CN110573275A - 通过增材制造途径合成原位金属基质纳米复合物 - Google Patents

通过增材制造途径合成原位金属基质纳米复合物 Download PDF

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CN110573275A
CN110573275A CN201880020279.6A CN201880020279A CN110573275A CN 110573275 A CN110573275 A CN 110573275A CN 201880020279 A CN201880020279 A CN 201880020279A CN 110573275 A CN110573275 A CN 110573275A
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metal matrix
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西瓦·法尼·库玛·亚拉曼奇里
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Oerlikon Surface Solutions AG Pfaeffikon
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Abstract

提出了一种独特且新颖的增材制造途径，通过在选择性激光熔化工艺室中接入反应性等离子体来形成热稳定的原位金属基质纳米复合物。所提出的途径提供非常高的组成自由度，即，具有不同化学计量比的氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、硅化物和其他陶瓷可以在纳米级上掺入任何金属基质中。具有这种纳米复合结构的部件展现出优异的高温结构性能。

Description

通过增材制造途径合成原位金属基质纳米复合物
技术领域
本发明涉及通过增材制造形成原位金属基质纳米复合物的方法。示例是在原料材料的金属基质中的碳化物、氮化物、氧化物、硼化物或它们的组合。
背景技术
选择性激光熔化(SLM)是用于金属部件的增材制造的主力。该过程被透彻地研究并发表在研究文章中，例如C.Y.Yap等人的文章Review of selective laser melting:Materials and applications,Appl.Phys.Rev.2,041101(2015)041101。此项现有技术的工艺示意性地示出在图1中。简而言之，该工艺包括：铺散粉末(优选原子化的粉末)，然后进行激光光栅扫描以引起选择性熔化(图1a)。重复进行粉末铺散和激光光栅扫描，直到获得所需的形状(图1b)。虽然该现有技术声称在工业规模上大规模生产冶金性优良的复杂几何设计，但现有技术受到有限的组成和微结构自由度的影响，即，打印部件的相组成基本上由原料材料限定。最终的微观结构通常是来自原料的成分的亚稳相混合物和平衡。
与该现有技术相比，在根据本发明的所提出的方法中，在原料材料的金属基质中形成了如例如图2所示的独特设计工艺构造的原位纳米级沉淀物结构。所提出的工艺包括以下步骤：在反应性等离子体环境中在粉末床上进行激光光栅扫描；以及对构建平台施加静电势(偏置)。通过适当地接入激光光栅扫描、反应性等离子体和偏置电压，在金属基质中原位形成纳米复合物，如图2中示意性所示。所提出的方法具有非常高的组成自由度，即，具有各种化学计量比的氮化物、氧化物、碳化物和硅化物的纳米颗粒可以掺入几乎任何金属基质中。更有趣的是，这种纳米复合物是热稳定的，因为通过奥斯特瓦尔德熟化过程的颗粒生长在实验上可忽略不计，因为颗粒和基质之间的相互固体溶解度相对较低。
从现有文献中已知，金属基质中氮化物、碳化物、硼化物或氧化物的纳米颗粒的均匀分布将通过阻碍塑性流动而显著地增强高温结构性质，即使体积部分低至5％，例如参见：
(a)GJ.Zhang等人的文献：Microstructure and strengthening mechanism ofOxide lathanum dispersion strengthened molybdenum alloy,Adv.Eng.Mater.2004,6,No.12；
(b)http://www.ifam.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ifam/en/documents/dd/lnfobl％C3％A4tter/dispersion-strengthened_materials_fraunhofer_ifam_dresden.pdf)
总之，所提出的构造中的3D打印部件的特征在于均匀分布在原料基质中的纳米级陶瓷颗粒的热稳定非平衡混合。这种纳米级颗粒增强3D打印部件在室温和升高到0.7Tm的温度下展现出显著优异的结构性能(Tm是基质合金的熔融温度)。
目标是提供增材制造合成途径以对几乎任何金属原料原位形成金属基质纳米复合物。所提出的合成途径的示意图随附于图3。
根据本发明的方法包括6个步骤：
步骤1：在腔室中优先地在粉末床上、优选地在Me粉末床上点燃反应性等离子体，其中，Me粉末是包含金属的粉末，同时通过构建平台在熔融区域中施加几个100eV的静电势。
步骤2：粉末床上的激光光栅扫描非常局部地引起熔池形成。
步骤3：以几个100eV的能量静电驱动反应性气体离子(N+)进入熔池。
步骤4：熔融原料和反应性气体离子之间的化学相互作用引起陶瓷化合物的原位形成，例如碳化物、氮化物、氧化物、硅化物，例如通过以下反应路径：{Me(l)+X+(g)-->MeN(s)}。
步骤5(可选的步骤，但优选地)：通过调整激光功率、光栅扫描速度、偏置电压，熔融原料的等离子体反应性、流体动力和流体再循环模式受到影响，以引起氮化物沉淀物在液池固化之前分解，优选地分解成纳米级。
步骤6：在固化后形成具有纳米级分散的金属基质复合物。
请注意，在如上所述的步骤中，N+可以被任何反应性气体代替，反应性气体例如是诸如(O+、Si+、B+、C+)或其混合物。在步骤4中，l、g和s是反映原子百分比的数字。Me可以是例如Ti和/或Al和/或其混合物。
尽管该工艺被描述用于SLM工艺，但该领域专业人员将同意，该工艺可以被应用于其他的基于熔化的增材制造途径。
图1：(a)层铺散和激光熔化、(b)通过选择性激光熔化工艺形成所需形状的示意图。
图2：通过a)现有技术和b)提出的合成途径制造的增材制造部件的结构差异。
图3：所提出的合成途径中原位金属基质纳米复合物形成的图示。图中的数字表示文中说明的顺序工艺步骤。

Claims (4)

1.一种用于形成包含金属基质纳米复合物的部件的增材制造合成方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
-在腔室中优选地在Me粉末床上进行反应性等离子体点燃，其中，所述Me粉末是包含金属的粉末，同时通过构建平台在熔融区域中施加几个100eV的静电势；
-在所述粉末床上进行激光光栅扫描，以非常局部地引起熔池形成；
-以几个100eV的能量静电驱动反应性气体离子X+进入所述熔池，所述X+例如是N+、O+、Si+、B+和/或C+；
-引起熔融原料和反应性气体离子之间的化学相互作用以原位形成陶瓷化合物，例如碳化物、氮化物、氧化物和/或硅化物，例如通过以下反应路径：{Me(l)+X+(g)-->MeX(s)}；
-固化，从而形成具有纳米级分散的金属基质复合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，调节激光功率和/或光栅扫描速度和/或偏置电压以影响所述熔融原料的流体再循环模式和/或流体动力和/或等离子体反应性，以引起氮化物沉淀物在液池固化之前分解，优选地分解成纳米级。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，反应性气体离子X+是N+离子。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，Me是Ti和/或Al或其混合物。
CN201880020279.6A 2017-02-13 2018-02-09 通过增材制造途径合成原位金属基质纳米复合物 Pending CN110573275A (zh)

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