CN110672210B - Under-forest temperature monitoring method integrating remote sensing technology - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for monitoring forest temperature by fusing remote sensing technology, which comprises the following steps: step 1, dividing a forest surface into a canopy, an under-forest air layer and a soil surface layer; step 2, constructing a soil surface energy balance model; step 3, constructing a canopy energy balance model; step 4, constructing a forest earth surface energy balance model by applying the soil surface energy balance model and the canopy energy balance model; and 5, rapidly acquiring related parameters by using a remote sensing technology through the forest surface energy balance model, and rapidly monitoring the temperature under the forest in a large area. The invention improves the traditional one-layer earth surface energy balance model into a forest earth surface energy balance model with three layers of a canopy layer, an understory air layer and a soil layer, and has the advantage of accurately, quickly and widely acquiring the temperature of the air in the forest after the remote sensing technology is fused.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of acquiring the under-forest temperature of a forest, in particular to a method for rapidly monitoring the under-forest temperature by fusing a remote sensing technology.
Background
The global change problem marked by climate warming is becoming more serious, threatening the sustainable development of human society, and is receiving high attention from governments and scientific communities. The forest is used as the main earth surface type (about 31%) of a land ecosystem, can change local temperature through transpiration, heat conduction, shading and the like, and plays an important role in relieving global warming. At present, regarding the effect of the biophysical process of the forest ecosystem on regional climate, the temperature T under the forest is mainly usedafTemperature T of air outside forestaoDifference value Δ T ofaIs shown by (Delta T)a＝Taf-Tao). When Δ TaNegative values indicate a cooling effect on the local environment, and conversely, when Δ T is greater thanaIf the value is positive, the warming effect is produced.
Therefore, the accurate acquisition of the temperature under the forest is the key point for accurately evaluating the action of the biophysical process of the forest on the local climate.
The most traditional means for acquiring the air temperature of the forest land is field observation based on stations, which is the most accurate research method at present. However, the conventional method is affected by the factors of long monitoring period, small coverage area, poor space acquisition capability and the like, and can only be limited to one or a plurality of observation points in a certain area. From the current large amount of site-based research literature, we find that research plots of different longitudes, different latitudes, different forest types all exhibit completely different forest land air temperature characteristics at different research time points (seasons, growth cycles, time of day), with a minimum value of-20 ℃ and a maximum of 43.5 ℃. Therefore, if the temperature under the forest covering different longitudes, different latitudes and different forest types of the world is required to be acquired in time, the temperature under the forest cannot be acquired by a station observation method.
In recent years, quantitative remote sensing technology is greatly developed, the technology for simulating the ground surface thermodynamic distribution in a large range based on thermal infrared remote sensing images is gradually mature (the precision is controlled within 1 ℃), and the continuous and repeated satellite observation makes it possible to research the local effect of the forest from the global perspective. However, the temperature obtained based on the remote sensing technology research is the near-surface temperature T, due to the limitation of the penetration capacity of the remote sensing technologysThat is, in the case of forest regions, the temperature of the canopy is obtained, not the temperature of the air under the forest, and therefore, cannot be unified with the results of site-based research.
The Chinese region is wide, and the land spans five temperature zones (tropical monsoon climate zone, subtropical monsoon climate zone, temperate continental climate zone, high mountain plateau climate zone) and four dry and wet regions (drought, semiarid, semihumid and humid), and has rich and differentiated forest vegetation types (cold and temperate coniferous forest, temperate coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, tropical mony rain forest, rain forest and the like). Therefore, how to utilize the space-time advantage characteristics of the remote sensing technology to construct a rapid under-forest temperature estimation method for forests, accurately estimating the effects of different time points, different longitudes, different latitudes and different forest types on local climate, and scientifically guiding forest management in order to disclose a biophysical effect feedback mechanism of the forests on the climate is one of the key practical problems which need to be urgently solved in the current national situation development of China.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for monitoring the temperature under the forest by fusing a remote sensing technology.
In order to realize the purpose of the invention, the following technical scheme is adopted: a method for monitoring the temperature under forest by fusing remote sensing technology comprises the following steps:
step 1, dividing a composite Forest ground surface into three layers of a Canopy (Canopy), a Forest air layer (Forest air space) and a Soil surface layer (Soil surface);
step 2, constructing a soil surface energy balance model;
step 3, constructing a canopy energy balance model;
step 4, constructing a forest earth surface energy balance model (CAS) by applying the soil surface energy balance model and the canopy energy balance model;
and 5, acquiring model parameters by using a remote sensing technology through the forest surface energy balance model to realize the monitoring of the temperature under the forest.
In step 2, the soil surface energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
wherein,
for solar downward short-wave radiation, LWskyLong-wave radiation, LW, emitted for the atmospherecanopyFor long-wave radiation emitted by the canopy, LEsoilFor loss of latent heat in the surface layer of the soil, LWsoilFor long-wave radiation emitted from the surface of the soil, Hsoil→afSensible heat flux, G, of air convection between the surface layer of the soil and the understory air layersoilIs the heat flux of soil, index term
For the transmission coefficient, LAI is the leaf area index, c is the reduction index of the net radiation in the canopy, and u is the cosine of the sun zenith angle θ.
In step 3, the canopy energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
wherein,
for solar downward short-wave radiation, LWskyLong-wave radiation, LW, emitted for the atmospheresoilIs long-wave radiation emitted by the surface layer of the soil,
indicating the rejection rate of the canopy for net radiation, including solar down short wave radiation
Atmospheric emission of long wave radiation LWskyAnd long wave radiation LW emitted from the surface layer of the soilsoil. Thus, the energy absorbed by the canopy is expressed as:
and
LEcanopylatent heat loss due to canopy transpiration, Haf→canopySensible heat flux, H, by convection of air between canopy and understory air layerscanopy→aoSensible heat flux, LW, for air convection between the canopy and the outside aircanopyFor long-wave radiation emitted by the canopy, GtreeThe heat storage capacity of the vegetation canopy.
In step 4, the forest surface energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
wherein,
for solar downward short-wave radiation, LWskyFor atmospheric emission of long-wave radiation, LE is the total surface latent heat flux of the forest, including latent heat loss LE due to canopy transpirationcanopyAnd potential heat loss LE of soil surface layersoil。Hsoil→afSensible heat flux, H, for air convection between the surface layer of the soil and the understory air layeraf→canopySensible heat flux, H, by convection of air between canopy and understory air layerscanopy→aoSensible heat flux, LW, for air convection between the canopy and the outside airsoilFor long-wave radiation, LW, emitted from the surface of the soilcanopyFor the long-wave radiation emitted by the canopy,
in order to be able to transfer the coefficients,
the rejection rate of the canopy to net radiation is shown, and LAI is the leaf area index; c is the reduction index of the net radiation in the canopy, u is the cosine of the solar zenith angle θ, GsoilFor soil heat flux, GtreeThe canopy heat storage capacity. Due to canopy Heat storage GtreeMuch smaller than the heat flux of the other parts, negligible, Gtree≈0。
In step 5, the specific monitoring method for monitoring the under-forest temperature of the forest comprises the following steps: heat flux G of soilsoilAtmospheric emitted long wave radiation LWskyLW (light-weight radiation) emitted by the surface layer of the soilsoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopySensible heat flux H of air convection between soil surface layer and under-forest air layersoil→afAir convection between canopy and under forest air layerHeat flux Haf→canopySensible heat flux H of air convection between canopy and outside aircanopy→aoSubstituting the specific expression of the total forest surface latent heat flux LE into the formula (3) to estimate the forest temperature TafThereby realizing the monitoring of the temperature under the forest of the forest;
heat flux G of the soilsoilThe specific expression of (A) is as follows:
wherein, KGIs a constant of 0.2 to 0.5,
for transfer coefficient, LW*Refers to the net radiant quantity of the forest ecosystem, including the downward short wave radiation of the sun
Long-wave radiation LW emitted from soil surface layersoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopyAnd atmospheric emission of long wave radiation LWsky。
The long wave radiation LW emitted from the surface layer of the soilsoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopyAnd atmospheric emission of long wave radiation LWskyThe specific expressions of (a) are respectively:
LWsky＝skyσTsky 4， (5)
LWsoil＝sσTs 4， (6)
LWconopy＝cσTc 4， (7)
wherein,skythe atmospheric emissivity is the atmospheric emissivity in sunny weather,sin order to obtain the surface emissivity of the earth,cfor the canopy emissivity, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and σ is 5.67 × 10-8Wm-2K-4，TskyIs the atmospheric temperature, TsIs the temperature of the soil layer, TcIs canopy temperature, atmosphereLayer temperature TskyIs closely related to cloud cover, and has atmospheric temperature TskyThe specific expression of (A) is as follows:
Tsky＝[sky+0.8(1-sky)Ccover]Tao， (8)
wherein,skyis the atmospheric emissivity under clear weather, CcoverIs cloud coverage, TaoIs the outside forest air temperature;
sensible heat flux H of air convection between soil surface layer and under-forest air layersoil→afSensible heat flux H of air convection between canopy and under-forest air layeraf→canopySensible heat flux H by convection of air between canopy and outside aircanopy→aoThe specific expressions of (a) are respectively:
where ρ isaIs the density of air, CpIs the air constant pressure specific heat capacity, TsIs the surface temperature of the soil, TafIs the under forest temperature, TcIs the canopy temperature, TaoIs the temperature of the air outside the forest, rsIs the sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the soil surface layer and the air layer under the forest, ra，cIs the coefficient of sensible heat transfer resistance between the air layer and the canopy under the forestc，aIs the sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the canopy and the air outside the forest.
Latent heat loss LE due to canopy transpirationcanopyThe ratio of the total surface latent heat flux LE of the forest is as follows:
wherein, LAI is leaf area index; c is the extinction index of the net radiation in the canopy and u is the cosine of the solar zenith angle theta.
Substituting expressions of formula (4), formula (5), formula (7), formula (8), formula (9), formula (10), formula (11) and formula (12) into formula (3) respectively to obtain formula (13), and estimating the temperature under forest T by formula (13)af：
Where ρ isaIs the air density, and the value is 1.25kg/m3，CpIs the specific heat capacity of air under constant pressure, takes 1004J/(kg.K) to represent the declination angle of the sun,
k is von Karman constant, taking the value of 0.41,skythe atmospheric emissivity is the atmospheric emissivity in sunny weather,sthe surface emissivity is 0.9 and 0.81 respectively, sigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and sigma is 5.67 × 10-8Wm-2K-4，rsIs the sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the soil surface layer and the air layer under the forest, ra，cIs the coefficient of sensible heat transfer resistance between the air layer and the canopy under the forestc，aThe sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the canopy and the air outside the forest, and LAI is the leaf area index; c is the extinction index of the net radiation in the canopy, u is the cosine of the solar zenith angle theta,
for short-wave radiation in the sun, TcIs the canopy temperature, TaoIs the outside air temperature, TsIs the surface temperature of the soil.
As can be seen from the formula (13), the under forest temperature TafMainly subjected to short-wave radiation from the sun
Total surface latent heat flux LE of forest and soil surface temperature TsCanopy temperature TcForest and forestOutside air temperature TaoThe leaf area index LAI and the cosine value u of the solar zenith angle theta.
As can be seen from equation (13), the required forest temperature is the input parameter, which includes the solar downward short wave radiation
Total surface latent heat flux LE of forest and soil surface layer temperature TsCanopy temperature TcForest air temperature TaoLeaf area index LAI, cosine value u of solar zenith angle theta, and cloud cover rate CcoverSensible heat transfer resistance coefficient r between soil surface layer and under-forest air layersSensible heat transfer resistance coefficient r between under-forest air layer and canopya，cAnd the coefficient r of sensible heat transfer resistance between the canopy and the air outside the forestc，a；
The parameters in the formula (13): solar downward short wave radiation
Total surface latent heat flux LE of forest and soil surface temperature TsCanopy temperature TcForest air temperature TaoLeaf area index LAI, cosine value u of sun zenith angle theta, and cloud cover rate CcoverSensible heat transfer resistance coefficient r between soil surface layer and under-forest air layersSensible heat transfer resistance coefficient r between under-forest air layer and canopya，cAnd the coefficient r of sensible heat transfer resistance between the canopy and the air outside the forestc，aThe parameters in the formula (13) are directly obtained through remote sensing data or indirectly estimated by combining the remote sensing data, a global conventional climate monitoring data set and calculation formulas (14) to (20);
wherein d-2/3 hc；z＝hc+2；zm＝hc0.123; k is von Karman constant, and the value is 0.41; h iscIs the vegetation canopy height, and u (vz) is the wind speed at the reference height.
Wherein Nu is a constant, the value of Nu is 321.6, rhoaIs the air density, and the value is 1.25kg/m3，CpThe specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure is 1004J/(kg. K), and hm is the distance between the observed height of an air layer in the forest and the surface of soil.
Where U (Vz) is the wind speed at the reference altitude, U (z) represents the wind speed below the canopy, and the expression for the wind speed below the canopy U (z) is:
wherein zo is the humidity at the observation height, and zo is 0.3 × hc*(1-d/hc)；d＝2/3*hc；z＝hc+2；hcIs the canopy height, U (Vz) is the wind speed at the reference height; k is von Karman constant, and takes 0.41.
u is the cosine value of the sun zenith angle theta, and the expression of the cosine value of the sun zenith angle theta is as follows:
wherein,
representing the latitude; represents the declination angle of the sun and ω represents the hour angle.
The total surface latent heat flux LE of the forest is calculated by the evapotranspiration ET simulated by the model:
LE＝ρlvET， (19)
wherein ρ is 1000; lvFor transmission coefficient, transmission coefficient lvIs 2.5;
canopy temperature TcHelinOutside air temperature TaoSolar downward short wave radiation
And the saturated water gas pressure difference VPD, the canopy temperature TcThe expression of (a) is:
wherein, TaoThe temperature of the air outside the forest is the temperature,
for solar downward short wave radiation, VPD is saturated water pressure difference, n1，n2，n3And n4The values for the best fit parameters were 0.988, 0.016, 0.986 and-0.602, respectively.
TABLE 1 parameter List based on remote sensing technology
Therefore, based on the formula (13), the calculation method for rapidly estimating the temperature under the forest, which is integrated with the remote sensing technology, can be completely constructed by combining the parameters obtained by the remote sensing technology. By applying the method, the temperature T under the forest can be accurately, quickly and effectively estimatedaf。
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
aiming at the defects that the global forest under-forest temperature cannot be timely acquired in a large area by field fixed-point observation and the forest under-forest temperature cannot be acquired by a remote sensing technology through penetrating a forest crown, the method comprises the steps of introducing an under-forest air layer, vertically dividing the ground surface covered by the forest into three layers of a crown layer, the under-forest air layer and a soil surface layer, reshaping energy redistribution of each layer in the forest, improving the traditional one-layer ground surface energy balance model into a forest ground surface energy balance model with three layers of the crown layer, the under-forest air layer and the soil surface layer, and finally combining the remote sensing technology to construct a method for accurately and quickly acquiring the forest under-forest temperature.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a forest surface energy balance model.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of model monitored TafObserved value of the same sample Observed TafCross validation scatter plots.
Detailed Description
Examples
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1, a method for monitoring forest temperature by fusing remote sensing technology comprises the following steps:
step one, by introducing an air layer under the Forest, dividing a composite Forest surface layer into three parts, namely a Canopy (Canopy), an air layer under the Forest (Forest air space) and a Soil surface layer (Soil surface), and dividing the surface energy balance into two parts: the method comprises the steps of Soil surface energy balance (Soil surface energy balance) and canopy energy balance (canopy balance), respectively constructing a Soil surface energy balance model (formula 1) and a canopy energy balance model (formula 2), reshaping energy redistribution of each level in a forest, and finally comprehensively constructing a novel three-layer (canopy-under-forest air layer-Soil surface layer) forest surface energy balance model (formula 3).
The soil surface energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
the canopy energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
the forest surface energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
wherein,
for solar downward short-wave radiation, LWskyFor atmospheric emission of long-wave radiation, LE is the total surface latent heat flux of the forest, including latent heat loss LE due to canopy transpirationcanopyAnd potential heat loss LE of soil surface layersoil。Hsoil→afSensible heat flux, H, for air convection between the surface layer of the soil and the understory air layeraf→canopySensible heat flux, H, by convection of air between canopy and understory air layerscanopy→aoSensible heat flux, LW, for air convection between the canopy and the outside airsoilFor long-wave radiation, LW, emitted from the surface of the soilcanopyFor the long-wave radiation emitted by the canopy,
in order to be able to transfer the coefficients,
the rejection rate of the canopy to net radiation is shown, and LAI is the leaf area index; c is the reduction index of the net radiation in the canopy, u is the cosine of the solar zenith angle θ, GsoilFor soil heat flux, GtreeThe heat storage capacity of the vegetation canopy. Due to canopy Heat storage GtreeMuch smaller than the heat flux of the other parts, negligible, Gtree≈0。
Step two, deducing the forest temperature T by refining the parameters in the three-layer (canopy-forest air layer-soil surface layer) forest surface energy balance model in the step oneafThe specific expression of (2) and a calculation method for estimating the under-forest temperature.
After a three-layer forest surface energy balance model (formula 3) is obtained, soil heat flux G is measuredsoilAtmospheric emitted long wave radiation LWskyLW (light-weight radiation) emitted by the surface layer of the soilsoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopySensible heat flux H of air convection between soil surface layer and under-forest air layersoil→afSensible heat flux H of air convection between canopy and under-forest air layeraf→canopySensible heat flux H of air convection between canopy and outside aircanopy→aoSubstituting the specific expression of the total forest surface latent heat flux LE into the formula (3) to deduce the forest temperature TafThe specific expression of (1).
The soil heat flux GsoilThe specific expression of (A) is as follows:
wherein, KGIs a constant of 0.2 to 0.5,
for transfer coefficient, LW*Refers to the net radiant quantity of the forest ecosystem, including the downward short wave radiation of the sun
Long-wave radiation LW emitted from soil surface layersoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopyAnd atmospheric emission of long wave radiation LWsky。
The long wave radiation LW emitted from the surface layer of the soilsoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopyAnd atmospheric emission of long wave radiation LWskyThe specific expressions of (a) are respectively:
LWsky＝skyσTsky 4， (5)
LWsoil＝sσTs 4， (6)
LWconopy＝cσTc 4， (7)
wherein,skythe atmospheric emissivity is the atmospheric emissivity in sunny weather,sin order to obtain the surface emissivity of the earth,cfor the canopy emissivity, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and σ is 5.67 × 10-8Wm-2K-4，TskyIs the atmospheric temperature, TsIs the temperature of the soil layer, TcIs the canopy temperature, atmospheric temperature TskyIs closely related to cloud cover, and has atmospheric temperature TskyThe specific expression of (A) is as follows:
Tsky＝[sky+0.8(1-sky)Ccover]Tao， (8)
wherein,skyis the atmospheric emissivity under clear weather, CcoverIs cloud coverage, TaoIs the outside forest air temperature;
sensible heat flux H of air convection between soil surface layer and under-forest air layersoil→afSensible heat flux H of air convection between canopy and under-forest air layeraf→canopySensible heat flux H by convection of air between canopy and outside aircanopy→aoThe specific expressions of (a) are respectively:
where ρ isaIs the air density, and the value is 1.25kg/m3，CpIs the specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure, and takes the values of 1004J/(kg.K) and TsIs the surface temperature of the soil, TafIs the under forest temperature, TcIs the canopy temperature, TaoIs the temperature of the air outside the forest, rsIs the sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the soil surface layer and the air layer under the forest, ra，cIs the coefficient of sensible heat transfer resistance between the air layer and the canopy under the forestc，aIs the sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the canopy and the air outside the forest.
Latent heat loss LE due to canopy transpirationcanopyThe ratio of the total surface latent heat flux LE of the forest is as follows:
wherein, LAI is leaf area index; c is the reduction index of the net radiation in the vegetation canopy and u is the cosine value of the solar zenith angle theta.
Expressions of formula (4), formula (5), formula (6), formula (7), formula (8), formula (9), formula (10), formula (11), and formula (12) are respectively substituted into formula (3) to obtain formula (13), and the under forest temperature T is estimated by formula (13)af：
Where ρ isaIs the air density, and the value is 1.25kg/m3，CpIs the specific heat capacity of air under constant pressure, takes 1004J/(kg.K) to represent the declination angle of the sun,
k is von Karman constant, taking the value of 0.41,skythe atmospheric emissivity is the atmospheric emissivity in sunny weather,sthe surface emissivity is 0.9 and 0.81 respectively, sigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and sigma is 5.67 × 10-8Wm-2K-4，rsIs the sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the soil surface layer and the air layer under the forest, ra，cIs the coefficient of sensible heat transfer resistance between the air layer and the canopy under the forestc，aThe sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the canopy and the air outside the forest, and LAI is the leaf area index; c is the reduction index of the net radiation in the vegetation canopy, u is the cosine of the solar zenith angle theta, CcoverIs the coverage of the cloud layer,
for short-wave radiation in the sun, TcIs the canopy temperature, TaoIs the temperature of the air outside the forest, TsIs the surface temperature of the soil.
And step three, constructing a forest air temperature rapid estimation method fusing a remote sensing technology.
As can be seen from equation (13), the required under-forest temperature TafThe parameters to be input comprise solar downward short-wave radiation
Total surface latent heat flux LE of forest and soil surface temperature TsVegetation canopy temperature TcForest air temperature TaoLeaf area index LAI and cosine u of solar zenith angle, cloud cover CcoverSensible heat transfer resistance coefficient r between soil surface layer and air layer under forestsCoefficient of sensible heat transfer resistance between under-forest air layer and canopya，cAnd the coefficient r of sensible heat transfer resistance between the canopy and the air outside the forestc，a. The parameters can be directly obtained through remote sensing data or indirectly calculated by combining the remote sensing data, a global conventional climate monitoring data set and a calculation formula (table 1, formulas (14) - (20)), so that a fusion remote sensing technology is formed for rapidly estimating the temperature T in the forestafThe method of (1).
Wherein d-2/3 hc；z＝hc+2；zm＝hc0.123; k is von Karman constant, and the value is 0.41; h iscIs the canopy height, and U (Vz) is the wind speed at the reference height.
Wherein Nu is a constant, the value of Nu is 321.6, rhoaIs the air density, and the value is 1.25kg/m3，CpThe specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure is 1004J/(kg. K), and hm is the distance between the observed height of an air layer in the forest and the surface of soil.
Where U (Vz) is the wind speed at the reference altitude, U (z) represents the wind speed below the canopy, and the expression for the wind speed below the canopy U (z) is:
wherein zo is the humidity at the observation height, and zo is 0.3 × hc*(1-d/hc)；d＝2/3*hc；z＝hc+2；hcIs the vegetation canopy height, U (Vz) is the wind speed at the reference height; k is von Karman constant, and takes 0.41.
u is the cosine value of the sun zenith angle theta, and the expression of the cosine value of the sun zenith angle theta is as follows:
wherein,
representing the latitude; represents the declination angle of the sun and ω represents the hour angle.
The total surface latent heat flux LE of the forest is calculated by the evapotranspiration ET simulated by the model:
LE＝ρlvET， (19)
wherein ρ is 1000; lvFor transmission coefficient, transmission coefficient lvIs 2.5;
canopy temperature TcTemperature T of air outside forestaoSolar downward short wave radiation
And the saturated water gas pressure difference VPD, the canopy temperature TcThe expression of (a) is:
wherein, TaoThe temperature of the air outside the forest is the temperature,
is the short-wave radiation from the sun downwards,VPD is saturated water gas pressure difference, n1，n2，n3And n4The values for the best fit parameters were 0.988, 0.016, 0.986 and-0.602, respectively.
Parameters obtained by directly obtaining the remote sensing data or indirectly calculating the remote sensing data by combining the remote sensing data, the global conventional climate monitoring data set and a calculation formula are shown in the following table 1:
TABLE 1 parameter List based on remote sensing technology
Step four, collecting 373 groups of site observation data including site longitude and latitude, observation year, month, date and observation value observer T in 10 different cities around the worldaf. Meanwhile, according to the longitude and latitude of the sites, the remote sensing technology is combined, and the grid product data of each site for many years are respectively obtained in a one-to-one correspondence mode, wherein the method comprises the following steps: NCEP (CRUNCEP)
Product, CRUNCEPTaoProducts, CRUNCEP VPD products, MODIS ET products, MODIS daytime TsProduct, MODIS LAI product, vegetation canopy height hcWind speed U (V) with reference to altitudez) Cloud coverage Ccover。
Step five, calculating the forest temperature value correlated T of 373 sites by using the data collected in the step four and the calculation method for quickly estimating the forest temperature by fusing the remote sensing technology constructed in the step threeaf。
Sixthly, obtaining an under-forest temperature simulation calculation value Simulated T by comparing the under-forest temperature simulation calculation value obtained by the calculation method for quickly estimating the under-forest temperature based on the fusion remote sensing technologyafObserved value result of site and Observed TafAnd analyzing the precision of the calculation method and determining the feasibility of the method.
As shown in FIG. 2, the under forest temperature estimated T by the under forest temperature monitoring method using the fusion remote sensing technologyafUnderstory temperature Observed with the same plotafThe cross validation fitting analysis is carried out, and the analysis result shows that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the two groups of data is 0.98 ℃, and the coefficient R is determined20.98. Therefore, the under-forest temperature monitoring method based on the fusion remote sensing technology has good precision, and is a novel method for accurately, quickly and effectively monitoring the under-forest air temperature.
The above detailed description is specific to possible embodiments of the present invention, and the embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all equivalent implementations or modifications that do not depart from the scope of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A method for monitoring the temperature under a forest by fusing a remote sensing technology is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, dividing a forest surface into a canopy, an under-forest air layer and a soil surface layer;
step 2, constructing a soil surface energy balance model;
in step 2, the soil surface energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
wherein,
for solar downward short-wave radiation, LWskyLong-wave radiation, LW, emitted for the atmospherecanopyFor long-wave radiation emitted by the canopy, LEsoilFor loss of latent heat in the surface layer of the soil, LWsoilFor long-wave radiation emitted from the surface of the soil, Hsoil→afSensible heat flux, G, of air convection between the surface layer of the soil and the understory air layersoilIs the heat flux of soil, index term
For the transmission coefficient, LAI is the leaf area index, c is the subtraction index of the net radiation in the canopy, u is the cosine of the solar zenith angle θ;
step 3, constructing a canopy energy balance model;
in step 3, the canopy energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
wherein,
for solar downward short-wave radiation, LWskyLong-wave radiation, LW, emitted for the atmospheresoilIs long-wave radiation emitted by the surface layer of the soil,
indicating the rejection rate of the canopy for net radiation, including solar down short wave radiation
Atmospheric emission of long wave radiation LWskyAnd long wave radiation LW emitted from the surface layer of the soilsoil(ii) a Thus, the energy absorbed by the canopy is expressed as:
and
LEcanopylatent heat loss due to canopy transpiration, Haf→canopySensible heat flux, H, by convection of air between canopy and understory air layerscanopy→aoBetween the canopy and the outside airSensible heat flux of air convection, LWcanopyFor long-wave radiation emitted by the canopy, GtreeThe canopy heat storage capacity;
step 4, constructing a forest earth surface energy balance model by applying the soil surface energy balance model and the canopy energy balance model;
in step 4, the forest surface energy balance model is constructed by the following formula:
wherein,
for solar downward short-wave radiation, LWskyFor atmospheric emission of long-wave radiation, LE is the total surface latent heat flux of the forest, including latent heat loss LE due to canopy transpirationcanopyAnd potential heat loss LE of soil surface layersoil；Hsoil→afSensible heat flux, H, for air convection between the surface layer of the soil and the understory air layeraf→canopySensible heat flux, H, by convection of air between canopy and understory air layerscanopy→aoSensible heat flux, LW, for air convection between the canopy and the outside airsoilFor long-wave radiation, LW, emitted from the surface of the soilcanopyFor the long-wave radiation emitted by the canopy,
in order to be able to transfer the coefficients,
the rejection rate of the canopy to net radiation is shown, and LAI is the leaf area index; c is the reduction index of the net radiation in the canopy, u is the cosine of the solar zenith angle θ, GsoilFor soil heat flux, GtreeIs the canopy heat storage capacity, due to canopy heat storage capacity GtreeMuch smaller than the heat flux of the other parts, negligible, Gtree≈0；
Step 5, acquiring model parameters by using a remote sensing technology through the forest surface energy balance model to realize the monitoring of the temperature under the forest;
in step 5, the specific monitoring method for monitoring the under-forest temperature of the forest comprises the following steps: heat flux G of soilsoilAtmospheric emitted long wave radiation LWskyLW (light-weight radiation) emitted by the surface layer of the soilsoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopySensible heat flux H of air convection between soil surface layer and under-forest air layersoil→afSensible heat flux H of air convection between canopy and under-forest air layeraf→canopySensible heat flux H of air convection between canopy and outside aircanopy→aoSubstituting the specific expression of the total forest surface latent heat flux LE into the formula (3) to estimate the forest temperature TafThereby realizing the monitoring of the temperature under the forest of the forest;
heat flux G of the soilsoilThe specific expression of (A) is as follows:
wherein, KGIs a constant of 0.2 to 0.5,
for transfer coefficient, LW*Refers to the net radiant quantity of the forest ecosystem, including the downward short wave radiation of the sun
Long-wave radiation LW emitted from soil surface layersoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopyAnd atmospheric emission of long wave radiation LWsky；
The long wave radiation LW emitted from the surface layer of the soilsoilLong wave radiation LW emitted by the canopycanopyAnd atmospheric emission of long wave radiation LWskyThe specific expressions of (a) are respectively:
LWsky＝skyσTsky 4， (5)
LWsoil＝sσTs 4， (6)
LWconopy＝cσTc 4， (7)
wherein,skythe atmospheric emissivity is the atmospheric emissivity in sunny weather,sin order to obtain the surface emissivity of the earth,cfor the canopy emissivity, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and σ is 5.67 × 10-8Wm-2K-4，TskyIs the atmospheric temperature, TsIs the temperature of the soil layer, TcIs the canopy temperature, atmospheric temperature TskyIs closely related to cloud cover, and has atmospheric temperature TskyThe specific expression of (A) is as follows:
Tsky＝[sky+0.8(1-sky)Ccover]Tao， (8)
wherein,skyis the atmospheric emissivity under clear weather, CcoverIs cloud coverage, TaoIs the outside forest air temperature;
sensible heat flux H of air convection between soil surface layer and under-forest air layersoil→afSensible heat flux H of air convection between canopy and under-forest air layeraf→canopySensible heat flux H by convection of air between canopy and outside aircanopy→aoThe specific expressions of (a) are respectively:
where ρ isaIs the air density, and the value is 1.25kg/m3，CpIs the specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure, takes a value of 1004J/(kg.K),Tsis the temperature of the soil layer, TafIs the under forest temperature, TcIs the canopy temperature, TaoIs the temperature of the air outside the forest, rsIs the sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the soil layer and the air layer under the forest, ra，cIs the coefficient of sensible heat transfer resistance between the air layer and the canopy under the forestc，aThe sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the canopy and the air outside the forest;
latent heat loss LE due to canopy transpirationcanopyThe ratio of the total surface latent heat flux LE of the forest is as follows:
wherein, LAI is leaf area index; c is the reduction index of the net radiation in the canopy, u is the cosine value of the solar zenith angle theta;
expressions of formula (4), formula (5), formula (6), formula (7), formula (8), formula (9), formula (10), formula (11), and formula (12) are respectively substituted into formula (3) to obtain formula (13), and the under forest temperature T is estimated by formula (13)af：
Where ρ isaIs the air density, and the value is 1.25kg/m3，CpIs the specific heat capacity of air under constant pressure, takes 1004J/(kg.K) to represent the declination angle of the sun,
k is von Karman constant, taking the value of 0.41,skythe atmospheric emissivity is the atmospheric emissivity in sunny weather,sthe surface emissivity is 0.9 and 0.81 respectively, sigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and sigma is 5.67 × 10- 8Wm-2K-4，rsIs the sensible heat transfer resistance coefficient between the soil layer and the air layer under the forest, ra，cIs the coefficient of sensible heat transfer resistance between the air layer and the canopy under the forestc，aIs a sensible heat transfer resistance system between the canopy and the air outside the forestNumber, LAI is leaf area index; c is the reduction index of the net radiation in the canopy, u is the cosine of the sun zenith angle θ, CcoverIs the coverage of the cloud layer,
for short-wave radiation in the sun, TcIs the canopy temperature, TaoIs the temperature of the air outside the forest, TsIs the surface temperature of the soil.
2. The under-forest temperature monitoring method fused with remote sensing technology according to claim 1,
the parameters in the formula (13): solar downward short wave radiation
Total surface latent heat flux LE and soil layer temperature T of forestsCanopy temperature TcForest air temperature TaoLeaf area index LAI, cosine value u of sun zenith angle theta, cloud cover CcoverSensible heat transfer resistance coefficient r between soil layer and under-forest air layersSensible heat transfer resistance coefficient r between under-forest air layer and canopya，cAnd the coefficient r of sensible heat transfer resistance between the canopy and the air outside the forestc，aThe parameters in the formula (13) are directly obtained through remote sensing data or indirectly estimated by combining the remote sensing data, a global conventional climate monitoring data set and calculation formulas (14) to (20);
wherein d-2/3 hc；z＝hc+2；zm＝hc0.123; k is von Karman constant, and the value is 0.41; h iscIs the canopy height, U (Vz) is the wind speed at the reference height;
whereinNu is constant, and the value of Nu is 321.6 rhoaIs the air density, and the value is 1.25kg/m3，CpThe specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure is 1004J/(kg. K), and hm is the distance between the observed height of an air layer in a forest and the surface of soil;
where U (Vz) is the wind speed at the reference altitude, U (z) represents the wind speed below the canopy, and the expression for the wind speed below the canopy U (z) is:
wherein zo is the humidity at the observation height, and zo is 0.3 × hc*(1-d/hc)；d＝2/3*hc；z＝hc+2；hcIs the canopy height, U (Vz) is the wind speed at the reference height; k is von Karman constant, and the value is 0.41;
u is the cosine value of the sun zenith angle theta, and the expression of the cosine value of the sun zenith angle theta is as follows:
wherein,
representing the latitude; represents the declination angle of the sun, and ω represents the hour angle;
the total surface latent heat flux LE of the forest is calculated by the evapotranspiration ET simulated by the model:
LE＝ρlvET， (19)
wherein ρ is 1000; lvFor transmission coefficient, transmission coefficient lvIs 2.5;
canopy temperature TcTemperature T of air outside forestaoSolar downward short wave radiation
And the saturated water gas pressure difference VPD, the canopy temperature TcThe expression of (a) is:
wherein, TaoThe temperature of the air outside the forest is the temperature,
for solar downward short wave radiation, VPD is saturated water pressure difference, n1，n2，n3And n4The values for the best fit parameters were 0.988, 0.016, 0.986 and-0.602, respectively.
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