CN110700823B - Loading body for true triaxial crack propagation simulation and permeability synchronous experiment and permeability test characterization method - Google Patents
Loading body for true triaxial crack propagation simulation and permeability synchronous experiment and permeability test characterization method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 279
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 142
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 6
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010720 hydraulic oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012625 in-situ measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/0806—Details, e.g. sample holders, mounting samples for testing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
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Abstract
The scheme relates to a loading body for a true triaxial crack propagation simulation and permeability synchronous experiment and a permeability test characterization method, wherein the loading body comprises: the loading frame is internally provided with a test piece which is integrally cubic; a feeding device for feeding the test piece is arranged on one side of the front end face of the loading frame body; the test piece loading device comprises a plurality of groups of pistons which respectively load a test piece from the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction of a loading frame body, wherein the plurality of groups of pistons respectively form sealing, fixing and pressurizing between each direction and the loading frame body; a drill hole is arranged on the front surface of the test piece facing to the front end face, and a shaft is arranged in the drill hole; the rest five surfaces of the test piece except the front surface are attached with backing plates, and the backing plates are provided with ventilation structures; the backing plate is provided with a gas collecting pipeline. The method solves the problem that the conventional test method can not complete the permeability test of the large compact test piece before and after the crack propagation experiment, and provides an effective means for quantitatively evaluating the crack propagation experiment effect under different stress environments.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of rock mechanics and engineering, in particular to a method for testing and characterizing a carrier and permeability of a true triaxial fracture propagation simulation and permeability synchronous experiment.
Background
Exploration, development and utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources become a key field of oil and gas energy development, wherein the hydraulic fracturing technology is one of key technologies for economically and efficiently developing the resources. The improvement effect of the hydraulic fracturing technology is directly related to the development and utilization values of the resources, and the accurate evaluation of the improvement effect of the hydraulic fracturing technology on the reservoir is very important. A crack propagation experiment and a permeability test for simulating an underground environment to research a reservoir are main means for evaluating the transformation effect of the reservoir. At present, the crack propagation experiment or permeability test cannot be simultaneously and accurately carried out at home and abroad under the original experimental stress condition because of the limitation of the crack propagation simulation experiment equipment condition and method; or partial testing can be performed, but the size of the test piece and the simulated ground stress magnitude are limited and the permeability testing and characterization method is inaccurate.
Patent CN109975140A discloses an experimental device and method integrating supercritical carbon dioxide pulse fracturing and permeability testing, which comprises various data acquisition modules, a power module and an in-situ environment simulation system. The supercritical carbon dioxide pulse fracturing experiment and permeability test before and after fracturing can be realized. But the simulated test piece has a small size, and the stress environment is a pseudo triaxial stress environment. Patent CN1041328880B discloses an experimental method for testing permeability of a reservoir rock core before and after hydraulic fracturing under triaxial conditions, which comprises a movable trolley, a pressure chamber and the like, and can perform in-situ measurement on the permeability of the reservoir before and after hydraulic fracturing under triaxial stress conditions, pressure relief of a test piece is not needed, but the required test piece is small, the requirement of a crack propagation experiment cannot be met, and a specific characterization method of the permeability is not needed. Patent CN108663298A discloses an experimental device and method for true triaxial crack extension simulation and permeability test integration, which comprises a true triaxial loading system, a fracturing system, an acoustic emission detection system and a permeability test system, and can realize rock fracturing and permeability test integration test. However, the true triaxial loading frame is not detailed, and the permeability before fracturing is not comprehensive in character.
Therefore, in order to realize the crack propagation and permeability test experiment in the in-situ ground stress environment, it is necessary to develop a true triaxial crack propagation and permeability synchronous experiment plus carrier and permeability test characterization method.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a carrier adding and permeability testing characterization method for a true triaxial fracture propagation simulation and permeability synchronous experiment, so as to realize the integrated test of rock fracturing and permeability, effectively characterize the permeability before and after a fracturing experiment and evaluate the fracturing transformation effect.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the invention provides a loading body for true triaxial crack propagation simulation and permeability synchronous experiment, which comprises:
the loading frame body is internally provided with a test piece which is integrally cubic;
a feeding device is arranged on one side of the front end face of the loading frame body, and the test piece is fed into the loading frame body through the feeding device;
the multiple groups of pistons are used for loading the test piece from the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction of the loading frame body respectively, and the multiple groups of pistons form sealing, fixing and pressurizing with the loading frame body from all directions respectively;
a drill hole is formed in the front surface of the test piece, and a shaft for introducing permeability test gas or fracturing fluid into the test piece is installed in the drill hole;
the other five surfaces of the test piece except the front surface are attached with backing plates, and the backing plates are provided with ventilation structures for gathering permeability test gas flowing to the outer surface of the test piece during a permeability test; and the base plate is provided with a gas collecting pipeline for collecting the permeability test gas collected by the ventilation structure.
Preferably, the pad plate includes:
the inner base plates are respectively attached to the rest five surfaces of the test piece except the front surface, and each inner base plate is provided with a plurality of air ducts for conveying permeability test gas flowing from the inside of the test piece to the outer end face of the test piece;
an outer base plate is attached to each inner base plate, and a wire groove and an air gathering hole which are communicated with each other are formed in the outer base plate;
one end of the gas collection pipeline is communicated with an external manifold, the other end of the gas collection pipeline extends into the gas collection hole from the guide groove, and the permeability test gas transmitted by the plurality of air channels is collected into the gas collection hole and then flows out of the external manifold through the gas collection pipeline;
the vent structure comprises the vent channel and the air gathering hole.
Preferably, the plurality of air ducts provided in the inner pad include:
a plurality of first vent grooves arranged along a first direction and a plurality of second vent grooves arranged along a second direction, wherein the first direction is vertical to the second direction;
an air vent is arranged at the intersection of the first air vent groove and the second air vent groove;
the first vent groove and the second vent groove are not communicated with the side end face of the inner backing plate;
the last gas collection hole that sets up of outer backing plate includes:
a first air gathering hole is formed in the end face, facing the inner base plate, of the outer base plate, and a second air gathering hole is formed in the end face, far away from the inner base plate, of the outer base plate; the first air collecting hole is communicated with the second air collecting hole;
the inner diameter of the first air gathering hole is smaller than that of the second air gathering hole, and an internal thread in threaded connection with the air gathering pipeline is arranged in the second air gathering hole;
the wire guide groove that sets up on the outer backing plate includes:
the outer backing plate is far away from the first guide way that sets up on the terminal surface of inner backing plate to and the second guide way that sets up on the side end face of outer backing plate, the one end intercommunication of first guide way the second guide way, the other end intercommunication the second is gathered the gas pocket.
Preferably, the outer backing plate arranged on one side of the lower surface of the test piece is provided with a plurality of test piece feeding grooves which are arranged in parallel.
Preferably, the wellbore comprises: a first wellbore section and a second wellbore section connected;
a plurality of uniformly arranged annular grooves are formed in the outer circumferences of the first well casing section and the second well casing section;
the outer diameter of the first wellbore section is greater than the outer diameter of the second wellbore section;
the outer diameter of the second wellbore section is smaller than the hole diameter of the drill hole in the test piece, and the difference between the outer diameter of the second wellbore section and the hole diameter of the drill hole in the test piece is 1 mm-3 mm.
Preferably, the test piece is square;
an annular space between the shaft and the drill hole of the test piece is sealed by annular resin;
twelve edges of the test piece are sealed by adopting a rubber mold with an integral structure, the inner backing plate supports the rubber mold, and the outer backing plate is pressed on the inner backing plate and the rubber mold.
Preferably, the loading body further comprises:
a frame support frame mounted on the lower side of the loading frame;
the sliding rail is arranged on one side of the front end face of the loading frame body;
the base plate attached to the lower surface of the test piece is placed on the feeding device, and the feeding device is installed on the slide rail to feed the test piece into the loading frame;
after the test piece is fed into the loading frame body, the feeding device and the loading frame body are fixed in a threaded connection mode, and the feeding device and the first side end face of the loading frame body form sealing.
The invention also provides a permeability test characterization method of the supported body, which comprises the following steps:
1) Preparation of a test piece: manufacturing a test piece which is integrally cubic and required by an experiment according to the experiment requirement;
2) Triaxial stress loading: according to the triaxial stress condition required by the experiment, pistons in the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction are respectively controlled by hydraulic drive to achieve the required triaxial stress;
3) Permeability test before crack propagation experiment: carrying out overall permeability test on a test piece by adopting a pulse permeability test method, wherein the overall permeability of the test piece is characterized by comprising the following steps:
after the integral permeability test is finished, carrying out single-side permeability test on the test piece; wherein the permeability of any one of the upper surface, the lower surface, the left surface and the right surface of the test piece adjacent to the front surface is characterized as follows:
the permeability of the back surface of the test piece opposite the front surface is characterized by:
wherein, in the above three groups of formulas: k is permeability, beta is gas compressibility, alpha is fitting value, mu is gas viscosity, r e Is the circumscribed radius of the specimen, r w Outer diameter of shaft, h 2 Is the perforation length or open hole length, t is the test time, P u,0 Is the initial pressure in the upstream chamber, P d,0 Initial pressure, P, in the downstream chamber u End of experiment pressure, P, in the upstream chamber d End of experiment pressure in the downstream chamber;
4) Crack propagation experiments were performed: pumping fracturing fluid into the test piece through a shaft according to a pre-planned pumping program, and stopping pumping the fracturing fluid until the test piece is completely fractured;
5) Permeability test after crack propagation experiment: carrying out overall permeability test on a fractured test piece by adopting a conventional permeability test method, wherein the overall permeability of the test piece is characterized by comprising the following steps:
after the integral permeability test is finished, performing single-side permeability test on the fractured test piece; wherein the permeability of any one of the upper surface, the lower surface, the left surface and the right surface of the test piece adjacent to the front surface is characterized as follows:
the permeability of the back surface of the test piece opposite the front surface is characterized by:
wherein, in the above three groups of formulas: k is permeability, delta P is the pressure difference from the center of the test piece to the end face of the measured permeability, rho is gas density, epsilon is the characteristic parameter of the porosity of the test piece, mu is gas viscosity, Q is fluid flow, H is the width of the cubic test piece, H is 1 Is the length of the wellbore section, h 2 Is the perforation length or open hole length, r e Is the circumscribed radius of the test piece, r w The outside diameter of the wellbore.
6) And (3) observing crack propagation experiment results: unloading the triaxial stress, taking out the test piece from the experiment loading body, and describing the test piece crack development condition of the crack propagation experiment according to the preset requirement;
7) And (4) finishing the experiment: and (4) completing the experiment content, and adjusting the experimental equipment to the state before the experiment according to a preset program.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the permeability test method can realize permeability test before and after a fracturing crack expansion experiment and quantitative characterization under the in-situ ground stress condition, and solve the problems that a large-size test piece is difficult to test the permeability under the in-situ ground stress condition, test gas is complicated to collect, and the permeability before and after the crack expansion cannot be well tested. Meanwhile, the problem that the conventional test method cannot complete the permeability test of the large compact test piece before the crack propagation experiment is solved. The achievement of the invention provides a powerful means for quantitatively evaluating the experimental effect of crack propagation under different conditions.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a loading vehicle according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a piston of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a piston of the present invention;
FIG. 4 isbase:Sub>A schematic sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of the outer pad at the lower side;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the feeder, lower backing plate on the underside, and specimen mating;
FIG. 8 is a schematic structural view of the outer mats on the left, right, rear, and upper sides;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the construction of the inner liner;
FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of a wellbore configuration;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the structure of a test piece;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of a loaded body according to the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a loaded article according to the present invention;
description of the reference numerals: 1-Z direction piston, 101-bolt hole, 102-piston push rod, 103-piston cavity, 104-piston inner cavity, 2-loading frame, 3-X direction piston, 4-Y direction piston, 5-frame support frame, 6-slide rail, 7-feeding device, 8-first guide groove, 9-second guide groove, 10-test piece feeding groove, 11-first air gathering hole, 12-second air gathering hole, 13-outer backing plate; 14-a test piece, 15-a front platform body, 16-a bolt, 17-a first vent groove, 18-a second vent groove, 19-a vent hole, 20-a first wellbore section, 21-a second wellbore section, 22-a gas inlet channel, 23-an open hole section or a perforation section, and 24-a wellbore section; 25. an inner backing plate.
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the invention can be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
Referring to fig. 1 to 13, the present invention provides a loading body for true triaxial fracture propagation simulation and permeability synchronization experiment, comprising: a loading frame body 2, wherein a test piece 14 which is integrally cubic is placed in the loading frame body 2; a feeding device 7 is arranged on one side of the front end face of the loading frame body 2, and the test piece 14 is fed into the loading frame body 2 through the feeding device 7; a plurality of sets of pistons for loading the test piece 14 from the X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction of the loading frame 2, respectively, and the plurality of sets of pistons form sealing, fixing, and pressurizing with the loading frame 2 from each direction, respectively; a drill hole is arranged on the front surface of the test piece 14 facing the front end face, and a shaft for introducing permeability test gas or fracturing fluid into the test piece 14 is arranged in the drill hole; attaching pad plates to the remaining five surfaces of the test piece 14 except the front surface, wherein the pad plates are provided with ventilation structures for converging permeability test gas flowing to the outer surface of the test piece 14 during a permeability test of the test piece 14; and the base plate is provided with a gas collecting pipeline for collecting the permeability test gas collected by the ventilation structure.
As shown in fig. 1, the plurality of sets of pistons includes: an X-direction piston 3 provided along the X-direction of the loader frame 2, a Y-direction piston 4 provided along the Y-direction of the loader frame 2, and a Z-direction piston 1 provided along the Z-direction of the loader frame 2. The working pressure of each group of pistons can reach 60MPa, the axial stress in the X, Y and Z directions can reach 40MPa, the three groups of pistons jointly realize the loading of the stress with different sizes on the test piece 14 in the three-axis direction, and the three groups of pistons are driven by hydraulic pressure. The piston rod of each group of pistons is connected with the end face of the outer backing plate 13 far away from the inner backing plate 25, and the outer backing plate 13 is used for realizing rigid loading on the test piece 14.
The test piece 14 is loaded with different stresses through a true triaxial loading system, the true triaxial loading system specifically comprises a pressure chamber, an X-axis hydraulic cylinder, a Y-axis hydraulic cylinder, a Z-axis hydraulic cylinder, an X-axis hydraulic control assembly connected with the X-axis hydraulic cylinder, a Y-axis hydraulic control assembly connected with the Y-axis hydraulic cylinder, and a Z-axis hydraulic control assembly connected with the Z-axis hydraulic cylinder, and the X-axis hydraulic control assembly, the Y-axis hydraulic control assembly, and the Z-axis hydraulic control assembly are specifically hydraulic pumps. The output end of the X-axis hydraulic cylinder is connected with a piston rod of the X-direction piston 3, the output end of the Y-axis hydraulic cylinder is connected with a piston rod of the Y-direction piston 4, and the output end of the Z-axis hydraulic cylinder is connected with a piston rod of the Z-direction piston 1.
The true triaxial confining pressure of the test piece 14 is realized by adjusting the hydraulic control assemblies in the three directions of X, Y and Z, and specifically, as shown in fig. 2 to 4, the hydraulic control assemblies in each direction adjust the axial pressure in the corresponding piston inner cavity 104 by adjusting the hydraulic value in the direction. The X-direction piston 3, the Y-direction piston 4 and the Z-direction piston 1 are connected and sealed with the loading frame body 22 through threads, bolt holes 101 are uniformly arranged on the loading piston, and the pistons penetrate through the bolt holes 101 through bolts and are matched with nuts to be screwed with the loading frame body 2. The piston inner cavity 104 is filled with hydraulic oil, the hydraulic oil in the piston inner cavity 104 is compressed by a hydraulic control assembly (hydraulic pump) to drive the piston push rod 102 to move forwards and backwards, stress required by loading and unloading of the test piece 14 is provided, and the piston cavity 103 and the piston push rod 102 are of cylindrical structures.
As shown in fig. 7, a plurality of bolts 16 are arranged on the feeder 7 for sealing and fixing the feeder 7. The feeder device 7 is arranged with a front table body 15 towards the front end of the loading frame 2, the front table body 15 being used to realize the fixing bolts 16 and the test piece 14 and to seal the loading frame 2.
Referring to fig. 6 to 9, the pad plate includes: a plurality of inner pads 25 which are cubic plates and are respectively attached to the remaining five surfaces of the test piece 14 excluding the front surface, each of the inner pads 25 being provided with a plurality of air channels (specifically, air channels are constituted by air grooves and air holes 19 in fig. 9) for conveying a permeability test gas flowing from the inside of the test piece 14 to the outer end surface of the test piece 14; an outer backing plate 13 is attached to each inner backing plate 25, and the outer backing plate 13 is provided with a wire guide groove and an air collecting hole which are communicated; one end of the gas gathering pipeline is communicated with an external manifold, the other end of the gas gathering pipeline extends into the gas gathering hole from the guide groove, and the permeability test gas transmitted by the plurality of air channels is gathered into the gas gathering hole and then flows out of the external manifold through the gas gathering pipeline; the vent structure comprises the vent channel and the air gathering hole.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 9, the plurality of air ducts provided in the inner mat 25 include: a plurality of first vent grooves 17 arranged in a first direction and a plurality of second vent grooves 18 arranged in a second direction, the first direction and the second direction being perpendicular; a vent hole 19 is arranged at the intersection of the first vent groove 17 and the second vent groove 18; the first vent grooves 17 and the second vent grooves 18 are not communicated with the side end surface of the inner backing plate 25, and as can be seen from fig. 9, the first vent grooves 17, the second vent grooves 18 and the vent holes 19 are uniformly arranged on the inner backing plate 25, so that the permeability test gas at each position of the end surface of the test piece 14 can be converged at the first gas collecting hole 11. When the permeability test is performed, the permeability test gas is input from the shaft, and the permeability test gas passing through each end face of the test piece 14 is gathered at the first gas gathering hole 11 through the first vent groove 17, the second vent groove 18 and the vent hole 19 on the inner backing plate 25. The inner backing plate 25 is a thin backing plate made of steel alloy, the first vent grooves 17, the second vent grooves 18 and the vent holes 19 are symmetrically distributed on two opposite end faces of the inner backing plate 25, the thickness of the inner backing plate 25 is 1-3mm, and the inner backing plate can bear axial pressure of more than 60MPa and certain shearing stress.
Referring to fig. 6 to 8, the outer pad 13 is a cubic plate member including two kinds, one of which is shown in fig. 6 and 7An outer backing plate 13 is shown, the outer backing plate 13 of this shape being disposed primarily at the underside of the test piece 14; an outer shim plate 13 shown in fig. 8, the outer shim plate 13 of this shape being disposed mainly at the upper, left, right and rear sides of the test piece 14; except that an outer shim plate 13 shown in fig. 6 is added with a test piece feed groove 10 with respect to the outer shim plate 13 of fig. 8, and a plurality of test piece feed grooves 10 arranged in parallel are provided on the outer shim plate 13 on the lower surface side of a test piece 14. The test piece feed slot 10 is used to insert an external tool to assist in placing the whole of the test piece 14 and the inner pad 25 on the outer pad 13. Specifically, as shown in fig. 6 to 8, the air collecting hole provided in the outer shim plate 13 includes: a first air gathering hole 11 formed in the end face, facing the inner backing plate 25, of the outer backing plate 13, and a second air gathering hole 12 formed in the end face, far away from the inner backing plate 25, of the outer backing plate 13; the first air collecting hole 11 is communicated with the second air collecting hole 12; the inner diameter of the first air collecting hole 11 is smaller than the inner diameter of the second air collecting hole 12, and an internal thread screwed with the air collecting pipeline is arranged in the second air collecting hole 12; the wire guide grooves formed in the outer pad 13 include: the end face, far away from the inner backing plate 25, of the outer backing plate 13 is provided with a first guide groove 8 and a second guide groove, the side end face of the outer backing plate 13 is provided with the second guide groove, one end of the first guide groove is communicated with the second guide groove, and the other end of the first guide groove is communicated with the second air collecting hole 12. The permeability test gas is passed through the upstream pressure chamber (P is obtained for pressure detection in this chamber) μ,0 And P μ ) Part of permeability test gas which is input into a shaft and penetrates through the wall of the test piece 14 is converged to the first gas gathering hole 11 through the first vent groove 17, the second vent groove 18 or the vent hole 19 on the inner backing plate 25, and is output to a pressure chamber connected with an external manifold through a gas gathering pipeline, wherein the pressure chamber is a downstream chamber in the following formula, and the pressure in the pressure chamber is measured to obtain the following P d,0 And P d 。
Referring to FIG. 10, the wellbore is cylindrical in shape and has a gas access passage 22 disposed therein, through which gas access passage 22 permeability test gas and fracturing fluid are injected into the test piece 14, the wellbore comprising: a first wellbore section 20 and a second wellbore section 21 connected; a plurality of uniformly arranged annular grooves are formed in the outer circumferences of the first well casing section 20 and the second well casing section 21; the outer diameter of the first wellbore section 20 is greater than the outer diameter of the second wellbore section 21; the outer diameter of the second wellbore section 21 is less than the bore diameter of the bore in the test piece 14 and the difference between the outer diameter of the second wellbore section 21 and the bore diameter of the bore in the test piece 14 is between 1mm and 3 mm. The outer diameter of the first wellbore section 20 is close to the bore diameter of the borehole in the test piece 14. The shaft can be embedded in advance when the test piece 14 is poured, or the shaft can be installed by drilling after the test piece 14 is poured.
As shown in fig. 7, the test piece 14 has a square shape; the annular space between the wellbore and the borehole of the test piece 14 is sealed with annular resin; twelve edges of the test piece 14 are sealed by adopting a rubber mold with an integral structure, the inner backing plate 25 supports the rubber mold, and the outer backing plate 13 is pressed on the inner backing plate 25 and the rubber mold.
As shown in fig. 1, the loading body further comprises: the frame body support frame 5 is arranged on the lower side of the loading frame body 2, the frame body support frame 5 is of a trapezoidal structure and mainly plays a role in supporting the loading frame body 2, and the loading frame body 2 is supported to be higher than the ground so as to be convenient for loading a test piece 14; a slide rail 6 mounted on one side of the front end face of the loading frame body 2; the base plate attached to the lower surface of the test piece 14 is placed on the feeding device 7, the feeding device 7 is installed on the slide rail 6 to feed the test piece 14 into the loading frame body 2, and the feeding device 7 is made of thickened steel and is fixed and sealed with the loading frame body 2 through a plurality of bolts; after the test piece 14 is fed into the loading frame 2, the feeding device 7 and the loading frame 2 are screwed and fixed, and the feeding device 7 forms a seal with the first side end face of the loading frame 2.
The carrier in this embodiment can realize the overall permeability test of the test piece 14 and the permeability test of the test piece 14 on the upper, lower, left, right and rear five surfaces by opening and closing the air collecting pipelines in the first guide groove 8 and the second guide groove 9. Specifically, the permeability of the test piece 14 before crack propagation is low, and the permeability test is performed by adopting the pulse attenuation method principle; after the crack propagation experiment, the test piece 14 has an artificial crack network, the permeability is greatly improved, and the test is carried out by adopting the conventional permeability test method principle. The conventional permeability test method principle refers to permeability test in the manner of the patent application with the publication number of CN 108663298A.
Specifically, the above-mentioned loading medium of the present application, when performing the test, mainly comprises the following steps:
1) Preparing a test piece: manufacturing a test piece 14 which is integrally cubic and required by an experiment according to the experiment requirement, and specifically: selecting natural or artificial rock, processing the rock into a test piece 14 with the diameter of 30 multiplied by 30cm, then processing and drilling a drilled hole with the diameter of 2cm and the depth of 20cm at the center position of one end surface of the test piece 14, embedding a shaft in a center hole, prefabricating a plurality of uniformly arranged annular grooves on the shaft, sealing a gap between the shaft and the drilled hole by matching annular resin, packaging the test piece 14 by using a rubber mold with an integral structure, and sticking the rubber mold and twelve edges and eight corners of the test piece 14 together by using adhesive glue; the width of the edge of the rubber mold is 25mm, the thickness of the rubber mold is 1-3mm, and the eight corners adopt conical structures, so that the rubber mold plays a role of fully wrapping the 14 eight corners of the test piece;
2) Triaxial stress loading: according to the triaxial stress condition required by the experiment, the pistons in the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction are respectively controlled by hydraulic drive to reach the required triaxial stress, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: arranging an outer cushion plate 13 in X, Y and Z directions in a pressure chamber of a true triaxial loading system respectively, then sending a packaged test piece 14 into a loading frame body 2 through a sending device 7, ensuring that a pipe orifice of a shaft is kept outside, and applying axial pressure of 0-0.5 MPa in the X, Y and Z directions of the test piece 14 respectively so as to fix the test piece 14 and keep the sealing performance of a rubber mold on each side and each corner of the test piece 14; then, hydraulic cavity oil pressure is converted according to the triaxial stress of the test piece 14 to be loaded, the end surface area of the test piece 14 and the core pressing plate area, and the hydraulic control assembly is adjusted to increase the hydraulic cavity oil pressure in the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction to converted values, so that the test piece 14 can achieve the required axial stress in the three directions;
3) Permeability test before crack propagation experiments were performed: the gas input unit of the permeability test system is communicated with the shaft through a pipeline, the gas output unit of the permeability test system is communicated with the first gas collecting hole 11 in the outer backing plate 13 through a pipeline, and the end face where the pipe orifice of the fracturing pipe is located cannot be provided with a gas outlet valve, so that permeability test can be performed on the remaining five surfaces (5 surfaces in total after the five surfaces are vertically, horizontally and vertically arranged) of the test piece 14. Starting a permeability test system, if the single-sided permeability of the test piece 14 needs to be measured, closing the gas outlet valves on the other four end surfaces, opening the permeability test surface on one end surface, inputting gas through a gas input unit by adopting a pulse attenuation method principle, recording the pressure and flow of a gas inlet and outlet in the test process, and calculating to obtain the single-sided permeability of the test piece 14 before fracturing through a formula; if the integral permeability of the test piece 14 needs to be measured, carrying out integral permeability test on the test piece 14 by adopting a pulse permeability test method, opening the gas outlet valves on the five end faces, recording the pressure and the flow of the gas inlet and outlet in the test process, and calculating by using a formula to obtain the integral permeability of the test piece 14 before fracturing;
4) Crack propagation experiments were performed: according to a pre-planned pumping program, pumping and injecting fracturing fluid into the test piece 14 through a shaft, and stopping pumping and injecting the fracturing fluid until the test piece 14 is completely fractured, wherein the method specifically comprises the following steps: fracturing a test piece 14, disconnecting a communication pipeline of a permeability testing system, communicating an injection pump of the fracturing system with a shaft through a fracturing pipeline, fixing an acoustic emission sensor in an air gathering hole in an outer backing plate 13, debugging the fracturing system and an acoustic emission detection system, pumping fracturing fluid after debugging is finished, and fracturing the test piece 14;
5) Permeability test after crack propagation experiments: the general permeability test method is adopted to carry out the overall permeability test on the fractured test piece 14, and specifically comprises the following steps: disconnecting the communication pipeline between the fracturing system and the fracturing pipe, repeating the step 3), inputting the input gas by a conventional permeability testing method principle, and calculating by a related formula to obtain the single-sided permeability and the integral permeability of the fractured test piece 14;
wherein, prior to performing the crack propagation experiment, i.e., in step 3, the overall permeability of the test piece 14 is characterized by:
the permeability of any one of the upper surface, the lower surface, the left surface, and the right surface of the test piece 14 adjacent to the front surface is characterized as:
the permeability of the back surface of the test piece 14 opposite the front surface is characterized by:
wherein, in the above three groups of formulas: k is the permeability, the gas compressibility, the fit value, μ is the gas viscosity, r e Is the circumscribed radius of the test piece 14, r w Is the outer diameter h of the wellbore 1 Is the length of the wellbore section 24, h 2 Is the length of the perforated or open-hole section 23, t is the time of the permeability test, P μ,0 Is the initial pressure, P, in the upstream chamber d,0 Is the initial pressure, P, in the downstream chamber μ Is the end of experiment pressure, P, in the upstream chamber d The end of experiment pressure in the downstream chamber.
In addition, after the crack propagation experiment is performed, i.e., in step 5, the overall permeability of the test piece 14 is characterized as:
the permeability of any one of the upper surface, the lower surface, the left surface, and the right surface of the test piece 14 adjacent to the front surface is characterized as:
the permeability of the back surface of the test piece 14 opposite the front surface is characterized by:
wherein, in the three groups of formulas: k is permeability, delta P is pressure difference from the center of the test piece to the end face of the measured permeability, rho is gas density, epsilon is characteristic parameter of porosity of the test piece, mu is gas viscosity, Q is fluid flow, H is width of the cubic test piece, and H is 1 Is the length of the wellbore section, h 2 Is the length of the perforation or open hole section, r e Is the radius of a circumscribed circle of the test piece (14), r w The outside diameter of the wellbore.
6) And (3) observing crack propagation experiment results: and unloading the triaxial stress, taking out the fractured test piece 14, photographing and recording the crack expansion condition of the test piece 14, splitting the test piece 14, photographing and recording the crack expansion condition in the test piece 14, and ending the test.
7) And (4) finishing the experiment: after the experiment content is completed, the experimental equipment is adjusted to the state before the experiment according to a preset program.
The added carrier can realize permeability test and quantitative characterization before and after a fracturing crack expansion experiment under an in-situ ground stress condition, and solves the problems that a large-size test piece is difficult to test the permeability under the in-situ ground stress condition, test gas is complicated to collect, and the permeability before and after the crack expansion cannot be well tested. Meanwhile, the problem that the conventional test method cannot complete the permeability test of the large compact test piece before the crack propagation experiment is solved. The achievement of the invention provides a powerful means for quantitatively evaluating the experimental effect of crack propagation under different conditions.
The embodiments described above describe only some of the one or more embodiments of the present invention, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be embodied in many other forms without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the present examples and embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and various modifications and substitutions may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. A loading body for true triaxial fracture propagation simulation and permeability synchronization experiment, comprising:
the loading device comprises a loading frame body (2), wherein a test piece (14) which is integrally cubic is placed in the loading frame body (2);
a feeding device (7) is arranged on one side of the front end face of the loading frame body (2), and the test piece (14) is fed into the loading frame body (2) through the feeding device (7);
a plurality of groups of pistons used for loading the test piece (14) from the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction of the loading frame body (2) respectively, wherein the plurality of groups of pistons form sealing, fixing and pressurizing between the loading frame body (2) and each direction respectively;
a drill hole is formed in the front surface of the test piece (14), and a shaft for introducing permeability test gas or fracturing fluid into the test piece (14) is arranged in the drill hole;
the other five surfaces of the test piece (14) except the front surface are attached with backing plates, and the backing plates are provided with ventilation structures for gathering permeability test gas flowing to the outer surface of the test piece (14) when the test piece (14) is subjected to a permeability test; the base plate is provided with a gas collecting pipeline for collecting the permeability test gas collected by the ventilation structure; the backing plate includes:
the inner backing plates (25) are respectively attached to the remaining five surfaces of the test piece (14) except the front surface, and each inner backing plate (25) is provided with a plurality of air ducts for conveying permeability test gas flowing from the inside of the test piece (14) to the outer end surface of the test piece (14);
an outer backing plate (13) is attached to each inner backing plate (25), and a wire guide groove and an air gathering hole which are communicated are formed in each outer backing plate (13);
one end of the gas gathering pipeline is communicated with an external manifold, the other end of the gas gathering pipeline extends into the gas gathering hole from the guide groove, and the permeability test gas transmitted by the plurality of air channels is gathered into the gas gathering hole and then flows out of the external manifold through the gas gathering pipeline;
the air vent structure comprises the air channel and the air collecting hole; the plurality of air passages provided in the inner mat (25) include:
a plurality of first venting grooves (17) arranged along a first direction and a plurality of second venting grooves (18) arranged along a second direction, wherein the first direction is vertical to the second direction;
a vent hole (19) is formed at the junction of the first vent groove (17) and the second vent groove (18);
the first vent groove (17) and the second vent groove (18) are not communicated to the side end face of the inner backing plate (25);
the air collection hole that sets up on outer backing plate (13) includes:
a first air collecting hole (11) is formed in the end face, facing the inner backing plate (25), of the outer backing plate (13), and a second air collecting hole (12) is formed in the end face, far away from the inner backing plate (25), of the outer backing plate (13); the first air collecting hole (11) is communicated with the second air collecting hole (12);
the inner diameter of the first air collecting hole (11) is smaller than the inner diameter of the second air collecting hole (12), and an internal thread in threaded connection with the air collecting pipeline is arranged in the second air collecting hole (12);
the wire guide groove arranged on the outer backing plate (13) comprises:
the outer backing plate (13) keep away from first guide way (9) that set up on the terminal surface of inner backing plate (25), and be in second guide way (8) that set up on the side end face of outer backing plate (13), the one end intercommunication of first guide way (9) second guide way (8), the other end intercommunication second air trap hole (12).
2. The loading body according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of test piece feeding grooves (10) arranged in parallel are formed on an outer pad (13) provided on a lower surface side of the test piece (14).
3. The loading body of claim 1, wherein the wellbore comprises: a first wellbore section (20) and a second wellbore section (21) connected;
the outer circumferences of the first well cylinder section (20) and the second well cylinder section (21) are provided with a plurality of uniformly arranged annular grooves;
the first wellbore section (20) having an outer diameter greater than the outer diameter of the second wellbore section (21);
the outer diameter of the second wellbore section is smaller than the hole diameter of the bore hole in the test piece (14), and the difference between the outer diameter of the second wellbore section (21) and the hole diameter of the bore hole in the test piece (14) is between 1mm and 3 mm.
4. The loading body according to claim 1,
the test piece (14) is square;
an annular space between the shaft and the drill hole of the test piece (14) is sealed by annular resin;
twelve edges of the test piece (14) are sealed by adopting a rubber mold with an integral structure, the inner backing plate (25) supports the rubber mold, and the outer backing plate (13) is pressed on the inner backing plate (25) and the rubber mold.
5. The loading body of claim 1, wherein the loading body further comprises:
a frame support frame (5) mounted on the lower side of the loading frame (2);
a slide rail (6) mounted on one side of the front end face of the loading frame body (2);
the base plate attached to the lower surface of the test piece (14) is placed on the feeding device (7), and the feeding device (7) is installed on the sliding rail (6) so as to feed the test piece (14) into the loading frame body (2);
after the test piece (14) is fed into the loading frame body (2), the feeding device (7) and the loading frame body (2) are fixed in a screwing mode, and the feeding device (7) and the first side end face of the loading frame body (2) form a seal.
6. A method for the test characterization of the permeability with the addition of a carrier according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising:
1) Preparation of a test piece: manufacturing a test piece (14) which is integrally cubic and required by the experiment according to the experiment requirement;
2) Triaxial stress loading: according to the triaxial stress condition required by the experiment, pistons in the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction are respectively controlled by hydraulic drive to achieve the required triaxial stress;
3) Permeability test before crack propagation experiment: carrying out integral permeability test on a test piece (14) by adopting a pulse permeability test method, wherein the integral permeability of the test piece (14) is characterized by comprising the following steps:
after the integral permeability test is finished, performing a single-side permeability test on the test piece (14); wherein the permeability of any one of the upper surface, the lower surface, the left surface and the right surface of the test piece (14) adjacent to the front surface is characterized as:
the permeability of a back surface of the test piece (14) opposite the front surface is characterized by:
wherein, in the above three groups of formulas: k is the permeability, beta is the gas compressibility, alpha is the fit value, mu is the gas viscosity, r e Is the radius of a circumscribed circle of the test piece (14), r w Outer diameter of wellbore, h 2 Is the perforation length or the open hole length, t is the test time, P u,0 Is the initial pressure in the upstream chamber，P d,0 Initial pressure, P, in the downstream chamber u Is the end of experiment pressure, P, in the upstream chamber d End of experiment pressure in the downstream chamber;
4) Performing a crack propagation experiment: according to a pre-planned pumping program, pumping and injecting fracturing fluid into the test piece (14) through a shaft, and stopping pumping and injecting the fracturing fluid until the test piece (14) is completely fractured;
5) Permeability test after crack propagation experiment: carrying out overall permeability test on a fractured test piece (14) by adopting a conventional permeability test method, wherein the overall permeability of the test piece (14) is characterized by comprising the following steps:
after the integral permeability test is finished, performing single-side permeability test on the fractured test piece (14); wherein the permeability of any one of the upper surface, the lower surface, the left surface and the right surface of the test piece (14) adjacent to the front surface is characterized as:
the permeability of a back surface of the test piece (14) opposite the front surface is characterized by:
wherein, in the above three groups of formulas: k is permeability, delta P is the pressure difference from the center of the test piece to the end face of the measured permeability, rho is gas density, epsilon is the characteristic parameter of the porosity of the test piece, mu is gas viscosity, Q is fluid flow, H is the width of the cubic test piece, H is 1 Is the length of the wellbore section, h 2 Is the length of the perforation or open hole section, r e Is the radius of a circumscribed circle of the test piece (14), r w The outside diameter of the wellbore;
6) And (3) observing crack propagation experiment results: unloading the triaxial stress, taking out the test piece (14) from the experiment loading body, and describing the crack development condition of the test piece (14) for performing a crack propagation experiment according to a preset requirement;
7) And (4) finishing the experiment: and (4) completing the experiment content, and adjusting the experimental equipment to the state before the experiment according to a preset program.
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| CN112065350B (en) * | 2020-08-05 | 2022-10-25 | 河南理工大学 | Hydraulic fracturing fracture propagation mechanism and fracturing after-effect test system and method |
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