CN110640288A - Surfacing method for surfacing high-chromium alloy on Q235 steel plate - Google Patents
Surfacing method for surfacing high-chromium alloy on Q235 steel plate Download PDFInfo
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- CN110640288A CN110640288A CN201910904720.3A CN201910904720A CN110640288A CN 110640288 A CN110640288 A CN 110640288A CN 201910904720 A CN201910904720 A CN 201910904720A CN 110640288 A CN110640288 A CN 110640288A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K13/00—Welding by high-frequency current heating
- B23K13/01—Welding by high-frequency current heating by induction heating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups
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Abstract
The invention discloses a surfacing method for surfacing high-chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate, which adopts a high-frequency induction surfacing process to bead-weld a 2-3 mm-thick high-chromium alloy wear-resistant layer on a common carbon structural steel base metal, can simultaneously have the advantages of two materials and meet the requirements of toughness and wear resistance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wear-resistant materials, and particularly relates to a surfacing method for surfacing high-chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate.
Background
At present, most of mechanical parts are made of metal materials, wear can occur in the using process, the mechanical parts often work under the conditions of abnormal complexity and rigor along with the development of modern industry, and the surface of mechanical equipment is required to have good performances of density resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, oxidation resistance and the like under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure, large load bearing, oxidation, abrasion and the like because a large number of mechanical parts are often scrapped due to abrasion, corrosion or abrasion. Statistics show that about 75-80% of failed mechanical parts are dense losses. Approximately 30% to 50% of the energy supplied to the machine is consumed in the course of friction and wear. Only 5 departments of metallurgy, coal, electric power, building materials, agricultural machinery and the like in China are not counted completely, the amount of abraded steel in the process that metal pieces are in contact with sandy soil, ores and cement is over 100 million tons, the production efficiency is reduced due to equipment replacement, and the capital wasted in 1 year is estimated to be up to 30 million yuan.
In the process of implementing the invention, the inventor finds that the prior art has at least the following problems: currently, the economic loss caused by abrasive wear accounts for more than 50% of the total wear. Various mechanical and component parts are almost always subject to abrasive wear. The abrasion can cause the service life of equipment components to be reduced, and can also cause mechanical equipment accidents seriously, thereby reducing the labor productivity, further causing social resource waste and limiting the development of the industry to the modernization and the automation. Therefore, the research on the high-performance wear-resistant material on the surfaces of machinery and parts, the service life of equipment is prolonged, and the method has great significance for reducing machine halt and maintenance, giving full play to material performance, saving materials, improving yield and increasing benefits. In addition, the starting parts made of high-locking materials such as the sieve plate, the lining plate, the jaw plate and the like are high in production cost and high in brittleness, so that the starting parts are limited to be used under the condition of impact load.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a surfacing method for surfacing a high-chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate, which is used for surfacing a thick high-chromium alloy wear-resistant layer on a common carbon structural steel base metal, has the advantages of two materials and meets the requirements on toughness and wear resistance.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a surfacing method for surfacing high-chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate comprises the following steps:
1) cleaning the weldment before welding to remove rust, oil stains and water on the surface of the weldment, and drying welding materials before use;
2) in order to prevent the defects of cracks, coarse grains and the like, the welding piece is preheated, the preheating temperature is between 200 and 300 ℃, the surfacing process adopts a multi-layer welding mode for welding, the temperature between surfacing layers needs to be controlled, and the interlayer temperature is controlled at 350 ℃ in 300 and 350 ℃;
3) tempering the welded piece at 760-780 ℃ after welding;
4) the welding rod is selected from three types: d667 and J507 welding rods and Ni-based welding rods, wherein the D667 and the J507 welding rods are heated at 200 ℃ and are kept warm for 1-2 hours; the nickel-based alloy welding rod needs to be heated and dried;
5) a welding rod of Cr-Mn or Cr-Ni is adopted for backing welding, and a layer of Cr-Mn or Cr-Ni is firstly overlaid to serve as an isolation welding bead.
And 5) in the step 5), when the J507 welding rod is adopted for backing welding, the transition layer adopts a nickel-based alloy welding rod for filling welding as the transition layer.
When a nickel-based welding material is used as a filler metal, the interlayer temperature of a surfacing layer is controlled in the surfacing process. (ii) a And knocking the welding line by a small hammer after welding each layer of welding line.
The surfacing composite plate has the advantages that the single-pass welding width is 30-50mm, the surface of the wear-resistant layer is smooth, the wear-resistant layer releases stress by forming fine and uniform cracks in the surfacing process, the whole plate surface is kept smooth, stress concentration is limited, the cracks are only limited in a hard layer, and the cracks cannot be expanded into a Q235 steel plate with good toughness in the using process.
The metallographic structure of the surfacing wear-resistant layer is hypereutectic high-chromium alloy, a Cr7C3 type primary phase is fine and uniform, and a matrix is an eutectic structure of Cr7C3 and austenite and martensite; hexagonal Cr7C3 phase Vickers hardness up to HV 1700; the hardness of the overlaying layer is HRC 50-62, the thickness of the single-layer overlaying layer is 3.5-6.5 mm, the thickness of the substrate is more than or equal to 6mm, and the specification of the composite plate is less than or equal to 1 multiplied by 2 m; the tensile and impact resistance of the composite steel plate is not lower than that of a welded joint of a Q235 steel plate.
The technological method for avoiding the cracking of the surfacing metal in the welding process comprises the following steps: 1. the preheating temperature of the parent metal is increased; 2. controlling the interlayer temperature in the welding process; 3. after welding, performing heat preservation and slow cooling treatment on the workpiece; the control of the interlayer temperature in the welding process is the most critical, and the interlayer temperature in the surfacing process is controlled at 300-350 ℃.
In order to avoid the occurrence of white texture, the workpiece can be welded by adopting an alloy material with high carbon and silicon contents or a non-alloy welding material such as nickel-based alloy, copper-based alloy, high vanadium steel and the like, and the workpiece can also be preheated and slowly cooled during welding to fully separate out graphite.
Measures for preventing cracks are: 1. adopting pure nickel or copper-nickel welding rods and welding wires to increase the plasticity of weld metal; heating to reduce the tensile stress on the weld; 2. preheating and slow cooling treatment are carried out on the weldment, the temperature of the welding layer is controlled, and the temperature difference of the weldment is reduced.
In order to prevent cracking and peeling in the process of postweld heat treatment during surfacing, surfacing metals and parent metals should select similar linear expansion coefficients and phase transition temperatures; the fusion ratio is reduced as much as possible during surfacing, and the dilution rate is reduced; the method adopts the measures of preheating, interlayer temperature and the like to prevent the cracking and peeling of the overlaying layer, the preheating temperature is higher than the transformation temperature of the martensite of the base material, and the generation of cracks and air holes is prevented; during overlaying, when the overlaying layer reaches the specified thickness, primary stress relief heat treatment can be carried out; and the medium-temperature tempering treatment can also be adopted, so that the welded structure is improved, the thermal stress is eliminated, and dispersed carbide is precipitated to form secondary hardening.
In order to improve the heat cracking resistance of the nickel-based welding rod for welding chromium alloy, the chemical components of weld metal are adjusted, so that the brittle temperature range of a weld is reduced; adding a proper amount of rare earth elements to enhance the desulfurization and dephosphorization reaction of the welding line; in the welding process, the solidification structure of a molten pool is refined by improving the nucleation rate and inhibiting the growth of crystal nuclei, and a proper amount of refined crystal grain elements are correspondingly added to refine the crystal grains of the welding line so as to obtain a stable and uniform welding line structure.
One of the technical schemes has the following advantages or beneficial effects that a high-frequency induction surfacing process is adopted to build a 2-3 mm thick high-chromium alloy wear-resistant layer on a common carbon structural steel base metal, so that the wear-resistant layer can have the advantages of two materials simultaneously, and the toughness and wear resistance requirements are met.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below.
A novel automatic surfacing process is adopted to form a hypereutectic high-chromium alloy wear-resistant layer on a whole steel plate Q235 (A3). Its advantages are as follows: high resistance toWear properties: the abrasion test shows that the abrasion resistance of the composite precipitation resistant steel is 12-18 times higher than that of low-carbon steel, 5 times higher than that of stainless steel and high-manganese steel and 1 time higher than that of cast high-chromium iron; high impact resistance: due to the adoption of the Q235 substrate, the wear-resistant composite board also has high shock resistance, and fully embodies the advantages of wear resistance and shock resistance of the composite material. This is not possible with as-cast wear resistant materials; convenient processability: the abrasion-resistant surfacing composite steel plate can be formed by cold bending and rolled, can be cut by a plasma cutting method, and can be spliced and welded on the surface of an abraded machine part conveniently; high cost performance: although the cost is increased by using the hardfacing composite plate, the service life, the maintenance cost, the shutdown loss and the like of the machine part are comprehensively considered, and the cost performance is about 2-4 times higher than that of the common material. Because the material is reasonably utilized, the price of the hardfacing composite board is 50 percent lower than that of manual hardfacing of the same material. The composite antiwear pile board is especially suitable for strengthening the surface of machine parts directly rubbed with silt, ore, dust, cinder, etc. In addition, the hardfacing composite board also has good high temperature resistance, and has high hardness and oxidation resistance below 700 ℃. Is suitable for various working conditions of abrasive wear. The surfacing composite plate has the advantages that the single-pass welding width is 30-50mm, the surface of the wear-resistant layer is flat, the wear-resistant layer releases stress by forming fine and uniform cracks in the surfacing process, the whole plate surface is kept flat, stress concentration is limited, the cracks are only limited in a hard layer, and the cracks cannot be expanded into a Q235(A3) steel plate with good toughness in the using process. The main properties are as follows: the metallurgical structure of the surfacing wear-resistant layer is a typical hypereutectic high-chromium alloy, Cr7C3The primary phase is fine and uniform, and the matrix is Cr7C3Eutectic structure with austenite and martensite. Hexagonal Cr7C3The Vickers hardness of the phase reaches HV1700, and the phase-change wear-resistant coating can show the best wear resistance when matched with a matrix; the hardness of the overlaying layer is HRC 50-62, the thickness of the single-layer overlaying layer is 3.5-6.5 mm, the thickness of the substrate is more than or equal to 6mm, and the specification of the composite plate is less than or equal to 1 multiplied by 2M; the tensile and impact resistance of the composite steel plate is not lower than that of a welded joint of a Q235 steel plate; the processing performance of the composite steel plate is as follows: air arc or plasma arc cutting and perforation may be used. Can be cold formed or rounded. The minimum curvature radius is 20 times of the thickness of the composite plate during cold rolling。
1. Overview of build-up welding Process
The surfacing is a technological process of depositing a layer of material with certain performance on the surface of a workpiece by a welding method. The purpose is to improve the performances of the parts in the aspects of wear resistance, heat resistance, corrosion resistance and the like. The surfacing is mainly applied to two aspects of manufacturing new parts and repairing old parts. In the actual production process, the alloy with certain special performance can be overlaid on the surface of a workpiece through an overlaying welding process to form an overlaying welding piece made of a composite material, and good use performance is obtained. Greatly prolongs the service life of the workpiece, and prolongs the service time and the operating efficiency.
2. Weldability of low carbon steel
The weldability of carbon steel deteriorates as the carbon content increases, and the susceptibility to cold cracking during welding also increases. The main reason for the poor weldability of carbon steel is that the carbon content is high and the carbon steel is easily hardened during welding, and the hardened weld and the heat affected zone have reduced plasticity, and cracks are easily generated under the action of welding stress, resulting in poor weldability of carbon steel. The weldability of carbon steel is also related to the susceptibility to hydrogen induced cracking. Carbon steels with carbon contents above 0.15% are very susceptible to hydrogen induced cracking when welded. Therefore, in the welding process, attention should be paid to reducing the source of hydrogen, the moisture in the coating of the welding rod and on the base metal can be reduced, necessary preparation before welding is made, and oil stain, iron rust and the like need to be removed for parts to be welded and parts before welding. Non-uniformity of impurities such as S, P contained in carbon steel also causes weld cracking, which affects weldability.
The difference between the linear expansion coefficient of Q235 and the linear expansion coefficient of the surfacing metal is large, and large internal stress can be formed under the action of welding thermal cycle, so that the surfacing metal is easy to crack in the cooling process after welding. The technological method for avoiding the cracking of the surfacing metal in the welding process comprises the following steps: 1. the preheating temperature of the parent metal is increased; 2. controlling the interlayer temperature in the welding process; 3. and after welding, performing heat preservation and slow cooling treatment on the workpiece. The control of interlayer temperature in the welding process is particularly critical, the interlayer temperature is controlled at 350 ℃ in the surfacing process, excessive burning loss of alloy elements in a workpiece can be caused due to overhigh interlayer temperature, thermal stress concentration is caused, the hot cracking tendency of a weldment is increased, poor fusion among welding seam layers can be caused due to overlow interlayer temperature, and cracks exist in the welding seam.
3. Weldability of high-chromium alloy
The high-chromium alloy is a wear-resistant material with excellent performance, has much higher toughness and strength than common white alloy, and also has good high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. The high-chromium alloy is a multi-element alloy containing elements such as Fe, Cr, C and the like, and the matrix structure of the high-chromium alloy is an austenite structure. The high-chromium alloy is easy to generate stress cracks in the welding process due to a high-hardness chromium carbide hard layer caused by high carbon content and high chromium content; meanwhile, white spots and hardened structures are likely to appear at the welded joint because of high carbon content and poor weldability.
The white structure is generated because carbon, silicon and other elements promoting graphitization are sintered in a large amount in the welding process, and the welding area is cooled quickly and is not ready to be graphitized in the welding area. In order to avoid the occurrence of white texture, the workpiece can be welded by adopting an alloy material with high carbon and silicon contents or a non-alloy welding material such as nickel-based alloy, copper-based alloy, high vanadium steel and the like, and the workpiece can also be preheated and slowly cooled during welding to fully separate out graphite. Cracks are also important defects in welding, and usually occur in a welding seam and a heat affected zone, because high-chromium alloys have low tensile strength and poor plasticity, but the welding stress of the alloys is large, and when white structures exist, the shrinkage rate of the white structures is large, the tendency of the cracks is severe, and the whole welding seam peels off from a parent metal along the line of the fusion zone. The main measures for preventing cracks are: 1. adopting pure nickel or copper-nickel welding rods and welding wires to increase the plasticity of weld metal; heating to reduce the tensile stress on the weld; 2. preheating and slow cooling treatment are carried out on the weldment, the welding parameters are small current, the temperature of a welding layer is controlled, and the temperature difference of the weldment is reduced.
4. Weldability of dissimilar metals
The carbon steel and the high-chromium alloy are different in chemical composition and structure performance, and the welding of the carbon steel and the high-chromium alloy belongs to the welding of dissimilar metals. The weldability of different metals is greatly different, and the properties of melting point, heat conductivity and the like of the two materials are greatly different, so that the two metals cannot be well and uniformly fused together during fusion welding. Also the linear expansion coefficient and the elastic modulus of the material affect the dimensional and shape stability of the welded workpiece and the possibility of weld defects. If the material modulus of elasticity and the coefficient of linear expansion differ too much, this can cause residual deformation and internal stresses in the workpiece during welding, which in turn directly affect the properties of the welded joint. The main problems in dissimilar metal welding are: dilution problems in the mixing of two metals; the problem of diffusion and migration of carbon and other elements on the interface when different materials are welded; thermal stress problems due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients, and the like.
The dissimilar metal surfacing welding easily has a plurality of welding defects. 1. The difference between the surfacing metal and the base metal is large, a brittle interface area is easy to appear in a welding seam fusion area, and the surfacing layer is easy to peel off under the action of impact load. In order to prevent cracking and peeling in the process of postweld heat treatment during surfacing, surfacing metals and parent metals should select similar linear expansion coefficients and phase transition temperatures; 2. in a welded melting zone, weld metal is diluted, and if stable and uniform weld components and tissues are required to be obtained, the fusion ratio is reduced as much as possible during surfacing, and the dilution rate is reduced; 3. the method adopts the measures of preheating, interlayer temperature and the like to prevent the cracking and peeling of the overlaying layer, the preheating temperature is higher than the transformation temperature of the martensite of the base material, and the generation of cracks and air holes is prevented; 4. residual stress can be generated in overlaying, and the great difference of components of an overlaying layer, particularly a dissimilar metal fusion line can cause uneven tissue and performance of a weldment, so that the weldment is easy to crack in the using process to cause peeling. In this case, stress relief heat treatment may be adopted, and in the overlaying process, once stress relief heat treatment may be performed when the overlaying layer reaches a certain thickness. And the medium-temperature tempering treatment can also be adopted, so that the welded structure is improved, the thermal stress is eliminated, and dispersed carbide is precipitated to form secondary hardening.
5. Selection of welding materials
The welding material of the welding between the Q235 and the high-chromium alloy can be selected from the welding material of one metal or the welding material of the chemical composition between two metals. The selected welding material should be able to prevent various cracks from being generated during welding due to a large difference in linear expansion coefficient between Q235 and the high-chromium alloy, and the high-chromium alloy has a higher carbon content than Q235, which results in poor weldability between the two metals. If we choose the ordinary low carbon steel welding rod to weld the high chromium alloy, the first and second layers of welding lines will be melted into more carbon, sulfur and phosphorus, which will increase the hot crack sensitivity of the first and second layers of welding lines. To achieve the weld deposit of these two metals, a nickel-based welding material may be used. The nickel-based material is used as the filler material because the coefficient of linear expansion of the nickel-based alloy is similar to that of the pearlite steel, and the welding residual stress generated during welding is reduced. Meanwhile, the thickness of the transition layer of the welding joint is related to the nickel content of the welding material, and the thickness of the transition layer is reduced along with the increase of the nickel content.
For high-chromium alloy with high S, P impurity content, when the nickel-based welding material is adopted for welding, nickel and sulfur form Ni3S2, and the eutectic temperature of Ni-Ni3S2 is very low; the nickel and phosphorus generate Ni3P, and the eutectic temperature of Ni-Ni3P is also lower; and the nickel-based welding seam is single-phase austenite, the crystal grains of the welding seam are large, and the crystal boundary is easy to enrich more eutectic with low melting point. Cracks are easily generated during overlay welding due to the high hardness chromium carbide hard layer of the high chromium alloy. In order to improve the heat cracking resistance of the nickel-based welding rod for welding chromium alloy, the chemical components of weld metal can be adjusted, so that the brittle temperature range of a weld is reduced; a proper amount of rare earth elements can be added to enhance the desulfurization and dephosphorization reaction of the welding line; the macroscopic structure of the casting in the welding process is divided into: a chill zone, a columnar zone, and an inner equiaxed zone, wherein coarse columnar grains are one of the causes of thermal cracking. The solidification structure of the molten pool can be refined by improving the nucleation rate and inhibiting the growth of crystal nuclei in the welding process, and a proper amount of refined crystal grain elements are correspondingly added to refine the crystal grains of the welding line and obtain a stable and uniform welding line structure.
When the heat treatment is carried out after the surfacing, the fusion area between the carbon steel base metal and the high-chromium alloy welding line generates obvious carbon diffusion, so that the high-chromium alloy welding line metal generates a carbon-increasing layer, the hardness and the brittleness of the fusion area are high due to the narrow carbon-increasing layer area and the high density of carbide precipitation, and the microcrack can be generated along the fusion line when the load is borne. From the analysis of the physical properties of the metals, the difference of the linear expansion coefficients between Q235 and the high-chromium alloy weld metal is large, the post-welding heat treatment can generate large stress at the weld, and the peeling crack is easy to occur due to the embrittlement of the carbon-increasing layer. The selection of the welding material needs to avoid the defects, and the nickel-based welding material is similar to Q235 in thermal expansion coefficient on one hand, and cannot generate large stress in welding; on the other hand, the nickel-based alloy welding seam does not contain strong carbide forming elements, so that the migration and diffusion of carbon generated in a fusion area between metal and the welding seam can be effectively inhibited.
6. Determination of welding process
1. Before welding, the welding piece must be cleaned, impurities such as rust, oil stain and water on the surface of the welding piece are removed, and the welding material needs to be dried before use.
2. In order to prevent the defects of cracks, coarse grains and the like, the welding piece is preheated, the preheating temperature is between 200 and 300 ℃, the process is that the overlaying process adopts a multilayer welding mode for welding, the temperature between overlaying layers needs to be controlled so as to prevent serious embrittlement phenomenon caused by overhigh welding seam temperature or overlong retention time, and the interlayer temperature is controlled at 350 ℃ so as to prevent the heat affected zone from being embrittled due to overheating.
3. The direct current welding machine is selected to adopt small linear energy, the heating of basic metal is reduced as much as possible, and the welding is carried out by adopting small current and short electric arc as much as possible by using a narrower welding bead in the welding process, so that a welding joint can be cooled as soon as possible, and the precipitation of carbide can be reduced to a certain extent.
And tempering the welded piece at 760-780 ℃ after welding to obtain a welded joint with better tissue components.
4. The welding rod has three types. D667 and J507 welding rods and Ni-based welding rods, D667 and J507 are heated at 200 deg.C and kept warm for 1-2 h. The nickel-based alloy welding rod needs to be heated and dried.
5. In order to prevent the welding rod of Cr-Mn or Cr-Ni from being used for backing welding, a layer of Cr-Mn or Cr-Ni is firstly overlaid to be used as an isolation welding bead to prevent cracks.
The surfacing layering is determined according to the thickness of a weldment, a J507 welding rod is adopted for backing welding, a nickel-based alloy welding rod is adopted for filling welding of the transition layer to serve as the transition layer, the linear expansion coefficient of the transition layer and a welding material is the minimum, and the crack resistance is good. And finally, performing hot welding by using a D667 welding rod, and manually surfacing the wear-resistant layer.
The weld overlay parameters are shown in the following table (taking a weld overlay of 1.5mm as an example):
welding rod diameter parameter selection table
| Thickness/mm of build-up layer | <1.5 | <5 | >5 |
| Diameter/mm of welding rod | 3.2 | 4-5 | 5-6 |
| Number of layers of surfacing | 1 | 1-2 | >2 |
| Build-up welding current/A | 80-100 | 140-240 | 180-240 |
The nickel-based welding material is used as filling metal, and the interlayer temperature of a surfacing layer is strictly controlled in the surfacing process. After each layer of welding seam is welded, the welding seam is lightly knocked by a small hammer, so that the stress can be reduced, thick columnar crystals of a welding joint can be broken, and the grains are refined. The welding is a nickel-based alloy welding rod, and a graphite type coating is adopted. The graphite is a strong deoxidizer, can prevent the weld joint from generating air holes, and simultaneously, the proper amount of carbon can reduce the high-temperature brittle temperature range, thereby improving the crack resistance of the weld joint; the precipitation of carbon in the coating can reduce the shrinkage stress of the welding line, and is favorable for reducing the tendency of cold cracks generated near the welding line in a heat affected zone; meanwhile, the diffusion degree of carbon in the semi-melting area to the welding seam is favorably reduced, and the width of the white spot is reduced to a certain degree.
After the scheme is adopted, a high-frequency induction surfacing process is adopted to bead-weld a 2-3 mm-thick high-chromium alloy wear-resistant layer on a common carbon structural steel base metal, so that the wear-resistant layer has the advantages of two materials and meets the requirements on toughness and wear resistance.
The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise form disclosed, and that various insubstantial modifications of the inventive concepts and solutions, or their direct application to other applications without such modifications, are intended to be covered by the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A surfacing method for surfacing high-chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) cleaning the weldment before welding to remove rust, oil stains and water on the surface of the weldment, and drying welding materials before use;
2) in order to prevent the defects of cracks, coarse grains and the like, the welding piece is preheated, the preheating temperature is between 200 and 300 ℃, the surfacing process adopts a multi-layer welding mode for welding, the temperature between surfacing layers needs to be controlled, and the interlayer temperature is controlled at 350 ℃ in 300 and 350 ℃;
3) tempering the welded piece at 760-780 ℃ after welding;
4) the welding rod is selected from three types: d667 and J507 welding rods and Ni-based welding rods, wherein the D667 and the J507 welding rods are heated at 200 ℃ and are kept warm for 1-2 hours; the nickel-based alloy welding rod needs to be heated and dried;
5) a welding rod of Cr-Mn or Cr-Ni is adopted for backing welding, and a layer of Cr-Mn or Cr-Ni is firstly overlaid to serve as an isolation welding bead.
2. The method for overlaying a high chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate according to claim 1, wherein in the step 5), when a J507 electrode is used for backing welding, a nickel-based alloy electrode is used for filling welding of the transition layer as the transition layer.
3. The build-up welding method for building up a high chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate according to claim 2, wherein when a nickel-based welding material is used as the filler metal, the interlayer temperature of the build-up welding layer is controlled during the build-up welding process. (ii) a And knocking the welding line by a small hammer after welding each layer of welding line.
4. The method for overlaying a high-chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate according to claim 3, wherein the overlaying composite plate has a single-pass welding width of 30-50mm and a flat wear-resistant layer, the wear-resistant layer releases stress by forming fine and uniform cracks in the overlaying process, the flatness of the whole plate surface is maintained, the stress concentration is limited, the cracks are only limited in a hard layer, and the cracks cannot expand into the Q235 steel plate with good toughness in the using process.
5. The bead welding method for bead welding high-chromium alloy on Q235 steel plate according to claim 4, characterized in that the metallurgical structure of the bead welding wear-resistant layer is hypereutectic high-chromium alloy, Cr7C3The primary phase is fine and uniform, and the matrix is Cr7C3Eutectic structures with austenite and martensite; hexagonal Cr7C3Vickers faciesThe hardness reaches HV 1700; the hardness of the overlaying layer is HRC 50-62, the thickness of the single-layer overlaying layer is 3.5-6.5 mm, the thickness of the substrate is more than or equal to 6mm, and the specification of the composite plate is less than or equal to 1 multiplied by 2 m; the tensile and impact resistance of the composite steel plate is not lower than that of a welded joint of a Q235 steel plate.
6. A method for overlaying a high chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate according to claim 5, wherein the process for avoiding the cracking of the overlaying metal during the welding process comprises the following steps: 1. the preheating temperature of the parent metal is increased; 2. controlling the interlayer temperature in the welding process; 3. after welding, performing heat preservation and slow cooling treatment on the workpiece; the control of the interlayer temperature in the welding process is the most critical, and the interlayer temperature in the surfacing process is controlled at 300-350 ℃.
7. A method of build-up welding of a high chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate according to claim 6, wherein in order to avoid white spots, the workpiece is welded by using an alloy material containing a high amount of carbon and silicon or a non-alloy welding material such as a nickel-based alloy, a copper-based alloy, or a high vanadium steel, or the workpiece is preheated and slowly cooled during welding to sufficiently precipitate graphite.
8. A method of overlay welding a high chromium alloy on a Q235 steel plate according to claim 7, wherein the measures for preventing cracks are: 1. adopting pure nickel or copper-nickel welding rods and welding wires to increase the plasticity of weld metal; heating to reduce the tensile stress on the weld; 2. preheating and slow cooling treatment are carried out on the weldment, the temperature of the welding layer is controlled, and the temperature difference of the weldment is reduced.
9. The bead welding method for bead welding the high chromium alloy on the Q235 steel plate according to claim 8, characterized in that, in order to prevent the cracking and peeling in the heat treatment process after welding during bead welding, the bead welding metal and the base metal should adopt the similar linear expansion coefficient and phase transition temperature; the fusion ratio is reduced as much as possible during surfacing, and the dilution rate is reduced; the method adopts the measures of preheating, interlayer temperature and the like to prevent the cracking and peeling of the overlaying layer, the preheating temperature is higher than the transformation temperature of the martensite of the base material, and the generation of cracks and air holes is prevented; during overlaying, when the overlaying layer reaches the specified thickness, primary stress relief heat treatment can be carried out; and the medium-temperature tempering treatment can also be adopted, so that the welded structure is improved, the thermal stress is eliminated, and dispersed carbide is precipitated to form secondary hardening.
10. The bead welding method for bead welding the high chromium alloy on the Q235 steel plate according to claim 9, wherein in order to improve the heat cracking resistance of the nickel-based electrode for chromium alloy welding, the chemical composition of the weld metal is adjusted to reduce the brittleness temperature range of the weld; adding a proper amount of rare earth elements to enhance the desulfurization and dephosphorization reaction of the welding line; in the welding process, the solidification structure of a molten pool is refined by improving the nucleation rate and inhibiting the growth of crystal nuclei, and a proper amount of refined crystal grain elements are correspondingly added to refine the crystal grains of the welding line so as to obtain a stable and uniform welding line structure.
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