CN110703326A - FVO inversion method based on small and medium offset gathers - Google Patents

FVO inversion method based on small and medium offset gathers Download PDF

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CN110703326A
CN110703326A CN201910964709.6A CN201910964709A CN110703326A CN 110703326 A CN110703326 A CN 110703326A CN 201910964709 A CN201910964709 A CN 201910964709A CN 110703326 A CN110703326 A CN 110703326A
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seismic
frequency
fvo
data
gather
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CN110703326B (en
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张新超
王勇
岳欣欣
李恒权
郭军参
张辉
李艳然
杨星星
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China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
China Petrochemical Corp
Exploration and Development Research Institute of Sinopec Henan Oilfield Branch Co
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China Petrochemical Corp
Exploration and Development Research Institute of Sinopec Henan Oilfield Branch Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. analysis, for interpretation, for correction
    • G01V1/30—Analysis
    • G01V1/306—Analysis for determining physical properties of the subsurface, e.g. impedance, porosity or attenuation profiles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. analysis, for interpretation, for correction
    • G01V1/36—Effecting static or dynamic corrections on records, e.g. correcting spread; Correlating seismic signals; Eliminating effects of unwanted energy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/50—Corrections or adjustments related to wave propagation
    • G01V2210/51—Migration
    • G01V2210/512—Pre-stack
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/62—Physical property of subsurface
    • G01V2210/624—Reservoir parameters

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of petroleum exploration, and particularly relates to an FVO inversion method based on a middle and small offset gather. The FVO inversion method based on the small and medium offset gathers comprises the following steps: (1) determining an effective offset range according to the AVO characteristics of the stratum; (2) calculating the centroid frequency of the receiving point by using the seismic gather in the effective offset range; (3) and performing FVO inversion according to the gather data in the effective offset range and the centroid frequency of the receiving point. According to the invention, an effective medium-small offset range capable of accurately reflecting the AVO characteristics of the stratum is preferably selected from the seismic gather data, the centroid frequency of the receiving point is calculated by using the seismic gather data in the range, and the FVO inversion is carried out, so that the error existing in the large offset gather data of the stratum is avoided, and the accuracy of the inversion result is improved. The obtained result can be used for the oil-gas analysis of the shallow buried reservoir, and provides a basis for oil-gas exploration.

Description

FVO inversion method based on small and medium offset gathers
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of petroleum exploration, and particularly relates to an FVO inversion method based on a middle and small offset gather.
Background
When seismic waves propagate in the stratum, the energy of the seismic waves is attenuated due to the influences of geometric diffusion, scattering, inherent attenuation of the stratum, transmission and reflection on stratum interfaces and the like, and the energy of the seismic waves is mainly reflected as changes of seismic wave dynamic characteristics such as amplitude, frequency and phase. Previous studies have shown that the higher the pore volume in the subterranean formation, the more intense this absorption decay will be; in addition, as the properties of the fluid within the pores change, the degree of absorption decay also changes. The attenuation of seismic wave energy due to formation absorption is manifested on the one hand as a reduction in amplitude and a shift in frequency peaks towards lower frequencies on the spectrogram. The change characteristics of the seismic waves, particularly the attenuation change characteristics on the frequency, are expressed, and the degree of the absorption of different frequency information of the seismic waves by the stratum can be reflected, so that the fluid properties in the stratum can be predicted and evaluated according to the frequency absorption attenuation properties of the seismic waves, particularly the hydrocarbon-bearing rock stratum is predicted (namely oil-gas detection).
In recent years, frequency absorption attenuation properties have played an increasingly important role in seismic exploration. The prestack seismic channel set contains richer lithology, physical property and fluid information, so that the reflected geological information is richer based on the frequency attenuation property of the prestack seismic channel set. In the prior art, Frequency Variations (FVO) characteristic of the seismic trace frequency with increasing offset is often used to reflect lithology or fluid characteristics in the formation.
In the FVO inversion process, the absorption attenuation attribute is usually calculated by using the frequency change of the large offset gather data, but the large offset gather data contains more gliding wave data because the incident angle is larger and the corresponding seismic wave incident angle is larger, so that the frequency attenuation characteristic of the stratum cannot be accurately reflected. And for the shallow stratum, the frequency attenuation characteristics of the seismic waves are mainly concentrated in the data of the trace sets with medium and small offset distances, so that the FVO inversion method based on the trace sets with large offset distances is not suitable for the shallow stratum.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an FVO inversion method based on a middle and small offset gather, which can accurately reflect the frequency absorption attenuation property of a shallow stratum.
In order to achieve the purpose, the FVO inversion method based on the middle and small offset gathers adopts the technical scheme that:
a medium and small offset-based FVO inversion method comprises the following steps:
(1) determining an effective offset range according to AVO characteristics of the stratum:
a) according to the existing physical data of the reservoir section rock or well drilling logging data, performing prestack seismic forward modeling to obtain AVO characteristic data 1 corresponding to the target stratum;
b) extracting actual measurement AVO characteristic data 2 corresponding to a target stratum from well-side seismic gather data;
c) comparing the fitting curves of the two groups of AVO data, wherein the overlapped part is the effective offset range S:
usually, when the offset distance is small and medium, the two fitting curves are overlapped more; at large offsets, the two fitted curves are separated. And comparing and analyzing the two groups of data fitting curves, and determining a corresponding offset range when the fitting curves are superposed, namely the effective offset range S capable of reflecting the AVO characteristics of the target stratum in the well.
(2) Calculating the centroid frequency of the receiving point by using the seismic gathers in the effective offset range:
a) in order to simplify the calculation and improve the calculation efficiency, the effective offset range S is generally averagely divided into n areas, and seismic channels in each area are superposed to obtain n super seismic channels;
b) combining n super seismic channels to form a super channel set M1, calculating the time frequency spectrum of each seismic channel in the super channel set M1 through time frequency analysis, and extracting the main frequency value of the time frequency spectrum as the centroid frequency of the seismic wavelet of the receiving point:
when the centroid frequency of the seismic wavelet of the receiving point is calculated through the seismic gather data, the calculation result of the centroid frequency is greatly different due to the change of the selected time window and the difference of the methods for estimating the seismic wavelet, so that the inversion result is influenced. Therefore, in order to make the inversion result more accurate, the method adopts the main frequency value in the time frequency spectrum as the mass center frequency of the seismic wavelet of the receiving point.
In general, in a group of spectrum data corresponding to each time point in the time spectrum, the frequency value corresponding to the point with the largest spectrum energy value is the dominant frequency value. And a main frequency value curve formed by the main frequency values in the whole time frequency spectrum is the centroid frequency data of the seismic wavelets of the receiving points corresponding to all the data points in the seismic channel one to one.
c) Repeatedly calculating the centroid frequency corresponding to each seismic channel in the gather of the super channels to form a data volume of the centroid frequency of the receiving point: n super seismic channels, namely n receiving point centroid frequency data volumes, are combined to obtain a receiving point centroid frequency super channel set M1fR。
(3) And performing FVO inversion by combining a seismic wavelet mass center frequency equation and a seismic time distance equation according to the gather data and the receiving point mass center frequency data volume in the effective offset range.
The FVO inversion method can accurately reflect the frequency absorption attenuation characteristics of the shallow stratum, and the obtained FVO attribute can accurately identify the oil-gas-containing characteristics in the stratum, so that the method is suitable for analyzing the oil-gas-containing characteristics of the shallow stratum of the reservoir and provides a basis for oil-gas exploration.
In order to simplify the calculation process, n in the step (2) is 3-5.
In order to make the inversion result more accurate, the centroid frequency of the seismic wavelet of the receiving point in the step (2) is a main frequency value curve of the time-frequency spectrum of each seismic channel in the gather of the super channel.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the FVO inversion method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of AVO analysis of a target formation drilled in exploration area A in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a trace gather model (A) and a time-frequency diagram (B) at a center offset of 180m according to example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 shows a gather model (A) at a center offset of 540m and a time spectrum (B) in accordance with example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 shows a trace gather model (A) at a center offset of 900m and a time spectrum (B) in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a G property profile of an FVO inversion through an A-well in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a well A predicting hydrocarbon-bearing distribution according to FVO inversion G properties in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
The reservoir stratum of the exploration area in the embodiment is shallow in burial, poor in compaction effect and cementation effect and mostly lower than 1500m, so that the stratum is high in general porosity, thin in reservoir, small in scale and fast in transverse speed change. The low-velocity and low-density reservoir sections of the shallow layers often form a negative reflection seismic interface with overlying mudstone, which is represented by strong valley seismic reflection on seismic data, but the characteristics of the oil and gas in the reservoir sections are not clear enough.
Performing FVO inversion based on the medium and small offset gathers on the exploration area, as shown in fig. 1, specifically comprising the following steps:
(1) determining an effective offset range according to AVO characteristics of the stratum:
a) determining AVO characteristic data 1 of a target stratum by utilizing a longitudinal wave logging curve, a transverse wave logging curve and a density curve of a borehole in an exploration area A through conventional prestack seismic forward modeling;
b) to is directed atWell-side seismic gather M of A well0Extracting AVO characteristic data 2 corresponding to the target stratum;
c) compare the fitted curves of two sets of AVO data: when the offset distance is small, the two curves are overlapped more; at large offsets, the two curves tend to diverge. When the two curves are superposed, the corresponding offset distance is the effective offset distance S capable of reflecting the AVO characteristics of the well target stratum;
as shown in fig. 2, the scatter point is measured AVO feature data 2, and the curves are fitting curves of the measured data and the forward simulation data, respectively, wherein the forward simulation data completely overlaps with the fitting curves. When the offset distance is small and medium, the two fitting curves are basically overlapped, and the fact that the measured data are consistent with the simulation data is shown, and the measured data are reliable; at larger offsets, both have larger errors. The measured data has the characteristic of changing towards the positive amplitude direction when the offset distance is large, and the measured data is not accordant with a theoretical curve, and the analysis reason is caused by errors formed in the process of collecting seismic data. It can also be seen that the offset range corresponding to the two data when they are consistent with each other is 0-1050 m, which is the effective offset range of the well destination layer.
d) Repeating the steps a) to c) on the other well drills in the exploration area to respectively obtain the effective offset range of the multiple well drills, and averaging to obtain the effective offset range S in the exploration areaaver。
(2) Determining the centroid frequency of a receiving point:
a) determining the effective offset range S of the exploration area according to the step (1)averThe distance is 0-1080 m, the distance is averagely divided into 3 areas, the distance is 0-360 m, 360-720 m and 720-1080 m, and the center offset distance corresponding to each area is 180m, 540m and 900 m;
b) the trace gather data of 3 areas respectively comprise 9 seismic traces, and the seismic traces in each area are overlapped to obtain 3 super seismic traces;
c) combining 3 super seismic channels to form a super channel set M1(as shown in A of FIGS. 3-5), the gather M is computed by generalized S-transform1The time-frequency diagram of each seismic trace in the seismic data acquisition system (B diagrams in figures 3-5). Under normal circumstances, whenAnd in a group of frequency spectrum data corresponding to each time point in the frequency spectrum, the frequency value corresponding to the point with the maximum frequency spectrum energy value is the dominant frequency. And estimating the dominant frequency values of all vertical time points to obtain a dominant frequency value curve of the whole time frequency spectrum. And taking the main frequency value corresponding to the main frequency value curve as the centroid frequency of the receiving point of the seismic channel.
FIGS. 3-5 are seismic sections through the A-well (part A of the graph) and time-frequency spectra of well-side channels (part B of the graph) in the area of interest. As can be seen from a comparison of the corresponding portions of the three plots, the seismic amplitude for the hydrocarbon reservoir exhibited a significantly varying character from weak to strong with increasing offset (seismic amplitude at 180m was-6296, seismic amplitude at 540m was-14753, and seismic amplitude at 900m was-20637); from the centroid frequency obtained by time-frequency analysis, the corresponding main frequency values are 82Hz, 42Hz and 38Hz respectively, and accord with the attenuation characteristics from strong to weak.
d) And forming a receiving point centroid frequency data volume by using the centroid frequency of the time frequency spectrum corresponding to each seismic channel in the super channel set. Three supercrack sets with different offset distances can obtain three receiving point mass center frequency data volumes, and the three data volumes are combined to obtain a receiving point mass center frequency supercrack set M1fR。
(3) Forming a super-gather according to the effective offset range determined in the step (1), and calculating a receiving point centroid frequency set M according to the step (2)1fRAnd then, performing FVO inversion by combining a seismic wavelet mass center frequency equation and a seismic time interval equation:
a) combining the conventional centroid frequency change equation and the seismic gather time interval equation, the following relation is obtained:
Figure BDA0002230108110000041
wherein M is1fRIs the centroid frequency of the receiving point, and X is the seismic gather offset distance; t is seismic signal receiving double-travel time; f. ofsFor raw gather data M0The centroid frequency of the corresponding source wavelet,
Figure BDA0002230108110000042
variance of the source wavelet; a is the effective absorption coefficientReflecting the absorption degree of the stratum to the seismic waves; v is the root mean square velocity.
b) For convenience of calculation, the relation formula in the step a) can be simplified into M1fR≈P-GX2Wherein P is the attribute of the FVO intercept and represents the central frequency value of the zero offset; g is the gradient property of the FVO and represents the change of the absorption characteristic of the stratum to the seismic wave frequency along with the change of the offset distance.
And in the FVO inversion process, selecting a sensitive gradient attribute G. FIG. 6 is a profile of the FVO inverted G properties of an exploration area through an A well. As can be seen from fig. 6, the dark portion in the G attribute predicts the distribution of hydrocarbon-containing zones within the reservoir, and is respectively identified by a black dashed line in the cross section. Although the thickness of the reservoir cannot be accurately delineated by the abnormal attribute region due to the limitation of seismic resolution, the transverse boundary of the oil and gas containing part of the reservoir is accurately delineated. FIG. 7 is a plan view of a prediction of hydrocarbon-bearing distribution of a well in exploration area A based on G-attribute. As can be seen in FIG. 7, the G property has a better response to the hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir and clearly delineates the reservoir boundaries. Performing actual drilling and oil production on the well A: in the oil testing result, the oil yield is stable at 4.44-4.7 m3D, a closed area of 0.33km2. The oil reservoir characteristics of the well zone and the characteristics of the oil reservoirs around the well zone have obvious response in the attribute plane diagram inverted by the FVO, and the oil reservoir prediction result is accurate and reliable.

Claims (3)

1. An FVO inversion method based on a small and medium offset gather is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) determining an effective offset range according to AVO characteristics of the stratum:
a) according to the existing physical data of the reservoir section rock or well drilling logging data, performing prestack seismic forward modeling to obtain AVO characteristic data 1 corresponding to the target stratum;
b) extracting actual measurement AVO characteristic data 2 corresponding to a target stratum from well-side seismic gather data;
c) comparing the fitting curves of the two groups of AVO data, wherein the overlapped part is the effective offset range S;
(2) calculating the centroid frequency of the receiving point by using the seismic gathers in the effective offset range:
a) averagely dividing the effective offset range S into n areas, and performing superposition processing on seismic channels in each area to obtain n super seismic channels;
b) combining n super seismic channels to form a super channel set M1, calculating a time-frequency spectrum of each seismic channel in the super channel set M1 through time-frequency analysis, and extracting a main frequency value of the time-frequency spectrum as the centroid frequency of the seismic wavelet of the receiving point;
c) repeatedly calculating the centroid frequency corresponding to each seismic channel in the super channel set to form a receiving point centroid frequency data volume;
(3) and performing FVO inversion by combining a seismic wavelet mass center frequency equation and a seismic time distance equation according to the gather data and the receiving point mass center frequency data volume in the effective offset range.
2. The medium and small offset gather-based FVO inversion method according to claim 1, wherein n in step (2) is 3-5.
3. The FVO inversion method based on the gathers with medium and small offsets as claimed in claim 1, wherein the centroid frequency of the seismic wavelet at the receiving point in step (2) is the dominant frequency curve of the time-frequency spectrum of each seismic trace in the gather of supercrack.
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