CN110675057A - 一种基于多准则的生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于多准则的生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序方法，第一步确定用于评估的药物；第二步确定用于评估的奶和奶产品；第三步确定并定义每种兽药的评估标准；第四步收集数据并为每个标准制定评分标准；第五步计算每种兽药或每一类药物的总分；第六步根据基于多准则风险排序模型评分对兽药进行排序。本发明的有益效果是该方法基于对历史监测数据或检查结果的分析，以及与危害相关的风险因素分析，可以确定最重要的危险‑食物组合，进行有效地监察和监控。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于兽药检测技术领域，涉及一种基于多准则的生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序方法。
背景技术
我国农产品风险评估起步较晚，但发展相对较快。目前已有部分研究对农产品中的致病菌、重金属、农药、真菌毒素进行了风险排序方法的研究及尝试。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种基于多准则的生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序方法，本发明的有益效果是该方法基于对历史监测数据或检查结果的分析，以及与危害相关的风险因素分析，可以确定最重要的危险-食物组合，进行有效地监察和监控。
本发明所采用的技术方案是建立生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序模型，
第一步确定用于评估的药物；
第二步确定用于评估的奶和奶产品；
第三步确定并定义每种兽药的评估标准；
第四步收集数据并为每个标准制定评分标准；
第五步计算每种兽药或每一类药物的总分；
第六步根据基于多准则风险排序模型评分对兽药进行排序。
进一步，风险＝(A+B+C)*D，标准A：药物危害性质，标准B：危害性，标准C：耐药性，标准D：残留量。
进一步，基于所述标准A、标准B、标准C、残留量标准D四项标准评分通过公式计算出每种药品的最终风险分数，风险由大到小依次为：恩诺沙星、氟甲喹、环丙沙星、达氟沙星。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明进行详细说明。
1.兽药残留风险排序模型的建立
建立的动物源食品包括牛奶及奶制品中兽药残留的半定量风险排序模型，结合中国的实际情况，建立生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序模型：
第一步确定用于评估的药物。
第二步确定用于评估的奶和奶产品。
第三步确定并定义每种兽药的评估标准。
第四步收集数据并为每个标准制定评分标准。
第五步计算每种兽药或每一类药物的总分。
第六步根据基于多准则风险排序模型评分对兽药进行排序。
在兽药风险排序中，除了兽药的毒理学效应外，抗生素的使用可能会对耐药性的发展产生影响。因此，抗生素的风险严重程度与抗生素耐药性发展的后果相关的其他因素也包括在内。总体风险排序表示为：风险＝严重性*概率。危害的严重程度被确定为药物危害性质((Nature of the hazard，标准A)、危害性(Potency of the Substance，标准B)、耐药性(Resistance of bacteria，标准C)。危害的可能性被确定为抗生素残留量(Evidenceof detectable residues，标准D)。最终风险分数计算公式如下：
风险＝(A+B+C)*D
其中，标准A：药物危害性质，标准B：危害性，标准C：耐药性，标准D：残留量。
药物危害性质(标准A)通过文献和官方网站，对国内外包括JECFA、CAC、欧盟、美国等国家和地区对药物的毒理学等方面的相关资料进行收集、研究和分析，根据其毒性(有无毒性、是否引起器官损伤、是否引起过敏反应、是否具有遗传毒性、是否为致癌物等)进行评分。危害性(标准B)根据每日允许摄入量(ADI)作为客观标准对危害的严重程度进行评分。耐药性(标准C)对国内黑龙江省、河北省、山东省、内蒙古自治区、上海等五个主要产奶区进行疾病和用药进行调查，分析兽药的使用情况进行评分。残留量(标准D)收集国内五个主要产奶区生鲜乳中兽药残留监测数据，分析其残留的原因，确定乳中药物残留的可能性进行评分。
风险排序指标来源与赋值：
标准A:药物危害性质
药物危害性质根据药物毒理学数据划分，由此确定暴露在生鲜乳中的兽药所引起的潜在危害。确定的潜在危害越严重，得分(Matrix ranking score)越高，如果潜在危害不可逆，并且是人类致癌物质的得分最高。药物危害性质评分标准参考英国评分标准，见表1(VRC，2007；2010)。
表1药物危害性质评分标准
标准B:危害性
危害性:可引起不良反应的剂量越低，得分越高。如果消费者吃得或吸收足够多的物质，大多数物质会产生不良反应。危害性是根据可接受的每日摄入量(ADI-以μg/kg体重/天表示)来进行评分；如果没有ADI值，也可根据无可观察(不良)效应水平(NOEL或NOAEL)。本研究通过文献和官方网站，对国内外包括JECFA、CAC、欧盟、美国等国家和地区关于喹诺酮类药物的相关资料进行收集、研究和分析，根据其ADI值，确定喹诺酮类兽药及其代谢物的危害值，评分标准如下表2：
表2危害性评分标准
标准C:耐药性
奶牛乳房炎的发病率远远高于其他疾病，乳房炎已经成为制约全球奶业发展的重要因素之一，为此开展了奶牛乳房炎乳中分离出无乳链球菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、克雷伯菌等4种菌的耐药性调查。
此次数据来源于农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室(呼和浩特),统计的样品是来自2016年、2017年和2018年采集的黑龙江省、内蒙古自治区、河北省、山东省、上海市等5个省份患病乳房炎奶牛乳样。对来自上述5个省份患病乳房炎奶牛乳样进行处理，分离、鉴定乳样中无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、克雷伯菌，采用KB纸片扩散法测定各病原菌对抗菌药的敏感性，分析耐药率。根据耐药率的大小来分配各自药物的评分，如表3所示：
表3耐药性评分标准
标准D：残留量
残留量(标准D):根据当年残留监测数据进行评分。残留量超高，风险越大。具体评分标准见表4。
表4残留量评分标准
根据基于药物性质(标准A)、危害性(标准B)、耐药性(标准C)、残留量(标准D)四项标准评分通过公式计算出每种药品的最终风险分数，风险由大到小依次为：恩诺沙星(10)、氟甲喹(5)、环丙沙星(5)、达氟沙星(4)。
以上所述仅是对本发明的较佳实施方式而已，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制，凡是依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施方式所做的任何简单修改，等同变化与修饰，均属于本发明技术方案的范围内。
Claims (3)
1.一种基于多准则的生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序方法，其特征在于：建立生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序模型，
第一步确定用于评估的药物；
第二步确定用于评估的奶和奶产品；
第三步确定并定义每种兽药的评估标准；
第四步收集数据并为每个标准制定评分标准；
第五步计算每种兽药或每一类药物的总分；
第六步根据基于多准则风险排序模型评分对兽药进行排序。
2.按照权利要求1所述一种基于多准则的生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序方法，其特征在于：所述风险＝(A+B+C)*D，标准A：药物危害性质，标准B：危害性，标准C：耐药性，标准D：残留量。
3.按照权利要求1所述一种基于多准则的生鲜乳中兽药残留风险排序方法，其特征在于：基于所述标准A、标准B、标准C、残留量标准D四项标准评分通过公式计算出每种药品的最终风险分数，风险由大到小依次为：恩诺沙星、氟甲喹、环丙沙星、达氟沙星。
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| CN104990996A (zh) * | 2015-05-19 | 2015-10-21 | 江苏出入境检验检疫局动植物与食品检测中心 | 牛奶中抗生素残留的检测方法及其应用 |
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| Title |
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| 全国畜牧总站等编译: "《国际食品法典标准汇编—畜牧生产卷》", 中国农业大学, pages: 89 - 92 * |
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