CN110592171A - 一种新型固定化氧化还原酶电极及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种新型固定化氧化还原酶电极及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种新型固定化氧化还原酶电极及其制备方法,首先通过卤代羧酸、咪唑类化合物制备修饰剂;将修饰剂与羰基二咪唑混合加入到无水二甲亚砜中,磁力搅拌反应得到活性体;将活性体加入到氧化还原酶液中透析得到酰化氧化还原酶溶液;再利用硝酸锌溶液,2‑甲基咪唑、酰化氧化还原酶溶液与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮混合溶液制备固定化氧化还原酶粉末;最后制备氧化还原酶电极。本发明结合了MOFs材料比表面积大、种类多、负载量大、结构稳定等特征,通过制备工艺的改进,将带单体的修饰酶嵌入在MOFs骨架中,既能保证固定化后酶的活性不会明显降低,又可以进一步改进酶的重复使用稳定性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备技术,具体涉及一种新型固定化氧化还原酶电极及其制备方法。
背景技术
酶作为生物催化剂,在温和的反应条件下催化效率高,并具有高度的专一性和选择性,被广泛应用于生物医药,环境保护、能源,食品和化工等行业。氧化还原酶是一种在常温常压得条件下具有特殊催化功能的高效生物催化剂,催化效率比一般催化剂高出107-1013倍,并具有专一性,很多化学反应可以采用氧化还原酶作为催化剂,而且可以避免副反应。它不仅催化生物体内化学反应,而且催化非体内的化学发应。但由于氧化还原酶的组成和结构,环境对其影响较大,极易导致酶催化活性的降低。在催化过程中,随着时间的推移,酶的催化活性会逐渐下降,导致催化效率降低,也不易回收重复利用,为了解决游离氧化还原酶的这种问题,人们引入了酶固定化技术。与游离酶相比,固定化酶在节能,降低成本,保护环境,生产自动化、连续化等许多方面都是有利的。酶的固定化技术为氧化还原酶的应用开拓了广阔的前景。
金属有机骨架(MOFs)是由金属离子簇与有机配体组成的三维复合结构,具有比表面积大、种类多、负载量大、结构稳定等特征,其多孔结构能够维持生物分子构型、增强生物稳定性、提高生物分子负载效率。生物或药物分子通过表面固定、扩散固定或封装固定负载在MOFs表面或内部,MOFs能够通过调节金属离子簇与有机配体设计出具有不同孔隙率、不同孔径的生物亲和性多孔骨架结构。MOFs-酶可以维持酶的稳定性,增强酶的生物活性,提高酶负载率。与其它酶固定化材料相比,MOFs可以提高酶的可重复使用率及回收率、简化酶固定化步骤、降低酶固定化成本等。同时,MOFs作为大孔隙率的金属骨架,其空间结构可以避免酶的聚集,并且使酶的构象变化可以在有限空间中受到一定程度的限制,结构刚性得到增强。
专利申请200610052954.2公开了一种以碳纳米管纳米纤维为载体固定化氧化还原酶的方法,将纳米纤维用去离子水和pH 7.0、离子强度为0.05mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液分别冲洗3-5次,浸润;在1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐/N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,振荡活化2-10h,而后将纳米纤维取出,用磷酸盐缓冲溶液清洗4~6次;将酶溶解于pH7.0,离子强度0.05mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,制成浓度为0.1-1mg/mL的酶溶液;将活化的纳米纤维完全浸没于酶溶液中,密封后在25℃下振荡0.5-8h;从溶液中取出膜,用磷酸盐缓冲溶液清洗4次,可得到碳纳米管/丙烯腈共聚物复合纤维固定化酶;将固定化纳米纤维放于4℃下储存备用。该发明制备的固定化氧化还原酶,易于从反应体系中回收,可以重复使用,储存稳定性明显增强,但碳纳米纤维分散性差,容易使酶聚集而导致酶利用率低下。
专利申请201310050672.9公开了一种反应-吸附耦合固定化氧化还原酶的制备方法,在固定化反应器中加入聚苯胺单体和蒸馏水使得溶液的摩尔浓度为0.01-0.2mol/L,用酸调节溶液pH为1.0-7.0;充分搅拌至待溶液充分混合均匀后,在-10℃-50℃条件下恒温静置;再向固定化反应器中加入事先在-10℃-50℃条件下恒温的引发剂和助剂,引发剂与单体的摩尔浓度比为1:0.3-1:5,助剂和单体的摩尔浓度比为1:1-1:10,同时加入游离氧化酶或还原酶,单体质量与酶质量比为1:0.01-1:0.1;然后搅拌使整个体系混合均匀,放置于-10℃-45℃恒温条件下反应12-24h;反应结束后,分别用蒸馏水、无水乙醇过滤洗涤多次至滤液无色,然后将产物真空干燥或冷冻干燥8-24h,得到固定化酶。该发明制备的氧化还原酶采用吸附的方法减少了共价结合对酶活的影响,操作条件温和,生物相容性好,但吸附效率低下,不易投产。
发明内容
本发明针对共价固定化及交联方式能明显改进分子间的作用力,从而提高重复稳定性,但也严重影响了酶的活性的问题,提供一种新型的固定化方式,在保持酶活性不降低的同时,又能增强载体与酶分子间的作用力。制备了一种新型固定化氧化还原酶电极。新型MOFs材料修饰固定化氧化还原酶制备酶电极的方法,以增强酶的生物活性,提高灵敏度和稳定性。
具体的,本发明采用的技术方案是:
一种新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)对氧化还原酶进行修饰:
将卤代羧酸溶于乙腈中,加入咪唑类化合物,第一次磁力搅拌反应,将得到的反应产物用无水乙醚萃取,得到下层油状物质,真空干燥,得到羧酸甲基咪唑修饰剂;将羧酸甲基咪唑修饰剂与羰基二咪唑混合,加入到无水二甲亚砜中,第二次磁力搅拌,室温反应,得到活性体;将活性体加入到氧化还原酶液中,第三次磁力搅拌反应,透析,得到酰化氧化还原酶溶液;
(2)制备固定化氧化还原酶:
将硝酸锌加入到去离子水中,得到溶液A;将2-甲基咪唑、酰化氧化还原酶溶液与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)溶解于去离子水中,得到溶液B;将溶液A与溶液B混合,搅拌,离心、洗涤,冻干得到固定化氧化还原酶粉末;
(3)氧化还原酶电极的制备:
称取固定化氧化还原酶粉末溶解在去离子水中,超声处理后得载体溶液,用移液管将载体溶液滴在电极表面,在红外灯照射下干燥电极,待电极表面干燥后得到氧化还原酶电极。
进一步地,所述卤代羧酸为氯乙酸或溴丙酸;所述咪唑类化合物为1,2-二甲基咪唑或1-丁基-2甲基咪唑。
进一步地,所述卤代羧酸与咪唑类化合物的摩尔比为2:1~10:1。
进一步地,所述第一次磁力搅拌反应的温度为60~100℃,所述第一次磁力搅拌反应的时间为5~10h;所述第三次磁力搅拌反应的温度为0~4℃,所述第三次磁力搅拌反应的时间为8~24h。
进一步地,所述羧酸甲基咪唑修饰剂与羰二咪唑的摩尔比为1:1~3:1;所述室温反应的时间为2-8h;所述活性体与氧化还原酶液的体积比为2μL:1mL~5μL:1mL,所述氧化还原酶液的浓度为150~350μM。
进一步地,所述氧化还原酶液中的氧化还原酶为过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、胆固醇氧化酶、乙醇脱氢酶、漆酶、多酚氧化酶中的一种。
进一步地,所述硝酸锌、去离子水与2-甲基咪唑的用量比为10~400mg:1~5mL:410.0mg;所述2-甲基咪唑、酰化氧化还原酶溶液与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的用量比为410.0mg:5mL:50.0mg;溶解的温度为42℃;所述搅拌的时间为5-10min。
进一步地,所述固定化氧化还原酶粉末用量为10mg,去离子水的用量为1~5mL;所述载体干燥时间为20min,滴在电极表面的载体溶液为10μL。
所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法制备的固定化氧化还原酶电极。
与现有技术相比较,本发明的有益效果体现如下:
MOFs-酶可以维持酶的稳定性,增强酶的生物活性,提高酶负载率。与其它酶固定化方式相比,本发明首先选用了MOFs材料的单体小分子修饰氧化还原酶,定向改善氧化还原酶的酶学性质,然后在原位常温下水相制备固定化酶的过程中,将带单体的修饰酶嵌入在MOFs骨架中,在MOFs晶胞骨架形成的同时将修饰酶分子通过单体小分子拴在“孔道”中。因为狭小的“窗口孔径”以及共价作用力保持酶分子不泄露,这样既能保证固定化后酶的活性不会明显降低,又可以进一步改进酶的重复使用稳定性。制成的固定化氧化还原酶电极灵敏度高,稳定性好。
附图说明
图1中a为实施例1制备的以MOFs为载体固定化修饰后的辣根过氧化物酶的XRD图;b为以MOFs为载体固定化辣根过氧化物酶的XRD图;c为MOFs材料的XRD图。
图2中a为实施例1制备的以MOFs为载体固定化修饰后的辣根过氧化物酶的红外图谱;b为以MOFs为载体固定化辣根过氧化物酶的红外图谱;c为MOFs材料的红外图谱。
图3中a为实施例1制备的MOFs载体的电镜图;b为以MOFs为载体固定化辣根过氧化物酶的电镜图;c为以MOFs材料为载体固定修饰后的辣根过氧化物酶的电镜图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但本发明的保护范围并不限于此。
实施例1:
(1)对辣根过氧化物酶进行修饰:
取10mmol氯乙酸溶于10mL乙腈后,加入干燥的圆底烧瓶中,待溶解完全后,慢慢滴加1.1mmol的1-丁基-2-甲基咪唑,100℃下回流磁力搅拌反应10h,反应结束后,用无水乙醚萃取两次,取下层黄色油状物质,70℃真空干燥24h,得到黄色稠状液体1-丁基-2-甲基-3-乙酸基咪唑溴盐修饰剂;取1mmol的1-丁基-2-甲基3-乙酸基咪唑溴盐,加入1mmol羰基二咪唑,在2mL的无水二甲亚砜的作用下磁力搅拌,室温反应8h后停止,反应完毕之后,得到活性体;将90μL的活性体加入到5mL的浓度为350μM辣根过氧化物酶液中,在4℃下,磁力搅拌24h后停止反应,透析24h,得到甲基咪唑酰化辣根过氧化物酶溶液。
(2)制备固定化辣根过氧化物酶:
称取400mg硝酸锌加入5.0mL去离子水中,得到溶液A;将410.0mg 2-甲基咪唑、5mL甲基咪唑酰化辣根过氧化物酶溶液、50.0mg聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PVP在42℃下溶解于25mL去离子水中,得到溶液B;然后将溶液A、溶液B两种溶液进行混合,搅拌10min后,4800rpm离心收集固定化酶产物,用过量的去离子水洗涤,冻干后得到金属有机骨架材料固定化的辣根过氧化物酶粉末。
(3)辣根过氧化物酶电极的制备:
称取10mg固定化辣根过氧化物酶粉末溶解在去离子水中,超声处理后得载体溶液,用移液管将10μL载体溶液滴在电极表面,在红外灯下干燥电极20min,待电极表面干燥后得到辣根过氧化物酶电极。
图1中a为实施例1制备的以MOFs为载体固定化修饰后的辣根过氧化物酶的XRD图;b为以MOFs为载体固定化辣根过氧化物酶的XRD图;c为MOFs材料的XRD图。通过XRD衍射图谱的对比,说明本实施例制备的辣根过氧化物酶电极上形成了MOFs载体结构,且本实施例制备的固定化修饰后的辣根过氧化物酶之后,没有影响MOFs晶型的改变。
图2中a为实施例1制备的以MOFs为载体固定化修饰后的辣根过氧化物酶的红外图谱;b为以MOFs为载体固定化辣根过氧化物酶的红外图谱;c为MOFs材料的红外图谱。三种材料均在1100cm-1处显示出特征峰,表明辣根过氧化物酶被镶嵌在MOFs中。
图3中a为实施例1制备的MOFs载体的电镜图;b为以MOFs为载体固定化辣根过氧化物酶的电镜图;c为以MOFs材料为载体固定修饰后的辣根过氧化物酶的电镜图。三种材料在粒径大小和分布上有较大的差异,a的颗粒大小分布不均匀,而b和c的晶体形状更加规整,粒度大小分布均匀,且其均匀的粒径分布和较小的晶粒尺寸可能会导较大最大的外比表面积。
另外,还研究了没食子酸丙酯在此修饰电极上的电化学氧化行为,最终实现了没食子酸丙酯的灵敏检测,检出限为4.5nM。
实施例2:
(1)对漆酶进行修饰:
取10mmol溴丙酸溶于10mL乙腈后,加入干燥的圆底烧瓶中,待溶解完全后,慢慢滴加1.1mmol的1,2-二甲基咪唑,60℃下回流磁力搅拌反应5h,反应结束后,用无水乙醚萃取两次,取下层黄色油状物质,70℃真空干燥24h,得到黄色稠状液体1,2-甲基-3-丙酸基咪唑溴盐修饰剂;取1mmol的1,2-甲基-3-丙酸基咪唑溴盐,加入1mmol羰基二咪唑,在2mL的无水二甲亚砜的作用下磁力搅拌,室温反应2h后停止,反应完毕之后,得到活性体;将90μL的活性体加入到5mL的浓度为150μM漆酶液中,在0℃下,磁力搅拌8h后停止反应,透析24h,得到甲基咪唑酰化漆酶溶液。
(2)制备固定化漆酶:
称取371.3mg硝酸锌加入3.0mL去离子水中,得到溶液A;将410.0mg2-甲基咪唑、5mL甲基咪唑酰化漆酶溶液、50.0mg聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PVP在42℃下溶解于25mL去离子水中,得到溶液B;然后将溶液A、溶液B两种溶液进行混合,搅拌5min后,4800rpm离心收集固定化酶产物,用过量的去离子水洗涤,冻干后得到金属有机骨架材料固定化的漆酶粉末。
(3)漆酶电极的制备:
称取10mg固定化漆酶粉末溶解在去离子水中,超声处理后得载体溶液,用移液管将10μL载体溶液滴在电极表面,在红外灯下干燥电极20min,待电极表面干燥后得到漆酶电极。
研究了2,4-二氯苯酚在此修饰电极上的电化学氧化行为,最终实现了2,4-二氯苯酚的灵敏检测,检出限为3.3×10-11mol/L。
实施例3:
(1)对多酚氧化酶进行修饰:
取10mmol溴丙酸溶于10mL乙腈后,加入干燥的圆底烧瓶中,待溶解完全后,慢慢滴加1.1mmol的1丁基-2-甲基咪唑,80℃下回流磁力搅拌反应7h,反应结束后,用无水乙醚萃取两次,取下层黄色油状物质,70℃真空干燥24h,得到黄色稠状液体1-丁基-2-甲基-3-丙酸基咪唑溴盐修饰剂;取1mmol的1丁基-2甲基3-丙酸基咪唑溴盐,加入1mmol羰基二咪唑,在2mL的无水二甲亚砜的作用下磁力搅拌,室温反应6h后停止,反应完毕之后,得到活性体;将90μL的活性体加入到5mL的浓度为200μM多酚氧化酶液中,在2℃下,磁力搅拌12h后停止反应,透析24h,得到甲基咪唑酰化多酚氧化酶溶液。
(2)制备固定化多酚氧化酶:
称取10mg硝酸锌加入1.0mL去离子水中,得到溶液A;将410.0mg2-甲基咪唑、5mL甲基咪唑酰化多酚氧化酶溶液、50.0mg聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PVP在42℃下溶解于25mL去离子水中,得到溶液B;然后将溶液A、溶液B两种溶液进行混合,搅拌7min后,4800rpm离心收集固定化酶产物,用过量的去离子水洗涤,冻干后得到金属有机骨架材料固定化的多酚氧化酶粉末。
(3)多酚氧化酶电极的制备:
称取10mg固定化多酚氧化酶粉末溶解在去离子水中,超声处理后得载体溶液,用移液管将10μL载体溶液滴在电极表面,在红外灯下干燥电极20min,待电极表面干燥后得到多酚氧化酶电极。
研究了己烯雌酚在此修饰电极上的电化学氧化行为,最终实现了己烯雌酚的灵敏检测,检出限为2.7nM。
此外,本发明的氧化还原酶液中氧化还原酶为过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、胆固醇氧化酶、乙醇脱氢酶、漆酶、多酚氧化酶的一种。
所述实施例为本发明的优选的实施方式,但本发明并不限于上述实施方式,在不背离本发明的实质内容的情况下,本领域技术人员能够做出的任何显而易见的改进、替换或变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)对氧化还原酶进行修饰:
将卤代羧酸溶于乙腈中,加入咪唑类化合物,第一次磁力搅拌反应,将得到的反应产物用无水乙醚萃取,得到下层油状物质,真空干燥,得到羧酸甲基咪唑修饰剂;将羧酸甲基咪唑修饰剂与羰基二咪唑混合,加入到无水二甲亚砜中,第二次磁力搅拌,室温反应,得到活性体;将活性体加入到氧化还原酶液中,第三次磁力搅拌反应,透析,得到酰化氧化还原酶溶液;
(2)制备固定化氧化还原酶:
将硝酸锌加入到去离子水中,得到溶液A;将2-甲基咪唑、酰化氧化还原酶溶液与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)溶解于去离子水中,得到溶液B;将溶液A与溶液B混合,搅拌,离心、洗涤,冻干得到固定化氧化还原酶粉末;
(3)氧化还原酶电极的制备:
称取固定化氧化还原酶粉末溶解在去离子水中,超声处理后得载体溶液,用移液管将载体溶液滴在电极表面,在红外灯照射下干燥电极,待电极表面干燥后得到氧化还原酶电极。
2.根据权利要求1所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述卤代羧酸为氯乙酸或溴丙酸;所述咪唑类化合物为1,2-二甲基咪唑或1-丁基-2-甲基咪唑。
3.根据权利要求1所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述卤代羧酸与咪唑类化合物的摩尔比为2:1~10:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述第一次磁力搅拌反应的温度为60~100℃,所述第一次磁力搅拌反应的时间为5~10h;所述第三次磁力搅拌反应的温度为0~4℃,所述第三次磁力搅拌反应的时间为8~24h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述羧酸甲基咪唑修饰剂与羰二咪唑的摩尔比为1:1~3:1;所述室温反应的时间为2~8h;所述活性体与氧化还原酶液的体积比为2μL:1mL~5μL:1mL,所述氧化还原酶液的浓度为150~350μM。
6.根据权利要求1所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述氧化还原酶液中的氧化还原酶为过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、胆固醇氧化酶、乙醇脱氢酶、漆酶、多酚氧化酶中的一种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述硝酸锌、去离子水与2-甲基咪唑的用量比为10~400mg:1~5mL:410.0mg;所述2-甲基咪唑、酰化氧化还原酶溶液与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的用量比为410.0mg:5mL:50.0mg;溶解的温度为42℃;所述搅拌的时间为5~10min。
8.根据权利要求1所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述固定化氧化还原酶粉末用量为10mg,去离子水的用量为1~5mL;所述载体干燥时间为20min,滴在电极表面的载体溶液为10μL。
9.权利要求1-8中任一项所述的新型固定化氧化还原酶电极的制备方法制备的固定化氧化还原酶电极。
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