CN110627712B - 5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在作为壳低聚糖褐变标志物中的应用 - Google Patents

5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在作为壳低聚糖褐变标志物中的应用 Download PDF

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CN110627712B
CN110627712B CN201910936057.5A CN201910936057A CN110627712B CN 110627712 B CN110627712 B CN 110627712B CN 201910936057 A CN201910936057 A CN 201910936057A CN 110627712 B CN110627712 B CN 110627712B
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梅余霞
梁运祥
张俊
陈振民
彭楠
赵述淼
胡咏梅
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Huazhong Agricultural University
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Abstract

本发明属于生物工程领域,具体涉及5‑羟基‑2吡啶甲醇异构体在作为壳低聚糖褐变标志物中的应用。申请人分析发现,LMWC发生美拉德反应(MR)的进程中存在着中间产物,其为5‑羟基‑2吡啶甲醇的异构体(5‑H‑2PMIS),在整个MR反应中持续存在,因此该物质可作为LMWC的褐变标志物。通过对5‑H‑2PMIS含量和色素OD420的监测发现,水分含量、pH值、温度和CO2、抑制剂对MR有很大影响。本发明确定了壳低聚糖美拉德反应重要的中间物质,填补了空白。

Description

5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在作为壳低聚糖褐变标志物中的 应用
技术领域
本发明属于生物工程领域,具体涉及5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在作为壳低聚糖褐变标志物中的应用。
背景技术
壳低聚糖(Low molecular weight chitosan,LMWC)是壳聚糖的降解产物,不仅保留了壳聚糖的功能特性,还解决了壳聚糖溶解性差的问题,应用价值得以大幅增加。然而,LMWC制备和储存过程中,往往存在着产品分散度大、易发生美拉德反应而褐变等问题,从而严重影响其实际应用的效果。
美拉德反应(Maillard reaction,MR)是指发生在氨基化合物(蛋白质、肽、氨基酸等)与羰基化合物(还原糖、醛、酮等)之间的一系列复杂反应。因为反应最终产物是类黑素且无需酶参与反应,所以也称作类黑素反应或非酶褐变反应。MR涉及一系列复杂的反应过程,并受多种因素的影响,如:温度、底物浓度、反应时间、初始pH、水分活度、反应物自身性质和反应物组分比等。按照Hodge提出的网络系统分类,MR可分为初期、中期和末期三个阶段,需经过亲核加成、分子重排、脱水、环化等步骤,先后产生还原性酮、二羰基化合物、吡嗪化合物、呋喃化合物等小分子,直至生成类黑精等大分子。一般,食品褐变的重要中间产物是5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethyfurfural,5-HMF),检测这种物质就可以预测褐变的速度。另外,美拉德反应终产物是一些深色大分子物质,常用420nm处的吸收值可以直观的反映褐变情况。LMWC是一种含氨基的糖类,因此分子之间可发生MR(Tao et al 2012),造成产品颜色加深、生物活性下降,影响产品的应用,因此在LMWC的生产和储存过程中应对MR加以控制。但目前缺乏对其MR过程的检测和有效控制,没有明确的褐化标志物来监测。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供给了5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在作为壳寡糖褐变标志物中的应用。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供了5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在壳低聚糖褐变控制中的应用。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采取以下技术措施:
5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在作为壳寡糖褐变标志物中的应用,所述的5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体与5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇在LC-MS检测中碎片离子相同,HPLC分析中的保留时间不同。
5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在壳低聚糖褐变控制中的应用,包括利用检测5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体的含量来研究可抑制壳低聚糖褐变的物质或者环境条件;
以上所述的应用中,优选的,采取下述方式控制低壳聚糖的褐变:
配制浓度为5-15%的壳聚糖胶体溶液,按5-18U/g酶底比加入内切壳聚糖酶,35-55℃下酶解2-5h,并于酶解初期添加溶液质量的0.05%-1.0%的亚硫酸钠,酶解期间用电动搅拌器按100-300r/min的速度保持均速搅拌,反应结束后,煮沸使酶失活,再经超滤器处理既得。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点:
在以前壳低聚糖和壳寡糖的酶法制备过程的相关报道中,主要考虑的是酶解的效果,产物得率同,而忽略了氨基糖的美拉德反应。事实上,这些氨基糖在生产和贮存的过程中都会明显褐化,严重影响其生物学活性,甚至产生有毒有害成份。而不同的反应物参与MR,会发生不同的反应进程。本发明基于这一点,确定了壳低聚糖美拉德反应重要的中间物质,填补了空白。以此作为标志物,可对产物的褐化进行有效监测和控制。
附图说明
图1为对5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)、5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇、不同褐变程度的LMWC样品的HPLC分析示意图;
其中a为对5-HMF标准品的HPLC分析示意图;b为对5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇标准品的HPLC分析示意图;c为对0天、30天、60天的LMWC样品的HPLC分析示意图。
图2为LMWC样品特征峰物质和5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇标准品的LC-MS图。
其中,a是收集LWMC样品的HPLC特征峰物质(也就是MR标志物)而后浓缩进行质谱分析的图,b是5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇标准品的LC-MS图。
具体实施方式
本发明所述技术方案,如未特别说明,均为本领域的常规方案;所述试剂或材料,如未特别说明,均来源于商业渠道。
实施例1:
壳低聚糖(LMWC)的酶解制备方法,包括下述步骤:
配制浓度为10%的壳聚糖胶体溶液,按9.2U/g酶底比加入内切壳聚糖酶,47℃下酶解3h,期间用电动搅拌器按200r/min的速度保持均速搅拌。反应结束后,煮沸10min使酶失活,反应样品经超滤器处理后,收集LMWC样品,LMWC的得率为47.85%。
实施例2:
壳低聚糖褐变标志物的筛选:
1)在本发明中,对LMWC美拉德反应产物的分析是通过HPLC法检测MR的重要中间产物含量。在大量的研究报道中,认为食品等相关的MR反应中,5-HMF是褐变的重要中间产物,常作为检测褐变速度的指标(Ledl and Schleicher 1990)。另外就是对色素的测量,通过测定OD420实现。
对5-HMF、5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇、不同褐变程度的LMWC样品(即根据实施例1的方式制备好后,37℃密封保存0d、10d、60d的样品)进行HPLC分析。
色谱条件:色谱柱为Agient ZORBAX Eclipse Plus-C18柱(2.1×100mm,3.5μm),流速0.3mL/min,进样量2μL。柱温30℃,检测波长为284nm。流动相为甲醇、水(15/85),等度洗脱。
结果如图1所示:如图1中a所示,5-HMF标品的保留时间(RT)在11.5min左右。然而,在不同MR程度的LMWC样品中,均未见这一特征峰,说明LMWC发生MR反应不会产生5-HMF,应该选择其他中间产物作为衡量MR程度指标。由图1中c可知,不同MR程度的LMWC都有一个RT在15.5min附近的特征峰,并且该特征峰对应的峰面积与MR程度呈正相关关系,可以作为衡量MR程度的一个参考指标。但仅由HPLC,无法确定该物质,需要做LC-MS分析。
2)将37℃密封保存10d和60d的LMWC样品进行LC-MS分析,得到特征峰物质的m/z分别为126.0549和126.0551,RT分别为3.667min和3.664min,而5-HMF标品的m/z和RT分别为127.0388和2.716min,进一步得出该物质不是5-HMF,由谱库推断该物质为5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇。接着,对5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇也进行了HPLC分析,结果如图1中b所示,RT在10.1min左右,与15.5min差距也很大。
LC-MS条件为:ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(2.1mm×100mm,3.5μm),流动相为流动相为0.1%的甲酸水(A)与乙腈(B),流速为0.3mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为2μL,梯度洗脱条件为:0-12min,10-80%B;12-18min,80%B;18-20min,80-10%B;20-22min,10%B。洗脱液进入MS检测器,采用电喷雾(ESI)离子源,正离子检测模式;雾化N2的压力为275.8kPa,干燥N2的流速为9L/min,干燥N2的温度为350℃;毛细管电压为3500V;采用全扫描模式,扫描质量范围m/z为10-1000。
为进一步确认该物质与5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇的关系,对HPLC峰图中对应的标志物组分收集后提纯、浓缩,与5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇标品一起进行LC-MS分析。由图2中a和b可知,样品中特征峰物质和5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇的质谱图中均有m/z为126.055x(箭头所指)(LC-MS分析认为m/z小数点前3位均相同时,二者极有可能为同一物质)的分子离子峰,对该离子峰进行二级质谱分析。经二级质谱分析,特征峰物质和5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇都有53.039x和108.044x的碎片离子,但两者的RT仍然不一致,说明该特征峰物质是5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇的异构体(5-H-2PMIS),分子式为C6H7ON2
该异构体在实际检测中可以根据液相和LC-MS图谱来进行判定,用于表征LMWC的美拉德反应进程,该物质在LMWC的美拉德反应中一直存在,可作为LMWC褐化反应的标志物。
实施例3:
5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体在作为壳低聚糖褐变标志物中的应用:
本实施例以5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420为指标,研究温度、样品pH、样品含水量和环境氧浓度及抑制剂种类对LMWC的美拉德反应的影响:
1)温度
设置了不同温度梯度保存LMWC,测量5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间的变化,在-20℃、4℃和室温下保存样品时,5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420几乎都无变化;28℃下保存样品时,5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间的增长速度相对较慢;37℃下保存时,前25d内5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间快速增长,之后增长速度变慢,并且整体表现为温度越高,褐变越快。因此LMWC适于在低于28℃的环境中长期保存。
2)pH
将不同pH值的LMWC在同一条件下保存,测量5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间的变化。
结果显示:pH3.0的LMWC在保存过程中,5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420基本无变化;pH4.0的样品,5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间缓慢增长;pH5.0和pH6.0的样品,5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420在前25d增长较快,之后增长变慢;pH6.5(自然pH)的样品,5-H-2PMIS含量在前20d增长较快,之后变慢,但增长趋势小于pH5.0和pH6.0的样品,OD420增长速度较慢。整体趋势为样品pH越低,褐变越慢;pH介于5.0~6.0之间时,褐变较快;当pH>6.0之后,褐变速度又急剧下降。国家对LMWC作为食品原料所规定的pH介于5.0~7.0之间。因此,LMWC长期保存时,样品pH应介于6.0~7.0之间。
3)水分
将不同含水量的LMWC在同一条件下保存,测量5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间的变化,不同水分的LMWC样品在保存过程中,5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420在前30d随时间线性增加,之后增长变慢。因为褐变速度过快,水分为17.5%和20%的样品在10d之后部分不溶于水,造成5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420小于水分较低的样品,但也正因如此,可以将水分对美拉德反应的影响归纳为水分越大,褐变越快。因此,LMWC在保存时应保证样品水分较低。以20%水分为例,20%指得是100g样品中含有20g水和80gLMWC。
4)抑制剂
若有物质可在MR反应的初级阶段转化Schiffs碱,使其无法生成葡糖胺,则可抑制MR,向LMWC中添加几种抑制剂(异抗坏血酸钠SE、抗坏血酸-棕榈酸脂L-AP、维生素C、叔丁基对苯二酚TBHQ、真菌提取物FE、亚硫酸钠SS),之后置于同一条件下保存,测量5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间的变化,结果显示:添加了不同抑制剂的LMWC在保存过程中,5-H-2PMIS含量随时间呈线性增长,OD420随时间呈平缓增加趋势。整体而言,SE、L-AP、Vc、TBHQ(易被氧化变红造成OD420变大)和FE均不能有效抑制褐变;相对而言,SS能在一定程度上减缓褐变的进程。因此,LMWC在保存过程中可添加少量SS抑制褐变。
5)O2与CO2
本实验通过厌氧产气袋制造无氧环境的同时,会产生等量的CO2,CO2不属于惰性气体,能参与化学反应。本实验在本质上更应该称为CO2对美拉德反应的影响。LMWC在二氧化碳浓度不同的条件下保存,5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间的变化,结果显示:有CO2存在下,褐变较快,5-H-2PMIS含量和OD420随时间极速增加,在20d时出现水不溶物,导致相应数据下降。但也正因如此,可以将CO2对美拉德反应的影响归纳为CO2浓度越高,褐变越快。因此,在LMWC保存过程中,因避免接触高浓度CO2
实施例4:
5-羟基-2吡啶甲醇异构体标志物在壳低聚糖褐变控制中的应用:
本实施例根据实施例3中抑制剂的结果,在酶解制备壳低聚糖的初期,通过添加SS来抑制壳低聚糖褐变,具体方法如下:
配制浓度为10%的壳聚糖胶体溶液,按9.2U/g酶底比加入内切壳聚糖酶,同时加入整个溶液的质量的0.5%的SS,47℃下酶解3h,酶解期间用电动搅拌器按200r/min的速度保持均速搅拌。反应结束后,煮沸10min使酶失活,再经超滤器处理,LMWC的得率为49.78%。由此得到的LMWC储存于温度37℃密封环境中,在30d的储存期后5-H-2PMIS含量和色素OD420值较之利用实施例1的方式制备LMWC(以与本实施例相同条件保存),分别下降29.1%和50.1%。

Claims (2)

1.一种检测壳低聚糖褐变程度的方法,特征在于:对壳低聚糖待测物进行HPLC分析,通过检测标志物在壳低聚糖中的含量实现壳低聚糖褐变程度的检测,所述标志物分子式为C6H7ON2,且其HPLC保留时间为15.5min,在LC-MS分析中存在m/z为126.055x的分子离子峰,该分子离子峰经二级质谱分析存在53.039x和108.044x的碎片离子,其中HPLC色谱条件:色谱柱为Agient ZORBAX Eclipse Plus-C18柱2.1×100 mm, 3.5 μm,流速0.3 mL/min,进样量2μL;柱温30°C,检测波长为284 nm;流动相为甲醇、水15/85,等度洗脱。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,特征在于:所述壳低聚糖制备方法为配制浓度为5-15%的壳聚糖胶体溶液,按5-18 U/g 酶底比加入内切壳聚糖酶,35-55°C下酶解2-5h,并于酶解初期添加溶液质量的0.05%-1.0%的亚硫酸钠,酶解期间用电动搅拌器按100 -300r/min的速度保持均速搅拌,反应结束后,煮沸使酶失活,再经超滤器处理既得。
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