CN110658083A - Synchronous testing system and testing method for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete - Google Patents
Synchronous testing system and testing method for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete Download PDFInfo
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- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/18—Performing tests at high or low temperatures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/006—Crack, flaws, fracture or rupture
- G01N2203/0067—Fracture or rupture
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
- G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
- G01N2203/0222—Temperature
- G01N2203/0226—High temperature; Heating means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/0641—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared or similar detectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0694—Temperature
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Abstract
The invention relates to a synchronous testing system and a testing method for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete, wherein the system comprises a concrete mechanical property testing device, heaters, a heat insulation plate and a measuring device, a loading end of the testing device clamps a concrete standard test piece, the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece are respectively and coaxially fixed with the two heaters, the heaters are halogen lamp heating pipe arrays, the heat insulation plate is fixed on the upper part of each heater towards the direction of the concrete standard test piece, and the height of the heat insulation plate is equal to the height of the concrete standard test piece; the measuring device comprises a plurality of infrared thermometers and a plurality of high-speed cameras, wherein the infrared thermometers are used for measuring the temperature of the concrete standard test piece, and the arrangement positions of the infrared thermometers and the high-speed cameras are subject to the conditions that the temperature of the concrete standard test piece can be detected and corresponding picture information can be clearly shot. The system can measure temperature in real time, perform synchronous tests and record deformation and damage in parallel, and realizes synchronous transient test of high-temperature strain characteristics of concrete.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering, in particular to a system and a method for synchronously testing transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete.
Background
Concrete is a main construction material of various infrastructure facilities in China, transient Strain is generated by the concrete under the action of stress due to temperature change, the transient Strain enables a concrete structure to have obvious deformation characteristics in a high-temperature state, and the transient Strain or the high-temperature Strain is collectively called as temperature Strain (Load Induced Thermal Strain). With the rapid development of economy in China, large-scale infrastructure construction is developed vigorously, particularly, complex regional environment infrastructures represented by large-scale cross-sea engineering, mountain traffic tunnels and super-high-rise ultra-deep buildings are built and operated successively, deep research needs to be carried out aiming at the deformation characteristics of high-temperature fire-bearing concrete covering most of urban buildings, and the method has remarkable economic and social significance. However, the traditional test for the high-temperature strain characteristics of concrete has certain disadvantages: firstly, a box-type electric furnace is mostly selected for heating a high-temperature test piece in a traditional experiment to a certain temperature, the temperature is kept constant for several hours, and the test piece is subjected to loading test after being cooled, so that the structural property of the test piece is influenced by the way of continuously cooling the test piece at a high temperature, the water in concrete is rapidly reduced, crystal water of a cementing body is decomposed, the property of the concrete is changed, high-temperature synchronous measurement is lacked, and the result is inaccurate; secondly, the deformation or destruction of the test piece during the heating up process can only be observed with the naked eye and is difficult to measure (the test piece is in an electric furnace during the heating up process). In addition, in the high-temperature transient test research of a plurality of concretes, the heating of the test piece still continues to use the electric furnace, the whole constant loading process is completed in the test furnace, the deformation of the test piece at a constant heating rate can only be measured, namely the deformation and the damage of the test piece are obtained by a displacement sensor of a steel frame at the bottom end of the pressure head, the deformation and the damage of the concrete at a high temperature are difficult to be measured simultaneously, a plurality of groups of experiments are required to be separately carried out to obtain the deformation and the. In the prior art, a real-time testing method for the transient high temperature of the concrete is lacked, the transient high-temperature strain characteristics of the concrete in a high-temperature environment can be accurately reflected, and the high-temperature deformation and damage conditions are integrally displayed, which is an important subject of research.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a synchronous testing system and a testing method for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete. The system utilizes the characteristic of a halogen lamp heater for heating at any time and performing experiments at any time, adopts the design of synchronous measurement of an infrared thermometer and a high-speed camera, achieves the purposes of real-time temperature measurement, synchronous tests and parallel recording of deformation and damage, and realizes the synchronous transient test of the high-temperature strain characteristics of the concrete.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a synchronous testing system for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete comprises a concrete mechanical property testing device, heaters, a heat insulation plate and a measuring device, and is characterized in that a loading end of the testing device clamps a concrete standard test piece, two heaters are coaxially fixed on the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece respectively, the heaters are halogen lamp heating pipe arrays, the heat insulation plate is fixed on the upper portion of each heater in the direction towards the concrete standard test piece, and the height of the heat insulation plate is equal to the height of the concrete standard test piece; the distance between the heat insulation plate and the loading end of the test device is provided with a distance, the measurement device comprises a plurality of infrared thermometers and a plurality of high-speed cameras, the infrared thermometers and the high-speed cameras are used for measuring the temperature of the concrete standard test piece, and the infrared thermometers and the high-speed cameras are uniformly arranged around a gap between the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece and the heater; the arrangement positions of the infrared thermometer and the high-speed camera are subject to the detection of the temperature on the concrete standard test piece and the clear shooting of corresponding picture information.
A synchronous test method for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete adopts the synchronous test system, and comprises the following steps:
(1) manufacturing a concrete standard test piece, and drawing a grid on the front surface and the rear surface of the test piece by using high-temperature-resistant paint (the thickness of the grid is determined by experiment requirements), so that the observation and measurement of the deformation condition after loading are facilitated;
(2) placing the test piece on a Brazilian splitting tester, uniformly heating the front surface and the rear surface of the test piece by using a heater, opening an infrared thermometer, and measuring the surface temperature of the test piece in real time;
(3) when the surface temperature of the test piece reaches the initial temperature required by the test, the high-speed camera is turned on, and the testing machine is turned on at the same time to start loading;
(4) and transmitting the recorded images and data outwards, recording the deformation and damage conditions of the test piece in the test process in real time by a high-speed camera, and recording the surface temperature of the test piece by an infrared thermometer to finish high-temperature transient synchronous test.
The invention solves the transient test problem of the high-temperature strain characteristic of the concrete, and compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. aiming at the lack of a test method for carrying out concrete LITS (transient high temperature strain) characteristic research at present, a synchronous test system and a synchronous test method for concrete transient high temperature deformation and damage are provided, and specific materials and arrangement parameters required by test equipment are provided, wherein the whole thought is based on the design of parallel measurement of an infrared thermometer and a high-speed camera, so that the synchronous test for the concrete transient high temperature deformation and damage is realized;
2. according to the invention, the halogen lamp heating pipe array heater is selected to heat the test piece, so that the experiment at any time by heating at any time is realized, the experiment error caused by overlong heating time, uneven heating and instability of the traditional method is effectively controlled, and the effectiveness of experiment development is ensured;
3. heaters are respectively arranged in front of and behind the test piece, so that the test piece is synchronously heated and uniformly heated, the structural damage of the test piece caused by nonuniform heating of concrete is avoided, and the feasibility of test development is guaranteed by the design;
4. the invention can obtain the transient high-temperature strain characteristic of concrete and is beneficial to developing various researches in the field.
The system for synchronously testing the transient high-temperature deformation and damage of the concrete has a compact and complete integral structure, a heater adopts a halogen lamp heating pipe array to replace a heating furnace, and the design of parallel measurement of an infrared thermometer and a high-speed camera overcomes the problem that the deformation and damage of the concrete under high temperature can not be measured simultaneously in the prior art. The heater is convenient for the even heating of test piece, has effectively controlled the experimental error that arouses by the heating process. Meanwhile, the transient high-temperature strain characteristics of the concrete provide more accurate guidance for the research of the fire-resistant theory.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the test system of the present invention;
in the figure, 1 is a heat insulation plate; 2 is a heater; 3 is Brazilian splitting tester; 4 is a test device; 5 is a high-speed camera; 6 is a concrete standard test piece; 7 is a halogen lamp heating tube; and 8 is an infrared thermometer.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
The invention relates to a synchronous testing system for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete, which comprises a concrete mechanical property testing device 4, heaters 2, a heat insulation plate 1 and a measuring device, wherein a loading end of the testing device clamps a concrete standard test piece 6, the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece are respectively and coaxially fixed with two heaters, the heaters are halogen lamp heating pipe 7 arrays, the heat insulation plate is fixed on the upper part of each heater towards the direction of the concrete standard test piece, and the height of the heat insulation plate is equal to the height of the concrete standard test piece; the distance between the heat insulation plate and the loading end of the test device is provided with a distance, the measurement device comprises a plurality of infrared thermometers 8 and a plurality of high-speed cameras 5, the infrared thermometers and the high-speed cameras are used for measuring the temperature of the concrete standard test piece, and the infrared thermometers and the high-speed cameras are uniformly arranged around a gap between the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece and the heater; the arrangement positions of the infrared thermometer and the high-speed camera are subject to the detection of the temperature on the concrete standard test piece and the clear shooting of corresponding picture information.
The test device can be a tensile test machine, a triple load test machine and other test machines for measuring different mechanical properties of a test piece. And selecting different types of testing machines, and correspondingly setting the standard test pieces. Preferably, the test device is a Brazilian splitting test machine which can be purchased directly and applies linear load to the concrete standard test piece along the radial direction; the concrete standard test piece is a standard Brazilian disc, the test considers heating time and concrete thermal expansion, and a standard test piece with smaller thickness is selected, namely the diameter d is 50mm, and the thickness h is 10 mm; drawing uniform grids on the front and back surfaces (two circular outer surfaces of the disc along the thickness direction are called front and back surfaces) of a standard Brazilian disc test piece by using a high-temperature resistant coating (the model of the high-temperature resistant marking coating is ZS-1082) so as to facilitate observation and measurement of transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete in the experimental process; the thickness of the grid is subject to the specific experimental requirements (generally 1mm is suitable).
If test piece thickness is great (greater than 5mm), because of outside concrete thermal expansion in the heating process, be provided with certain rigidity and deformable cushion at the loading end of concrete standard test piece, avoid the loading end to appear sunkenly under high temperature, guarantee that test piece both ends receive even linear load.
The test piece position is placed to the brazilian split testing machine of definition in this application, along test piece thickness direction, defines as the front side in test piece the place ahead, and the definition of test piece rear is the rear side. The front side and the rear side of the test device are respectively provided with 2 heaters, 3-5 halogen lamp heating pipe arrays are selected, the distance from the halogen lamp heating pipe arrays to a concrete standard test piece is not more than 20cm, so that the test piece is uniformly heated, and the specific distance can be adjusted according to the heating power of the halogen lamp heating pipes. The upper and lower parts of the heater are provided with heat insulation plates to avoid the damage of high temperature to the test instrument. The infrared thermometers and the high-speed cameras are evenly arranged around gaps between the front side and the rear side of the test piece and the heaters, the vertical distance between each infrared thermometer and each high-speed camera and a concrete standard test piece (or the heaters) can be larger than 60cm, so that damage to measuring equipment in the heating process of the test piece is avoided, the infrared thermometers are located on the front side and the rear side of the test piece (2 in all, the temperature can be measured within 1 m), the high-speed cameras are located at the left end and the right end of each heater (4 in all), and the sight range of the high-speed cameras can cover the surface of each side of the test piece.
The measuring device is used for synchronously recording the temperature of the concrete and the transient deformation and damage of the concrete in a high-temperature state, and the arrangement of 4 high-speed cameras ensures three-dimensional imaging in the experimental process, so that the effect is more accurate.
The invention also provides a synchronous testing method for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete, which adopts the testing system and comprises the following steps:
(1) manufacturing a concrete standard test piece, and drawing a grid on the front surface and the rear surface of the test piece by using high-temperature-resistant paint (the thickness of the grid is determined by experiment requirements), so that the observation and measurement of the deformation condition after loading are facilitated;
(2) placing the test piece on a Brazilian splitting tester (fixed but not loaded), uniformly heating the front and rear surfaces of the test piece by using a heater, opening an infrared thermometer, and measuring the surface temperature of the test piece in real time;
(3) when the surface temperature of the test piece reaches the initial temperature required by the test, the high-speed camera is turned on, and the testing machine is turned on at the same time to start loading;
(4) and transmitting the recorded images and data outwards, recording the deformation and damage conditions of the test piece in the test process in real time by a high-speed camera, and recording the surface temperature of the test piece by an infrared thermometer to finish high-temperature transient synchronous test. The high-speed camera, the infrared thermometer, the testing device and the external computer are used for data transmission, the external computer is used for analyzing and processing the obtained data and image information, and the analyzing and processing or image identifying process can be realized according to the existing algorithm program.
Example 1
The system comprises a testing device 4, a heater 2, a heat insulation plate 1 and a measuring device, wherein the testing device 4 is a Brazilian splitting test machine 3, and the Brazilian splitting test machine 3 applies a linear load to a concrete standard test piece 6 along the radial direction; the concrete standard test piece 6 is a standard Brazilian disc, the diameter d of the concrete standard test piece 6 is 50mm, the thickness h of the concrete standard test piece is 10mm, and the front surface and the rear surface of the concrete standard test piece 6 are uniformly provided with high-temperature resistant coatings (the model of the high-temperature resistant marking coatings is ZS-1082), so that the observation and the measurement of transient high-temperature deformation and damage of the concrete in the experimental process are facilitated; the thickness of the grid is subject to the specific experimental requirements (generally 1mm is suitable).
If test piece thickness is great, because of outside concrete thermal expansion in the heating process, the loading end probably appears sunkenly, at this moment, can place one at the loading end and have certain rigidity and deformable cushion (the cushion selects for use cast iron) to guarantee that test piece both ends receive even linear load.
The front side and the rear side of the test device 4 are respectively provided with one heater 2 (2 heaters), each heater is composed of 5 halogen lamp heating pipes 7 (the model of the halogen lamp heating pipes is MTL2016, the power is 100-3000W), and the distance from the heater to the test piece is preferably less than 20cm, so that the test piece is uniformly heated. The upper and lower parts of the heater 2 are provided with heat insulation boards 1 to avoid the damage of high temperature to the test instrument.
The measuring device comprises an infrared thermometer 8 and a high-speed camera 5, the infrared thermometer 8 and the high-speed camera 5 are uniformly arranged around gaps between the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece 6 and the heater 2, the distance between the infrared thermometer 8 and the high-speed camera 5 and the heater 2 is 70cm, the infrared thermometer 8 is positioned on the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece 6 (2 in total, the temperature can be measured within 1 m), the high-speed camera 5 is positioned at the left end and the right end of each heater 2 (4 in total), the camera end of each high-speed camera faces the concrete standard test piece, and the sight range of the high-speed camera in the measuring device can cover each side surface of the concrete standard test piece 6. The two infrared thermometers 8 of this embodiment are located on the upper right side and the lower left side of the test piece 6, respectively.
The measuring device is used for synchronously recording the temperature of the concrete and the transient deformation and damage of the concrete in a high-temperature state, and the arrangement of the 4 high-speed cameras 5 ensures three-dimensional imaging in the experimental process, so that the effect is more accurate.
This example focuses on the study of the transient high temperature tensile properties of concrete.
The method for synchronously testing the transient high-temperature deformation and the damage of the concrete comprises the following steps:
(1) manufacturing a concrete standard test piece 6 with the diameter d of 50mm and the thickness h of 10mm, and drawing grids on the front and back surfaces of the concrete standard test piece 6 by using high-temperature-resistant paint (the thickness of the grids is determined by experiment requirements), so that the deformation condition can be observed and measured conveniently after loading;
(2) placing the concrete standard test piece 6 on a Brazilian split testing machine 3 (fixed but not loaded), uniformly heating the front and back surfaces of the concrete standard test piece 6 by using a heater 2, opening an infrared thermometer 8, and measuring the surface temperature of the test piece in real time;
(3) when the surface temperature of the test piece reaches the initial temperature required by the test, the high-speed camera 5 is turned on, and the testing machine 3 is turned on at the same time to start loading;
(4) the recorded image and data are transmitted to the outside. The high-speed camera 5 records the deformation and damage conditions of the test piece in the test process in real time, the infrared thermometer 8 records the surface temperature of the test piece, and an external computer is used for processing images and data through data analysis or image recognition.
The data analysis or image identification is carried out according to specific use requirements for different users applying the test system.
The test system can realize integrated display, namely the deformation and damage conditions of the concrete under the high-temperature transient condition can be synchronously measured in the concrete heating process. The traditional research test of concrete mechanical property under high temperature is overcome, a high-temperature test piece is heated to a certain temperature by a box-type electric furnace for several hours at constant temperature, and then is subjected to loading test after being cooled, the deformation or damage of the test piece in the temperature rise process can only be observed by naked eyes and is difficult to measure, and the loading test can only be carried out on the test piece cooled at high temperature, so the defects that the test piece in the high-temperature process can not be measured and recorded are overcome.
The invention combines the high-speed camera high-speed shooting function and the instant heating performance of the heater and the high-temperature-resistant grid deformation calibration on the surface of the test piece, realizes the accurate and synchronous measurement of the transient high-temperature deformation and the damage of the concrete, avoids the influence of cooling shrinkage and warping deformation of the test piece after being heated in the traditional experimental method, and improves the accuracy of the test.
Nothing in this specification is said to apply to the prior art.
Claims (7)
1. A synchronous testing system for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete comprises a concrete mechanical property testing device, heaters, a heat insulation plate and a measuring device, and is characterized in that a loading end of the testing device clamps a concrete standard test piece, two heaters are coaxially fixed on the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece respectively, the heaters are halogen lamp heating pipe arrays, the heat insulation plate is fixed on the upper portion of each heater in the direction towards the concrete standard test piece, and the height of the heat insulation plate is equal to the height of the concrete standard test piece; the distance between the heat insulation plate and the loading end of the test device is provided with a distance, the measurement device comprises a plurality of infrared thermometers and a plurality of high-speed cameras, the infrared thermometers and the high-speed cameras are used for measuring the temperature of the concrete standard test piece, and the infrared thermometers and the high-speed cameras are uniformly arranged around a gap between the front side and the rear side of the concrete standard test piece and the heater; the arrangement positions of the infrared thermometer and the high-speed camera are subject to the detection of the temperature on the concrete standard test piece and the clear shooting of corresponding picture information.
2. The test system according to claim 1, wherein the concrete mechanical property test device is a Brazilian splitting tester and a corresponding test piece, and the Brazilian splitting tester applies a linear load to the concrete standard test piece in the radial direction; the Brazilian split testing machine is used for placing a concrete standard test piece part, the front side of the test piece is defined as the front side, the rear side of the test piece is defined as the rear side, and a heater is respectively placed on the front side and the rear side of the Brazilian split testing machine along the thickness direction of the test piece.
3. The synchronous testing system of claim 2, wherein the concrete standard test piece is a standard Brazilian disc, the test piece is a concrete disc with a diameter d of 50mm and a thickness h of 10mm, and the front and rear surfaces of the test piece are uniformly gridded with high temperature resistant paint.
4. The synchronous testing system of any one of claims 1-3, wherein if the thickness of the test piece is larger, the loading end may be depressed due to the thermal expansion of the outer concrete during the heating process, and at this time, a cushion block with certain rigidity and being deformable needs to be placed at the loading end to ensure that both ends of the test piece are subjected to uniform linear load.
5. The synchronous testing system of claim 1, wherein the heaters are used for heating the test piece in the experimental process, and the heaters are 2 in total and are respectively arranged at the front side and the rear side of the testing device; the halogen lamp heating tube array is 3-5, and the distance from the halogen lamp heating tube array to the test piece is not more than 20 cm.
6. The synchronous testing system of claim 1, wherein the infrared thermometer is capable of measuring temperatures within 1m, and the distance between the infrared thermometer and the high speed camera is greater than 60cm from the heater and the test piece.
7. A synchronous testing method for transient high-temperature deformation and damage of concrete, which adopts the synchronous testing system of any one of claims 1 to 6, and comprises the following steps:
(1) manufacturing a concrete standard test piece, and drawing a grid on the front surface and the rear surface of the test piece by using high-temperature-resistant paint (the thickness of the grid is determined by experiment requirements), so that the observation and measurement of the deformation condition after loading are facilitated;
(2) placing the test piece on a Brazilian splitting tester, uniformly heating the front surface and the rear surface of the test piece by using a heater, opening an infrared thermometer, and measuring the surface temperature of the test piece in real time;
(3) when the surface temperature of the test piece reaches the initial temperature required by the test, the high-speed camera is turned on, and the testing machine is turned on at the same time to start loading;
(4) and transmitting the recorded images and data outwards, recording the deformation and damage conditions of the test piece in the test process in real time by a high-speed camera, and recording the surface temperature of the test piece by an infrared thermometer to finish high-temperature transient synchronous test.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113551985A (en) * | 2021-07-22 | 2021-10-26 | 辽宁科技大学 | Three-dimensional high-speed photographic device based on Hopkinson pressure bar test system |
| CN114646753A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-06-21 | 中铁二十四局集团有限公司 | Concrete expansion and shrinkage deformation testing system in curing period |
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| CN113551985A (en) * | 2021-07-22 | 2021-10-26 | 辽宁科技大学 | Three-dimensional high-speed photographic device based on Hopkinson pressure bar test system |
| CN114646753A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-06-21 | 中铁二十四局集团有限公司 | Concrete expansion and shrinkage deformation testing system in curing period |
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