CN110652874A - A separation and purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals - Google Patents

A separation and purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN110652874A
CN110652874A CN201911014582.8A CN201911014582A CN110652874A CN 110652874 A CN110652874 A CN 110652874A CN 201911014582 A CN201911014582 A CN 201911014582A CN 110652874 A CN110652874 A CN 110652874A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
fixedly connected
box body
main box
side wall
separation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
CN201911014582.8A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
不公告发明人
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Qingyuan Pickup Network Technology Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Qingyuan Pickup Network Technology Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qingyuan Pickup Network Technology Co Ltd filed Critical Qingyuan Pickup Network Technology Co Ltd
Priority to CN201911014582.8A priority Critical patent/CN110652874A/en
Publication of CN110652874A publication Critical patent/CN110652874A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D61/00Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D63/00Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/08Flat membrane modules
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F31/00Mixers with shaking, oscillating, or vibrating mechanisms
    • B01F31/44Mixers with shaking, oscillating, or vibrating mechanisms with stirrers performing an oscillatory, vibratory or shaking movement
    • B01F31/441Mixers with shaking, oscillating, or vibrating mechanisms with stirrers performing an oscillatory, vibratory or shaking movement performing a rectilinear reciprocating movement
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01FMIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F31/00Mixers with shaking, oscillating, or vibrating mechanisms
    • B01F31/80Mixing by means of high-frequency vibrations above one kHz, e.g. ultrasonic vibrations

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a separation and purification filtering device for bio-pharmaceuticals, which comprises a base, wherein two support columns are fixedly connected to the upper end of the base, a main box body is fixedly connected to the upper ends of the two support columns, a liquid containing tank is installed on the base, clamping devices for fixing the liquid containing tank are arranged on opposite side walls of the two support columns, driving grooves are formed in two sides of the upper end of the main box body, first driving devices are fixedly connected into the driving grooves, the tail end of an output shaft of each first driving device penetrates through the driving grooves and is fixedly connected with a first gear, two threaded rods are rotatably connected to the upper end of the main box body, hollow cylinders are sleeved at the upper ends of the two threaded rods in a threaded manner, second gears are fixedly sleeved on the side walls, close to the lower ends, of the threaded rods, and the second gears are meshed with the first. The invention has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation, full stirring, thorough separation and purification and very good use effect.

Description

A separation and purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of biological pharmaceutical equipment, in particular to a separation and purification filtering device for biological pharmacy.
Background
The biological raw materials of the biological pharmacy are mainly natural biological materials, and with the continuous development of the biotechnology, artificially prepared biological raw materials become the main source of the current biological raw materials of the biological pharmacy, and the biological pharmacy is characterized by high pharmacological activity, small toxic and side effects and high nutritional value, and the separation and purification process of the biological pharmacy is particularly important in the production process of the biological pharmacy, so-called separation and purification is to separate the specific substances of protein, nucleic acid, sugar, lipid and the like in the biological pharmacy by the technical means of filtration and the like. The existing biopharmaceutical separation and purification equipment is various, but most of the biopharmaceutical separation and purification equipment has a complex structure, insufficient separation in the filtering process, insufficient purification of the obtained biopharmaceutical, low separation efficiency and poor use effect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides a separation and purification filtering device for biopharmaceuticals.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a separation and purification filtering device for bio-pharmaceuticals comprises a base, wherein two support columns are fixedly connected to the upper end of the base, a main box body is fixedly connected to the upper ends of the two support columns, a liquid containing box is installed on the base, clamping devices for fixing the liquid containing box are arranged on opposite side walls of the two support columns, driving grooves are formed in two sides of the upper end of the main box body, a first driving device is fixedly connected into each driving groove, the tail end of an output shaft of the first driving device penetrates through the driving grooves and is fixedly connected with a first gear, two threaded rods are rotatably connected onto the upper end of the main box body, hollow cylinders are sleeved on the upper ends of the two threaded rods in a threaded manner, second gears are fixedly sleeved on the side walls of the threaded rods close to the lower end, the second gears are mutually meshed with the first gears, and the two hollow cylinders are fixedly connected through support, the upper end of the supporting plate is fixedly connected with a second driving device, the tail end of an output shaft of the second driving device is fixedly connected with a rotating rod, the lower end of the rotating rod sequentially penetrates through the supporting plate and the main box body and is fixedly connected with two groups of M-shaped helical blades, a first filtering membrane is arranged in the main box body and is positioned below the M-shaped helical blades, one end of the first filtering membrane is fixedly connected with a connecting rod, one end, away from the connecting rod, of the first filtering membrane is abutted against the side wall of the main box body, a clamping groove corresponding to the position of the first filtering membrane is arranged on the side wall of the main box body, the connecting rod penetrates through the main box body and extends outwards, a groove is arranged on the side wall of the main box body, a limiting device for limiting the connecting rod is fixedly connected with the inner bottom of the groove, and a limiting groove corresponding, the interior bottom of the main tank body is equipped with two ultrasonic vibration stick, the interior bottom of the main tank body is equipped with the blanking passageway, two ultrasonic vibration stick symmetry sets up the both sides at the blanking passageway, blanking passageway department is equipped with second filtration membrane, the blanking passageway is located the top of flourishing liquid case, the both sides of the main tank body all are equipped with the feed inlet.
Preferably, clamping device includes two slide bars of sliding connection on the support column lateral wall, be equipped with the spout that corresponds with the slide bar position on the lateral wall of support column, the one end cross rotation that the support column was kept away from to two slide bars is connected with the fixed block, the one end fixedly connected with stripper plate of fixed block, one side that the fixed block was kept away from to the stripper plate offsets with the lateral wall of flourishing liquid tank, the first spring of one end fixedly connected with of stripper plate is kept away from to the fixed block, the one end fixed connection that the fixed block was kept away from to first spring is on the lateral wall of support column.
Preferably, a plurality of crushing teeth are arranged on the two groups of M-shaped helical blades at equal intervals, and a friction surface layer is fixedly connected between the two groups of M-shaped helical blades.
Preferably, the limiting device comprises a spring pipe fixedly connected to the inner bottom of the groove, one end of the spring pipe is fixedly connected with a pull rod, one end, far away from the spring pipe, of the pull rod penetrates through the groove and is fixedly connected with an L-shaped limiting rod, and one end, far away from the pull rod, of the L-shaped limiting rod abuts against the inner bottom of the limiting groove.
Preferably, first drive arrangement and second drive arrangement are servo motor, the surface cladding of second drive arrangement has the protective sheath, protective sheath fixed connection is on the lateral wall of backup pad.
Preferably, the inner bottom of the main box body is of a conical structure, and a flow control valve is arranged at the blanking channel.
In the invention, biological raw pesticide is poured into a main box body from a feed inlet, a second driving device is started, the second driving device drives an M-shaped spiral blade to rotate through a rotating rod, so that the biological raw pesticide is stirred and separated, then a first driving device is started, the first driving device drives a second gear to rotate through a first gear, the second gear drives a threaded rod to rotate, the threaded rod is in threaded connection with a hollow cylinder, so that the threaded rod rotates to drive the hollow cylinder to reciprocate up and down in the vertical direction, a supporting plate is driven to move up and down, then the M-shaped spiral blade on the rotating rod is driven to stir up and down in the main box body, so that the stirring field is more complete, the uniformly stirred biological raw pesticide is filtered through a first filtering membrane, and the primarily filtered biological raw pesticide is vibrated through an ultrasonic vibration rod, filtering with a second filter membrane to obtain the biological pure drug with smaller molecules. The invention has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation, full stirring, thorough separation and purification and very good use effect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a separation and purification filtering device for biopharmaceuticals according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of FIG. 1 at A;
fig. 3 is an enlarged view of fig. 1 at B.
In the figure: the ultrasonic vibration device comprises a base 1, an ultrasonic vibration rod 2, a second filtering membrane 3, a liquid containing box 4, a supporting column 5, a main box body 6, a first filtering membrane 7, a friction surface layer 8, a spiral blade 9M, a rotating rod 10, a feed inlet 11, a supporting plate 12, a second driving device 13, a hollow cylinder 14, a threaded rod 15, a second gear 16, a first gear 17, a first driving device 18, a connecting rod 19, a limiting rod 20L, a pull rod 21, a spring tube 22, an extrusion plate 23, a fixing block 24 and a sliding rod 25.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments.
Referring to fig. 1-3, a separation and purification filtering device for bio-pharmaceuticals comprises a base 1, two support columns 5 are fixedly connected to the upper end of the base 1, a main tank body 6 is fixedly connected to the upper ends of the two support columns 5, a liquid containing tank 4 is installed on the base 1, separated and purified biological raw chemicals are contained in the liquid containing tank 4, clamping devices for fixing the liquid containing tank 4 are respectively arranged on opposite side walls of the two support columns 5, the liquid containing tank 4 is fixed by the clamping devices, driving grooves are respectively arranged on both sides of the upper end of the main tank body 6, a first driving device 18 is fixedly connected in each driving groove, the tail end of an output shaft of the first driving device 18 penetrates through the driving grooves and is fixedly connected with a first gear 17, the first driving device 18 drives the first gear 17 to rotate, two threaded rods 15 are rotatably connected to the upper end of the main tank body 6, hollow cylinders 14 are respectively sleeved on the upper, the side wall of the threaded rod 15 close to the lower end is fixedly sleeved with a second gear 16, the second gear 16 is meshed with the first gear 17, the first gear 17 drives the second gear 16 to rotate, so as to drive the threaded rod 15 to rotate, the threaded rod 15 rotates to drive the hollow cylinders 14 to move up and down in the vertical direction, the two hollow cylinders 14 are fixedly connected through a support plate 12, the upper end of the support plate 12 is fixedly connected with a second driving device 13, the tail end of an output shaft of the second driving device 13 is fixedly connected with a rotating rod 10, the lower end of the rotating rod 10 sequentially penetrates through the support plate 12 and the main box body 6 and is fixedly connected with two groups of M-shaped helical blades 9, the second driving device 13 drives the M-shaped helical blades 9 to rotate through the rotating rod 10, so as to stir biological raw medicines, a first filtering membrane 7 is installed inside the main box body 6, and the first filtering membrane 7 primarily filters, the first filtering membrane 7 is positioned below the M-shaped helical blade 9, one end of the first filtering membrane 7 is fixedly connected with a connecting rod 19, one end, far away from the connecting rod 19, of the first filtering membrane 7 is abutted against the side wall of the main box body 6, a clamping groove corresponding to the position of the first filtering membrane 7 is arranged on the side wall of the main box body 6, the connecting rod 19 penetrates through the main box body 6 and extends outwards, a groove is formed in the side wall of the main box body 6, a limiting device for limiting the connecting rod 19 is fixedly connected to the inner bottom of the groove, the limiting device limits and fixes the first filtering membrane 7, a limiting groove corresponding to the position of the limiting device is formed in the side wall of the connecting rod 19, two ultrasonic vibration rods 2 are arranged at the inner bottom of the main box body 6, the ultrasonic vibration rods 2 perform macromolecular vibration decomposition on biological raw medicines, so that small molecular substances flow into the liquid containing box 4 through the second filtering membrane, two ultrasonic vibration rods 2 are symmetrically arranged on two sides of a blanking channel, a second filtering membrane 3 is arranged at the blanking channel, the blanking channel is positioned above a liquid containing box 4, and feed inlets 11 are arranged on two sides of a main box body 6.
According to the invention, the clamping device comprises two sliding rods 25 which are connected to the side wall of the supporting column 5 in a sliding manner, sliding grooves corresponding to the sliding rods 25 are formed in the side wall of the supporting column 5, fixing blocks 24 are connected to the ends, far away from the supporting column 5, of the two sliding rods 25 in a cross rotating manner, an extrusion plate 23 is fixedly connected to one end of each fixing block 24, the extrusion plate 23 clamps the liquid containing box 4, one side, far away from the fixing blocks 24, of the extrusion plate 23 abuts against the side wall of the liquid containing box 4, a first spring is fixedly connected to one end, far away from the extrusion plate 23, of each fixing block 24, and one end, far away from. Equidistant a plurality of broken teeth that are equipped with on two sets of M form helical blade 9, and fixedly connected with friction surface course 8 between two sets of M form helical blade 9, friction surface course 8 makes biological former medicine stirring mix more abundant. Stop device includes the spring tube 22 of fixed connection bottom in the recess, and the one end fixedly connected with pull rod 21 of spring tube 22, and the one end that spring tube 22 was kept away from to pull rod 21 runs through recess and fixedly connected with L type gag lever post 20, and the one end that pull rod 21 was kept away from to L type gag lever post 20 offsets with the interior bottom of spacing groove, pulling pull rod 21 for L type gag lever post 20 breaks away from the spacing groove, thereby conveniently dismantles the washing to first filtration membrane 7. First drive arrangement 18 and second drive arrangement 13 are servo motor, and the surface cladding of second drive arrangement 13 has the protective sheath, and protective sheath fixed connection is on the lateral wall of backup pad 12. The inner bottom of the main box body 6 is of a conical structure, and a flow control valve is arranged at the blanking channel.
In the invention, biological raw medicines are poured into a main box body 6 from a feed inlet 11, a second driving device 13 is started, the second driving device 13 drives an M-shaped spiral blade 9 to rotate through a rotating rod 10, so that the biological raw medicines are stirred and separated, a first driving device 18 is started, the first driving device 18 drives a second gear 16 to rotate through a first gear 17, the second gear 16 drives a threaded rod 15 to rotate, the threaded rod 15 is in threaded connection with a hollow cylinder 14, so that the threaded rod 15 rotates to drive the hollow cylinder 14 to reciprocate up and down in the vertical direction, so that a supporting plate 12 is driven to move up and down, and then the M-shaped spiral blade 9 on the rotating rod 10 is driven to stir up and down in the main box body 6, so that the stirring field is more sufficient and thorough, the uniformly stirred biological raw medicines are filtered through a first filtering membrane 7, the primarily filtered biological raw medicines are vibrated through an ultrasonic vibration rod 2, filtering with a second filter membrane 3 to obtain the biological pure drug with smaller molecules.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention. .

Claims (6)

1. The utility model provides a separation purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals, includes base (1), its characterized in that, two support columns (5) of upper end fixedly connected with of base (1), two the upper end fixedly connected with main tank (6) of support column (5), install flourishing liquid tank (4) on base (1), two all be equipped with the clamping device of fixed flourishing liquid tank (4) on the relative lateral wall of support column (5), the upper end both sides of main tank (6) all are equipped with the drive groove, equal fixedly connected with first drive arrangement (18) in the drive groove, the output shaft end of first drive arrangement (18) runs through the drive groove and fixedly connected with first gear (17), the last rotation of main tank (6) is connected with two threaded rods (15), and the equal screw thread in upper end of two threaded rods (15) has cup jointed cavity section of thick bamboo (14), the threaded rod (15) is close to and all fixedly sleeved with a second gear (16) on the side wall of the lower end, the second gear (16) is meshed with a first gear (17) and is two fixedly connected with a support plate (12) between hollow cylinders (14), the upper end of the support plate (12) is fixedly connected with a second driving device (13), the tail end of an output shaft of the second driving device (13) is fixedly connected with a rotating rod (10), the lower end of the rotating rod (10) sequentially penetrates through the support plate (12) and a main box body (6) and is fixedly connected with two sets of M-shaped spiral blades (9), a first filtering membrane (7) is installed inside the main box body (6), the first filtering membrane (7) is located below the M-shaped spiral blades (9), one end of the first filtering membrane (7) is fixedly connected with a connecting rod (19), one end of the first filtering membrane (7) far away from the connecting rod (19) is abutted to the side wall of the main box body (6), the side wall of the main box body (6) is provided with a clamping groove corresponding to the position of the first filtering membrane (7), the connecting rod (19) penetrates through the main box body (6) and extends outwards, a groove is arranged on the side wall of the main box body (6), the inner bottom of the groove is fixedly connected with a limiting device for limiting the connecting rod (19), a limit groove corresponding to the position of the limit device is arranged on the side wall of the connecting rod (19), two ultrasonic vibration rods (2) are arranged at the inner bottom of the main box body (6), a blanking channel is arranged at the inner bottom of the main box body (6), the two ultrasonic vibration rods (2) are symmetrically arranged at the two sides of the blanking channel, the blanking passage is provided with a second filtering membrane (3), the blanking passage is positioned above the liquid containing box (4), and the two sides of the main box body (6) are provided with feed inlets (11).
2. The separation, purification and filtration device for bio-pharmaceuticals according to claim 1, wherein the clamping device comprises two sliding rods (25) slidably connected to the side wall of the supporting column (5), a sliding groove corresponding to the position of the sliding rod (25) is formed in the side wall of the supporting column (5), one ends of the two sliding rods (25) far away from the supporting column (5) are rotatably connected with a fixed block (24) in a crossed manner, one end of the fixed block (24) is fixedly connected with an extrusion plate (23), one side of the extrusion plate (23) far away from the fixed block (24) is abutted against the side wall of the liquid containing tank (4), one end of the fixed block (24) far away from the extrusion plate (23) is fixedly connected with a first spring, and one end of the first spring far away from the fixed block (24) is fixedly connected to the side wall of the supporting column (5).
3. The separation, purification and filtration device for biopharmaceuticals according to claim 1, wherein two sets of said M-shaped helical blades (9) are provided with a plurality of crushing teeth at equal intervals, and a friction surface layer (8) is fixedly connected between two sets of M-shaped helical blades (9).
4. The separation, purification and filtration device for bio-pharmaceuticals according to claim 1, wherein the limiting device comprises a spring tube (22) fixedly connected to the inner bottom of the groove, one end of the spring tube (22) is fixedly connected with a pull rod (21), one end of the pull rod (21) far away from the spring tube (22) penetrates through the groove and is fixedly connected with an L-shaped limiting rod (20), and one end of the L-shaped limiting rod (20) far away from the pull rod (21) abuts against the inner bottom of the limiting groove.
5. The separation, purification and filtration device for biopharmaceuticals according to claim 1, wherein the first driving device (18) and the second driving device (13) are both servo motors, and the surface of the second driving device (13) is covered with a protective sleeve, and the protective sleeve is fixedly connected to the sidewall of the supporting plate (12).
6. The separation, purification and filtration device for biopharmaceuticals of claim 1, wherein said main box (6) has a tapered inner bottom, and said discharge channel is provided with a flow control valve.
CN201911014582.8A 2019-10-24 2019-10-24 A separation and purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals Withdrawn CN110652874A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201911014582.8A CN110652874A (en) 2019-10-24 2019-10-24 A separation and purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201911014582.8A CN110652874A (en) 2019-10-24 2019-10-24 A separation and purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN110652874A true CN110652874A (en) 2020-01-07

Family

ID=69041611

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201911014582.8A Withdrawn CN110652874A (en) 2019-10-24 2019-10-24 A separation and purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN110652874A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111467964A (en) * 2020-04-09 2020-07-31 江苏源泰恒环境工程有限公司 Sewage treatment ultrafiltration device

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111467964A (en) * 2020-04-09 2020-07-31 江苏源泰恒环境工程有限公司 Sewage treatment ultrafiltration device

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN213527696U (en) Separator is used in biological medicine production
CN110652874A (en) A separation and purification filter equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals
CN112266110A (en) Bio-pharmaceuticals effluent treatment plant
CN214913417U (en) Extracting solution concentrating device
CN214861352U (en) Bio-pharmaceuticals active material separator
CN208307040U (en) Lotion automatic quantitative packaging machine
CN114602239A (en) Tangential flow intelligent filtering device for biological pharmacy
CN213466833U (en) Bio-pharmaceuticals extract filter equipment who easily fully stirs and grind
CN205965113U (en) Automatic solid phase extraction apparatus
CN212090998U (en) Multilayer traditional chinese medicine extraction element
CN212369964U (en) Funnel stirring device
CN209955374U (en) Molding extrusion device for aromatherapy production
CN216755647U (en) Biological filter equipment that draws
CN219879148U (en) Chemical production is with high-efficient extraction equipment
CN206777942U (en) A kind of equipment for separating liquid from solid applied to Chemical Manufacture
CN218689505U (en) Separation and purification device
CN1562433A (en) Equipment of continuous counter current extracting Chinese traditional medicine
CN2684908Y (en) Chinese herb medicines continuous counter-current extracting apparatus
CN111849725A (en) Biological cell separation equipment
CN220110988U (en) Quantitative raw material adding device for drug synthesis
CN221131872U (en) Pharmaceutical equipment can be used to solution ultrafiltration device
CN216192199U (en) Bio-pharmaceuticals zymotic fluid preprocessing device
CN217130787U (en) Quick detach instrument of fore-stock for fodder granulator
CN220309929U (en) Multistage filtering device for medicine production
CN212214808U (en) Filtration equipment for bio-pharmaceuticals

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
WW01 Invention patent application withdrawn after publication

Application publication date: 20200107

WW01 Invention patent application withdrawn after publication