring each layer of mixed powder into a separate mould according to the corresponding layer thickness for compaction. The required operating conditions were: and in the first layer, the pressing pressure is applied to be 20MPa, the pressing temperature is 250 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 200min each time, the air is released for 4s every 30s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 6 times. And in the second layer, the pressing pressure is 25MPa, the pressing temperature is 250 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 110min each time, the air is released for 1s every 25s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 4 times. And in the third layer, the pressing pressure is 23MPa, the pressing temperature is 220 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 120min each time, the air is released for 1s every 20s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 4 times. And in the fourth layer, the pressing pressure is 28MPa, the pressing temperature is 800 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 100min each time, the air is discharged for 2s every 50s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 3 times.
6) Transferring the pressed sheet prepared in the step 5) into a graphite die with the diameter of 30mm, and preparing a multilayer composite material by using a spark plasma sintering technology; the discharge plasma sintering requires a process that the sintering temperature is 1000 ℃, the sintering pressure is 20MPa, the heat preservation time is 10min, the protective gas is argon, and the heating rate is 200 ℃/min.
7) Machining the multilayer composite pressed block prepared in the step 6), and then carrying out disc grinding by using grinding equipment according to the technical requirements, wherein the requirement of the grinding process is that the rotating speed of the equipment is 45 r/min; cleaning burrs and flashes on the periphery of the guide rail by a polishing machine, spraying static electricity at 75 ℃ at the rotating speed of 440r/min, and performing post-treatment to finally obtain the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer composite structure.
FIG. 3 is a graph of the friction coefficient of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with multi-layer structure prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3. FIG. 4 is a bar graph of wear rates of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail materials with multi-layer composite structures prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multi-layer structure prepared in example 1 has a low friction coefficient of about 0.29 and a low wear rate of about 3.53X 10-7mm3in/Nm. This shows that the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure prepared in example 1 has excellent friction reduction and wear resistance.
Example 2
1) Weighing ammonium molybdate powder, tungsten powder and cadmium powder according to the molar ratio of 5:3:1, and grinding and mixing the ammonium molybdate powder, the tungsten powder and the cadmium powder to obtain raw material powder with the particle size of 30 mu m; and then sintering in a vacuum atmosphere furnace, wherein the sintering temperature is 750 ℃, the heat preservation time is 4.5 hours, the protective gas is argon, oxygen is introduced in the sintering process to enhance the reaction, and the introduction amount of the oxygen is 175mL/min, so that the multilayer plate-shaped crystal MoWCrO is obtained.
2) And weighing and taking the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy and the SnAgPt alloy on each layer. The first layer is formed by the following steps of (1) forming a TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, wherein the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy is 72:13:7.5:3.5:3:0.25:0.3: 0.45; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 45:25: 30. The second layer is formed by the following steps of enabling the mass ratio of elements such as Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy to be 70:12:8:4:4.5:0.48:0.32: 0.7; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 45:25: 30. The third layer is formed by the following steps that the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy is 73:11:8:4:3:0.24:0.31: 0.45; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 45:25: 30. And the fourth layer is formed by the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy is 70:16:4:6:3:0.4:0.2: 0.4.
3) Weighing the multi-component composite material obtained in the step 2) and the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, the antiwear agent SnAgPt alloy and the reinforcing agent multi-component composite material according to the required volume percentage of each layer: the first layer, 5% tinvtaw matrix alloy, 39% SnAgPt alloy, 4.4% tungsten disulfide, 5% molybdenum disulfide, 3.7% cerium oxide, 6.5% nano-alumina, 7.8% ceramic fiber, 4.5% nano-diamond, 1.5% graphene, 2.8% epoxy resin, 1.2% graphite, 1.5% aramid fiber, 2.1% glass fiber, 2.5% carbon fiber, 2% nitrile rubber powder, 1.5% calcite, 1.7% serpentine, 2.3% nodular cast iron, and 5% multilayer plate crystal MoWCrO. A second layer, 12% tinvtaw matrix alloy, 35% SnAgPt alloy, 4% tungsten disulfide, 5.5% molybdenum disulfide, 4.5% cerium oxide, 3.5% nano-alumina, 4.5% ceramic fiber, 5.9% nano-diamond, 0.45% graphene, 3.5% epoxy resin, 3% brown corundum, 1.25% aramid fiber, 0.9% glass fiber, 3.5% carbon fiber, 3% butadiene acrylonitrile rubber powder, 2% calcite, 3% nodular cast iron, and 4.5% multilayer plate crystal MoWCrO. The third layer, 60% TiNiVTaW base alloy, 18% SnAgPt alloy, 1% tungsten disulfide, 1.5% molybdenum disulfide, 0.8% cerium oxide, 2% nano alumina, 2.5% ceramic fiber, 4% nano diamond, 0.2% graphene, 1.2% epoxy resin, 1.5% aramid fiber, 0.9% glass fiber, 1.5% butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber powder, 1% calcite, 1.5% nodular cast iron, and 2.4% multilayer plate crystal MoWCrO. And the volume fraction of the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the fourth layer is 100 percent.
4) Heating the first layer of material powder obtained in the step 3) in a vacuum environment, boiling with alcohol and evaporating in vacuum to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying, wherein the required condition is that the vacuum degree is 3.5 multiplied by 10-2Pa, heating temperature of 65 deg.C, boiling time of 18 min. Heating the second layer material powder in vacuum environment, boiling with alcohol and vacuum evaporating to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying under the condition of vacuum degree of 4.2 × 10-2Pa, heating temperature of 70 deg.C, boiling time of 25 min. And mechanically mixing the third layer of material powder by using a vibration mixer under the required conditions that the vibration frequency is 50Hz, the vibration force is 5500N, and the oscillation time is 45 min. And the fourth layer of material powder is mechanically mixed by using a vibration mixer, wherein the required conditions are that the vibration frequency is 130Hz, the vibration force is 12500N, and the oscillation time is 65 min.
5) And 4) sequentially carrying out hot-pressing solidification on each layer of powder obtained in the step 4) according to the sequence of one to four layers, and pouring each layer of mixed powder into a separate mould according to the corresponding layer thickness for compaction. The required operating conditions were: and in the first layer, the pressing pressure is 25MPa, the pressing temperature is 300 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 250min each time, the air is released for 5s every 45s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 8 times. And in the second layer, the pressing pressure is 28MPa, the pressing temperature is 280 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 130min each time, the air is discharged for 3s every 35s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 6 times. And in the third layer, the pressing pressure is 25MPa, the pressing temperature is 240 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 140min each time, the air is released for 2s every 30s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 6 times. And in the fourth layer, the pressing pressure is 32MPa, the pressing temperature is 950 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 120min each time, the air is discharged for 2s every 50s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 5 times.
6) Transferring the pressed sheet prepared in the step 5) into a graphite die with the diameter of 40mm, and preparing a multilayer composite material by using a spark plasma sintering technology; the spark plasma sintering process includes the following steps: the sintering temperature is 1250 ℃, the sintering pressure is 25MPa, the heat preservation time is 15min, the protective gas is argon, and the heating rate is 200 ℃/min.
7) Machining the multilayer composite pressed block prepared in the step 6), and then carrying out disc grinding by using grinding equipment according to the technical requirements, wherein the requirement of the grinding process is that the rotating speed of the equipment is 50 r/min; cleaning burrs and flashes on the periphery of the guide rail by a polishing machine, spraying static electricity at the rotating speed of 550r/min and the temperature of 80 ℃, and then performing post-treatment to finally obtain the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer composite structure. FIG. 5 is an electron microscope topography showing the bonding state of the substrate and the transitional layer of the friction film of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure prepared in example 2.
FIG. 6 is an electron probe view of the tribological wear surface of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating rail material of multilayer structure prepared in example 2. FIG. 3 is a friction coefficient curve chart of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail materials with multilayer structures prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3 of the invention. FIG. 4 is a bar graph of wear rates of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating rail materials with multi-layer structures prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multi-layer structure prepared in example 2 has a low friction coefficient of about 0.21 and a low wear rate of 2.98X 10-7mm3in/Nm. This shows that the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure prepared in example 2 has excellent friction reduction and wear resistance.
Example 3
1) Weighing ammonium molybdate powder, tungsten powder and cadmium powder according to a molar ratio of 5:4:2, and grinding and mixing the ammonium molybdate powder, the tungsten powder and the cadmium powder to obtain raw material powder with the particle size of 28 microns; and then sintering in a vacuum atmosphere furnace, wherein the sintering temperature is 700 ℃, the heat preservation time is 4 hours, the protective gas is argon, oxygen is introduced in the sintering process to enhance the reaction, the oxygen introduction amount is 120mL/min, and finally the multilayer plate-shaped crystal MoWCrO is obtained.
2) And weighing and taking the TiNiVTaW base alloy and the SnAgPt alloy of each layer. The first layer is formed by the following steps of (1) forming a TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, wherein the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy is 72:13:7.5:3.5:3:0.25:0.3: 0.45; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 42:27: 31. The second layer is formed by the following steps of enabling the mass ratio of elements such as Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy to be 70:12:8:4:4.5:0.48:0.32: 0.7; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 42:27: 31. The third layer is formed by the following steps that the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy is 73:11:8:4:3:0.24:0.31: 0.45; the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt elements in the SnAgPt alloy as the antiwear agent is 42:27: 31. And the fourth layer is formed by the mass ratio of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y elements in the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy is 78:8:4:5:4:0.42:0.36: 0.22.
3) Weighing the multi-component composite material obtained in the step 2) and the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, the antiwear agent SnAgPt alloy and the reinforcing agent multi-component composite material according to the required volume percentage of each layer: the first layer, 6% tinvtaw matrix alloy, 36% SnAgPt alloy, 4.2% tungsten disulfide, 5.2% molybdenum disulfide, 4.3% cerium oxide, 5% nano-alumina, 7.5% ceramic fiber, 6% nano-diamond, 1.2% graphene, 2.2% epoxy resin, 1.3% graphite, 1.8% aramid fiber, 2.7% glass fiber, 3.5% carbon fiber, 2.5% nitrile rubber powder, 1.2% calcite, 2.4% serpentine, 3.4% nodular cast iron, and 5% multilayer plate crystal MoWCrO. A second layer, 13% tinvtaw matrix alloy, 38% SnAgPt alloy, 4.5% tungsten disulfide, 5% molybdenum disulfide, 3.2% cerium oxide, 2.8% nano-alumina, 6.4% ceramic fiber, 5.6% nano-diamond, 0.35% graphene, 4.5% epoxy resin, 3.5% brown corundum, 1.35% aramid fiber, 0.8% glass fiber, 2.5% carbon fiber, 2.5% butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber powder, 1.8% calcite, 2.6% nodular cast iron, and 3.6% multilayer platy crystal moro. The third layer, 51% tinvtaw matrix alloy, 16% SnAgPt alloy, 2.8% tungsten disulfide, 1.7% molybdenum disulfide, 1.2% cerium oxide, 3.6% nano-alumina, 3.2% ceramic fiber, 4.7% nano-diamond, 0.4% graphene, 3.2% epoxy resin, 3% aramid fiber, 1.0% glass fiber, 1.5% nitrile rubber powder, 1.1% calcite, 2.6% nodular cast iron, and 3% multilayer plate crystal MoWCrO. And the volume fraction of the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the fourth layer is 100 percent.
4) Heating the first layer of material powder obtained in the step 3) in a vacuum environment, boiling with alcohol and evaporating in vacuum to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying, wherein the required condition is that the vacuum degree is 3.4 multiplied by 10-2Pa, heating temperature of 60 deg.C, boiling time of 16 min.Heating the second layer material powder in vacuum environment, boiling with alcohol and vacuum evaporating to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying under the condition of vacuum degree of 4.0 × 10-2Pa, heating temperature of 60 deg.C, boiling time of 20 min. And mechanically mixing the third layer of material powder by using a vibration mixer under the required conditions that the vibration frequency is 48Hz, the vibration force is 5000N, and the oscillation time is 42 min. And the fourth layer of material powder is mechanically mixed by using a vibration mixer, and the required conditions are that the vibration frequency is 120Hz, the vibration force is 12000N, and the oscillation time is 60 min.
5) And 4) sequentially carrying out hot-pressing solidification on each layer of powder obtained in the step 4) according to the sequence of one to four layers, and pouring each layer of mixed powder into a separate mould according to the corresponding layer thickness for compaction. The required operating conditions were: and in the first layer, the pressing pressure is 24MPa, the pressing temperature is 280 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 240min each time, the air is released for 4s every 40s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 7 times. And in the second layer, the pressing pressure is 26MPa, the pressing temperature is 270 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 120min each time, the air is discharged for 2s every 30s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 5 times. And in the third layer, the pressing pressure is 24MPa, the pressing temperature is 230 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 130min each time, the air is released for 2s every 25s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 5 times. And in the fourth layer, the pressing pressure is 30MPa, the pressing temperature is 900 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 110min each time, the air is discharged for 2s every 50s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 4 times.
6) Transferring the pressed sheet prepared in the step 5) into a graphite die with the diameter of 35mm, and preparing a multilayer composite material by using a spark plasma sintering technology; the spark plasma sintering process includes the following steps: the sintering temperature is 1100 ℃, the sintering pressure is 23MPa, the heat preservation time is 12min, the protective gas is argon, and the heating rate is 200 ℃/min.
7) Machining the multilayer composite pressed block prepared in the step 6), and then carrying out disc grinding by using grinding equipment according to the technical requirements, wherein the requirement of the grinding process is that the rotating speed of the equipment is 48 r/min; cleaning peripheral burrs and flashes by a polishing machine, carrying out electrostatic spraying process equipment at the rotating speed of 500r/min and the temperature of 78 ℃, and then carrying out post-treatment to finally obtain the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer composite structure.
FIG. 7 is a SEM image of the tribological wear surface of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guideway material with a multi-layer structure prepared in example 3. FIG. 8 is a 3D microscopic morphology of the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multilayer composite structure prepared in example 3. FIG. 3 is a friction coefficient curve chart of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail materials with multilayer structures prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3 of the invention. FIG. 4 is a histogram of the wear rate of TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating rail material with multi-layer structure prepared by examples 1, 2 and 3 of the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multi-layer structure prepared in example 3 has a low friction coefficient of about 0.14 and a low wear rate of about 2.62X 10-7mm3in/Nm. This shows that the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure prepared in example 3 has excellent friction reduction and wear resistance.
While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the fundamental principles of the invention, its essential features and advantages, the invention further resides in various changes and modifications which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (2)
1. A preparation method of a TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with a multilayer structure is characterized by comprising the following specific steps: the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure is prepared by using TiNiVTaW base alloy, SnAgPt alloy and a multi-element composite material as raw materials through the processes of layer-by-layer design, layer-by-layer proportioning, layer-by-layer preparation, sample treatment and superimposed molding, and has the friction coefficient of 0.14-0.29 and the wear rate of (2.62-3.53) multiplied by 10- 7cm3·N-1·m-1；
The TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer composite structure comprises four layers of composite structures, wherein the thickness of each layer of composite structure accounts for the total thickness percentage:
the first layer, namely the friction film contact layer, is 5-10%, the volume fraction of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the first layer is 4-6%, the volume fraction of SnAgPt alloy is 35-40%, and the volume fraction of the multi-element composite material is 54-61%;
the second layer, namely the friction film supporting layer, is 8-12%, the volume fraction of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the second layer is 10-15%, the volume fraction of SnAgPt alloy is 35-40%, and the volume fraction of the multi-element composite material is 45-60%;
the third layer, namely the friction film transition layer, is 20-25 percent, the volume fraction of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the third layer is 45-65 percent, the volume fraction of SnAgPt alloy is 15-19 percent, and the volume fraction of the multi-component composite material is 30-45 percent;
the fourth layer is 53% -67%, and the fourth layer is TiNiVTaW matrix alloy;
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy has different mass ratios in each layer of structure, and specifically comprises the following components:
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the first layer consists of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y, and the mass ratio of the elements is 72:13:7.5:3.5:3:0.25:0.3: 0.45;
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the second layer consists of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y, and the mass ratio of the elements is 70:12:8:4:4.5:0.48:0.32: 0.7;
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the third layer consists of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y, and the mass ratio of the elements is 73:11:8:4:3:0.24:0.31: 0.45;
the TiNiVTaW matrix alloy in the fourth layer consists of Ti, Ni, V, Ta, W, Si, Mo and Y, and the mass ratio of the elements is 75 (5-16): 4-7): 3-6): 2-4): 0.32-0.46): 0.2-0.4): 0.2-0.5;
the mass ratio of the SnAgPt alloy composition in each layer structure is the same, and the mass ratio of Sn, Ag and Pt of each element of the SnAgPt alloy in the first layer, the second layer and the third layer is (25-45): (10-35): (35-40);
the volume percentages of the components of the multi-element composite material in each layer structure are different, and specifically the volume percentages are as follows:
the multi-element composite material in the first layer consists of 4-8% of tungsten disulfide, 3-7% of molybdenum disulfide, 2-6% of cerium oxide, 4-8% of nano-alumina, 6-15% of ceramic fiber, 3-7% of nano-diamond, 1-1.5% of graphene, 2-3% of epoxy resin, 1-1.5% of graphite, 1-2% of aramid fiber, 1-3% of glass fiber, 2-4% of carbon fiber, 2-3% of butadiene acrylonitrile rubber powder, 1-2.5% of calcite, 1-2.5% of serpentine, 2-4% of nodular cast iron and 5% of multi-layer platy crystal MoWCrO;
the multi-element composite material in the second layer consists of 2-5% of tungsten disulfide, 3-6% of molybdenum disulfide, 3-5% of cerium oxide, 2-4% of nano-alumina, 2.5-6% of ceramic fiber, 4-7% of nano-diamond, 0.3-0.45% of graphene, 2-5% of epoxy resin, 0.5-1.5% of aramid fiber, 0.7-0.9% of glass fiber, 1.5-4% of carbon fiber, 2-3% of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber powder, 1.5-2% of calcite, 2-4% of brown corundum, 1-3% of nodular cast iron and 2-4.5% of multi-layer platy crystal MoWCrO;
the multi-element composite material in the third layer consists of 1 to 3 percent of tungsten disulfide, 1.5 to 2 percent of molybdenum disulfide, 0.8 to 1.5 percent of cerium oxide, 2 to 4 percent of nano alumina, 4 to 6 percent of nano diamond, 0.2 to 0.5 percent of graphene, 2.5 to 9 percent of ceramic fiber, 1.5 to 4 percent of aramid fiber, 0.9 to 1.2 percent of glass fiber, 1.5 to 2.1 percent of butadiene acrylonitrile rubber powder, 1 to 1.2 percent of calcite, 1.5 to 3 percent of nodular cast iron and 1.5 to 3.5 percent of multilayer platy crystal MorO.
2. The preparation method of the multilayer structure TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) weighing ammonium molybdate powder, tungsten powder and cadmium powder according to the mol ratio of 5 (3-4) (1-2), grinding and mixing the ammonium molybdate powder, the tungsten powder and the cadmium powder, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 25-30 mu m; then sintering in a vacuum atmosphere furnace, wherein the sintering temperature is 650-750 ℃, the heat preservation time is 3.5-4.5h, the protective gas is argon, oxygen is introduced in the sintering process to enhance the reaction, and the oxygen introduction amount is 65-175mL/min, and finally the multilayer plate-shaped crystal MoWCrO is obtained;
2) weighing the multilayer plate-shaped crystal MoWCrO obtained in the step 1), tungsten disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, cerium oxide, nano alumina, ceramic fiber, nano diamond, graphene, epoxy resin, ceramic fiber, graphite, aramid fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber, butadiene acrylonitrile rubber powder, calcite, serpentine and nodular cast iron according to the corresponding volume fraction of each layer of structure, and classifying and storing the obtained powder of each layer of the multi-component composite material for later use;
3) mixing the multi-element composite material obtained in the step 2) with TiNiVTaW matrix alloy and SnAgPt alloy according to the volume percentage required by each layer structure: the first layer is made of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy 4-6%, SnAgPt alloy 35-40% and multi-element composite material 54-61%; the second layer is made of 10-15% of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, 35-40% of SnAgPt alloy and 45-60% of multi-element composite material; the third layer is composed of 45% -65% of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy, 15% -19% of SnAgPt alloy and 30% -45% of multi-element composite material; the fourth layer is 100 percent of TiNiVTaW matrix alloy;
4) heating the first layer of material powder obtained in the step 3) in a vacuum environment, boiling by using alcohol and evaporating in vacuum to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying, wherein the required condition is that the vacuum degree is (3.2-3.5) multiplied by 10-2Pa, heating temperature of 55-65 deg.C, boiling time of 15-18 min; heating the second layer of material powder in vacuum environment, boiling with alcohol and vacuum evaporating to realize uniform mixing and vacuum drying under the condition of vacuum degree of 3.5-4.2 x 10-2Pa, heating at 55-70 deg.C for 18-25 min; mechanically mixing the third layer of material powder by using a vibration mixer under the conditions that the vibration frequency is 45-50Hz, the vibration force is 4500-5500N, and the oscillation time is 40-45 min; the fourth layer of the material powder is mechanically mixed by a vibration mixer, the required conditions are that the vibration frequency is 110-130Hz, the vibration force is 11000-12500N, and the oscillation time is 55-65 min;
5) sequentially carrying out hot-pressing solidification on each layer of powder obtained in the step 4) according to the sequence of one to four layers, pouring each layer of mixed powder into a separate mould according to the corresponding layer thickness for compaction, and the required operation conditions are as follows: the first layer, the pressing pressure is applied to be 20-25MPa, the pressing temperature is 250-300 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 200-250min each time, the air is released for 4-5s every 30-45s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 6-8 times; the second layer, the pressing pressure is 25-28MPa, the pressing temperature is 250-280 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 110-130min each time, the air is discharged for 1-3s every 25-35s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 4-6 times; the third layer, the pressing pressure is 23-25MPa, the pressing temperature is 240 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 120-140min each time, the air is discharged for 1-2s every 20-30s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 4-6 times; the fourth layer, the pressing pressure is 28-32MPa, the pressing temperature is 800-950 ℃, the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is 100-120min each time, the air is discharged for 2s every 50s, and the operation is repeatedly carried out for 3-5 times;
6) transferring the pressed sheet prepared in the step 5) into a graphite die with the diameter of 30-40mm, and preparing the multilayer composite material by using a spark plasma sintering technology, wherein the spark plasma sintering process requires: the sintering temperature is 1000-1250 ℃, the sintering pressure is 20-25MPa, the heat preservation time is 10-15min, the protective gas is argon, and the heating rate is 200 ℃/min;
7) machining the multilayer composite pressed block prepared in the step 6), and then carrying out disc grinding by using grinding equipment according to the technical requirements, wherein the requirement of the grinding process is that the rotating speed of the equipment is 45-50 r/min; cleaning burrs and fins on the periphery of the guide rail by a polishing machine, carrying out electrostatic spraying at the rotating speed of 440-550r/min and the temperature of 35-400 ℃, and carrying out post-treatment to finally obtain the TiNiVTaW-based self-lubricating guide rail material with the multilayer structure.
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