CN110655067B - Environment-friendly preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of inorganic nano materials, and particularly discloses a green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene. The nitrogen-doped graphene is prepared from A, B, C components, wherein the A component is an organic salt compound containing halogen anions, the B component is a monosaccharide compound, and the C component is a nitrogen-containing compound. The preparation method comprises the following steps: s1, mixing A, B, C three components in proportion, heating and stirring to form a ternary eutectic solvent; s2, transferring the eutectic solvent into a high-temperature-resistant vessel, and carrying out high-temperature pyrolysis in a high-temperature furnace under protective gas; and S3, naturally cooling the high-temperature furnace to room temperature to obtain black nitrogen-doped graphene. The ternary eutectic solvent is a novel green solvent, no organic solvent is needed in the whole process, and in the ternary eutectic solvent system, a carbon source and a nitrogen source are in full contact and interaction, so that the preparation of the nitrogen-doped graphene with large specific surface area, high nitrogen content, uniform and controllable structure is facilitated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of inorganic nano materials, and particularly relates to a green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene.
Background
Graphene is a single-layer two-dimensional crystal material, and has been widely applied to the fields of catalysis, adsorption separation, photoelectricity, energy storage and the like due to excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and ultrahigh theoretical specific surface area. However, graphene sheets are easy to agglomerate, have smooth and inert surfaces and lack active sites, so that the practical application of the graphene sheets is greatly limited. The existing research shows that nitrogen heteroatom is introduced into the structure of graphene to change the electronic structure of graphene, so that the chemical activity of the graphene is greatly improved, and the research on nitrogen-doped graphene is concerned widely.
The nitrogen-doped graphene is mainly prepared by taking nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonia gas, pyridine, acetonitrile, melamine, urea and the like or nitrogen plasma as nitrogen sources, and the carbon sources are wide and can be carbohydrate compounds, organic acid compounds, biomass and the like. At present, the most common method for preparing nitrogen-doped graphene is a CVD method, because the method has good controllability and uniform doping, but the method has harsh conditions, complicated process, low yield and can generate toxic gas. The plasma method is relatively simple and fast to operate, but has harsh conditions and high cost. Although the solvothermal method is simple and convenient to operate and mild in conditions, the doping controllability is poor, and the use of a large amount of solvent can increase the cost on one hand and cause great harm to the process safety and the environment on the other hand. The high-temperature pyrolysis method is a simple and efficient preparation method, has high requirements on reaction temperature and time, and generally obtains a product with low nitrogen content. In view of the technical current situation, it is very important to develop a simple, green, efficient and controllable nitrogen-doped graphene preparation method.
The eutectic solvent is a novel green solvent, and has been widely applied to the fields of catalysis, gas absorption and the like because of the advantages of wide liquid range, adjustable structure, degradability, cheap raw materials, simple preparation and the like. However, no report is found on the preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene by using the eutectic solvent as a precursor.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: aiming at the defects and shortcomings of the existing nitrogen-doped graphene preparation method, the green preparation method of the nitrogen-doped graphene is provided. According to the preparation method, a eutectic solvent containing a carbon source and a nitrogen source is used as a precursor, and the nitrogen-doped graphene is prepared through a one-step high-temperature pyrolysis method. The eutectic solvent is a novel green solvent, and no organic solvent is needed in the whole process. In the eutectic solvent system, a carbon source and a nitrogen source are fully contacted and interacted, so that the preparation of the nitrogen-doped graphene with large specific surface area, high nitrogen content, uniform and controllable structure is facilitated.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme to achieve the purpose of the invention.
A green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene is prepared from A, B, C three components; the component A is an organic salt compound containing halogen anions; the component B is a monosaccharide compound; the component C is a nitrogen-containing compound.
The preparation method comprises the following steps: s1, mixing A, B, C three components in proportion, heating and stirring to form a ternary eutectic solvent; s2, transferring the eutectic solvent into a high-temperature-resistant vessel, and carrying out high-temperature pyrolysis in a high-temperature furnace under protective gas; and S3, naturally cooling the high-temperature furnace to room temperature to obtain black nitrogen-doped graphene.
Further, the organic salt compound containing halogen anions is one selected from choline chloride, ethylamine hydrochloride, triethylamine hydrochloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole bromide. Their structural formula is as follows:
further, the monosaccharide compound is selected from one of glucose, fructose, xylose and ribose. Their structural formula is as follows:
further, the nitrogen-containing compound is selected from one of urea, dicyanodiamine and melamine. Their structural formula is as follows:
further, the A, B, C molar ratio of the three components in step S1 is 8: 1-8: 4-32.
Further, the high temperature pyrolysis of step S2 is: heating to 700-900 ℃ at a speed of 1-5 ℃/min, and keeping for 0.5-2h after reaching the specified temperature.
Preferably, the high-temperature pyrolysis of step S2 is: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. Under the optimal condition of high-temperature pyrolysis, the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is large and can reach 165-190m2/g。
Further, the high temperature resistant vessel in step S2 is a quartz boat; the high-temperature furnace is a tubular furnace; the protective gas is N2。
Further, the nitrogen-doped graphene obtained in step S3 has a specific surface area of 140-2/g。
Further, the nitrogen content in the nitrogen-doped graphene in the step S3 is 20-40 wt%.
Has the advantages that:
(1) according to the method, a eutectic solvent containing a carbon source and a nitrogen source is used as a precursor, and the nitrogen-doped graphene is prepared by a one-step high-temperature calcination method.
(2) The ternary eutectic solvent formed by mixing, heating and stirring the organic salt compound containing halogen anions, the monosaccharide compound and the nitrogen-containing compound according to the proportion is a novel green solvent, and the use of a large amount of organic solvents is avoided.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an SEM image of nitrogen-doped graphene prepared in example 1.
Fig. 2 is a TEM image of nitrogen-doped graphene prepared in example 1.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. The method is a conventional method unless otherwise specified. The starting materials are commercially available from the open literature unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 2.40g (0.040mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 800 deg.C at 1 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 0.5h after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.58g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 140m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 30 wt.%.
Example 2
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 2.40g (0.040mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 800 deg.C at 2 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 0.5h after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.60g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 153m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 32 wt.%.
Example 3
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 2.40g (0.040mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 800 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 0.5h after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.62g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 165m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 34 wt.%.
Example 4
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 2.40g (0.040mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 700 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 0.5h after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.64g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 162m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 36 wt.%.
Example 5
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 2.40g (0.040mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 0.5h after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.61g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 166m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 33 wt.%.
Example 6
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 2.40g (0.040mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.62g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the prepared nitrogen is dopedThe specific surface area of the hybrid graphene is 165m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 33 wt.%.
Example 7
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 9.60g (0.160mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.76g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 172m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 32 wt.%.
Example 8
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 19.22g (0.320mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.79g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 168m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 36 wt.%.
Example 9
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 7.24g (0.040mol) of glucose and 2.40g (0.040mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.64g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 174m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 28 wt.%.
Example 10
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 14.48g (0.080mol) of glucose and 4.80g (0.080mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.72g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 180m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 23 wt.%.
Example 11
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 14.48g (0.080mol) of glucose and 9.60g (0.160mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And (5) naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.95g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 173m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 26 wt.%.
Example 12
6.52g (0.080mol) of ethylamine hydrochloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 19.20g (0.320mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. Naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain black0.59g of nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 182m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 30 wt.%.
Example 13
25.79g (0.080mol) of tetrabutylammonium bromide, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 19.20g (0.320mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. Then transferring the ternary eutectic solvent into a quartz boat, and reacting with N in a tube furnace2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.78g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 165m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 28 wt.%.
Example 14
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of fructose and 19.20g (0.320mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.67g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 178m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 32 wt.%.
Example 15
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.51g (0.010mol) of xylose and 19.20g (0.320mol) of urea are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature.And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.68g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 179m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 31 wt.%.
Example 16
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 26.88g (0.320mol) of dicyanodiamide are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.86g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 184m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 34 wt.%.
Example 17
11.17g (0.080mol) of choline chloride, 1.81g (0.010mol) of glucose and 40.36g (0.320mol) of melamine are weighed respectively, and the three are mixed, heated and stirred to form the ternary eutectic solvent. The eutectic solvent was then transferred to a quartz boat in a tube furnace with N2Calcining under protective gas, wherein the temperature program is as follows: heating to 900 deg.C at 5 deg.C/min, and maintaining for 2 hr after reaching the specified temperature. And naturally cooling the tube furnace to room temperature to obtain 0.91g of black nitrogen-doped graphene solid. Low temperature N2Adsorption experiments show that the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 186m2(ii)/g; elemental analysis experiments show that the nitrogen content in the prepared nitrogen-doped graphene is 37 wt.%.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, but the embodiments are merely examples, and the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Any equivalent modifications and substitutions to those skilled in the art are also within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, equivalent alterations and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. A green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene is characterized by comprising the following steps: a, B, C is prepared from three components; the component A is an organic salt compound containing halogen anions; the component B is a monosaccharide compound; the component C is a nitrogen-containing compound; the preparation method comprises the following steps: s1, mixing A, B, C three components in proportion, heating and stirring to form a ternary eutectic solvent; s2, transferring the eutectic solvent into a high-temperature-resistant vessel, and carrying out high-temperature pyrolysis in a high-temperature furnace under protective gas; and S3, naturally cooling the high-temperature furnace to room temperature to obtain black nitrogen-doped graphene.
2. The green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene according to claim 1, characterized in that: the organic salt compound containing halogen anions is selected from one of choline chloride, ethylamine hydrochloride, triethylamine hydrochloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole bromide.
3. The green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene according to claim 1, characterized in that: the monosaccharide compound is selected from one of glucose, fructose, xylose and ribose.
4. The green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene according to claim 1, characterized in that: the nitrogen-containing compound is selected from one of urea, dicyandiamide and melamine.
5. The green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene according to claim 1, characterized in that: step S1 the A, B, C molar ratio of the three components is 8: 1-8: 4-32.
6. The green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis in step S2 is: heating to 700-900 ℃ at a speed of 1-5 ℃/min, and keeping for 0.5-2h after reaching the specified temperature.
7. The green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene according to claim 1, wherein the high temperature resistant vessel of step S2 is a quartz boat; the high-temperature furnace is a tubular furnace; the protective gas is N2。
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific surface area of the nitrogen-doped graphene in step S3 is 140-190m2/g。
9. The green preparation method of nitrogen-doped graphene according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen content in the nitrogen-doped graphene in step S3 is 20-40 wt%.
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