CN110564920A - Metal prefabricated material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Metal prefabricated material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a metal prefabricated material and a preparation method thereof, wherein a matrix of the material is metal or alloy, allotropic isomeric reinforced phases obtained by selective strengthening and toughening treatment are distributed on the matrix, and the material has the characteristics of high ductility and weldability of a metal equilibrium structure and also has the high strength and high wear resistance of a metal metastable structure under the condition of keeping the weight of the matrix basically unchanged. The method adopts energy beams/fields including high-power laser beams or electron beams, ion beams and induction heat sources, and performs selective strengthening and toughening treatment on a metal or alloy material matrix by using the energy beams/fields to obtain an isomerous enhancement phase on the matrix. The matrix has phase change hardening properties or is obtained by solution prior to aging strengthening. The prefabricated material is particularly suitable for use in the manufacture of vehicles.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of materials, and particularly relates to a metal prefabricated material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
In modern manufacturing industry, how to improve the toughness of materials is a constantly pursued goal of enterprises and engineers. The following will specifically describe the automobile manufacturing industry as an example.
The lightweight of the automobile is beneficial to environmental protection and energy conservation, and the selection and application of the materials are the key points of the lightweight automobile, and mainly appear in three aspects: (1) the steel plate with higher strength is used for replacing a common steel plate, and the thickness and the weight of parts are reduced on the premise of meeting the requirement of the same strength; (2) developing a new material processing technology, optimizing a plate structure, and realizing the light weight of vehicle body parts, such as continuously extruded variable cross-section sectional materials, metal matrix composite plates, laser welded plates, rolled differential thickness plates and the like; (3) the novel light material with high strength and low density is developed to replace the traditional steel parts so as to reduce the dead weight of the automobile, such as metal materials of magnesium, aluminum alloy and the like, and non-metal materials of plastic polymer, ceramic, composite materials and the like. Obviously, through measures such as structure optimization, application of high-strength materials and light materials, innovation of material processing technology and the like, the realization of the light weight of the automobile body is one of important development directions of the current automobile manufacturing while the strength of the whole automobile is maintained.
In addition, in the manufacture of automobiles, particularly passenger cars, various high-strength steels or profiles are often used in order to reduce the weight of the automobiles and to provide good flow line appearance to the automobile bodies. In particular, in recent years, an unequal thickness plate (also referred to as a differential thickness plate) based on a laser welding technique has been widely used as a structural material of a vehicle body or a door. The main bearing part is generally made of a steel plate with larger thickness, the secondary bearing part or the part without bearing force is generally made of a thinner steel plate, the main bearing part and the secondary bearing part are connected by laser welding to ensure the strength of the structural part, and finally, the structural part is formed by punching.
In addition to the unequal thickness plates, the covering panels and the roof panels of the automobile, the frame structure of the automobile body, and the like are also formed by processing plates. In fact, there is a problem of how to reduce the weight of a vehicle and improve transportation efficiency not only in automobile manufacturing but also in manufacturing of aerospace vehicles, ships, high-speed trains, and the like. The best technical route for reducing the self weight of the components is to adopt high-strength steel or even ultrahigh-strength steel. However, this technical route has a major problem in that the welding characteristics and the punching characteristics of the high-strength steel or the ultra-high-strength steel are insufficient, and thus it is difficult to achieve both high strength and good processing characteristics.
Therefore, on the premise of ensuring safety, how to further reduce the thickness of the plate and improve the performance of the plate becomes a target for pursuing by the industry of vehicle manufacturing such as airplanes, space shuttles and automobiles. Therefore, there is a need for a material having both high strength and high rigidity and having good weldability and punching properties. Obviously, the conventional metallic materials cannot satisfy the above requirements.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a metal prefabricated material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the prefabricated material has the characteristics of high ductility and weldability of a metal equilibrium structure, high strength and high wear resistance of a metal reinforced structure, high toughness and light weight.
The invention provides a metal prefabricated material which is characterized in that a matrix of the material is metal or alloy, allotropic isomeric reinforced phases obtained by selective strengthening and toughening treatment are distributed on the matrix, and the material not only has high ductility and weldability of a metal equilibrium structure, but also has high strength and high wear resistance of a metal metastable structure under the condition of keeping the weight of the matrix basically unchanged.
The invention provides a preparation method of a metal prefabricated material, which is characterized in that an energy beam/field comprising a high-power laser beam or an electron beam, an ion beam and an induction heat source is adopted, the energy beam/field is utilized to carry out selective toughening treatment on a metal or alloy material, an isomerous reinforcing phase is obtained on a matrix of the metal or alloy material, and the metal or alloy material not only has ductility and weldability of a metal equilibrium structure but also has high strength and high wear resistance of a metal metastable structure under the condition of keeping the weight of the matrix basically unchanged.
The substrate can be a plate with equal thickness or different thicknesses; the substrate can be made of steel materials, and can also comprise non-ferrous metal materials such as aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and the like.
The reinforcing phase is the same isomorphous form as the base metal, provided that a metal or alloy material with phase change hardening characteristics or solid solution + age strengthening characteristics is adopted as a matrix. The reinforcing phase can be in a linear shape, a spherical particle shape or a semispherical shape or other shapes on the matrix, and the shape and the distribution area of the reinforcing phase are planned in advance according to the performance requirement and the processing requirement. The reinforcing phases distributed on different areas of the matrix can be selected according to the requirements on the material, and when the performance requirements of the material on different areas are inconsistent, the strength, hardness, quantity, size and distribution density of the reinforcing phases are correspondingly changed according to the requirements.
The material thickness may be the same as the base material thickness for replacing the unequal thickness plates. Or the member can be a plate with different thicknesses, but the strength of the whole member is obviously improved or the thickness of the member can be greatly reduced compared with the original requirement. Such materials may be sheets or profiles.
The selective strengthening and toughening treatment refers to the selective change of the tissue structure or the performance of the material, and specifically is the selective strengthening and toughening treatment mainly based on solid-state phase transition or rapid fusion quenching, or the selective strengthening and toughening treatment can be the treatment of first laser solid solution and then aging treatment (also called laser solid solution quenching). The method can also ensure that the formed material structure and performance meet the service requirements of parts by adjusting the components, the size, the quantity or the distribution mode of the reinforcing phase.
The strength of the metal prefabricated material formed by the invention is greatly improved, and the change of the plasticity index is small, so that the thickness of the structural member can be reduced on the premise of ensuring that the overall mechanical property of the member is not reduced. For unequal thick plates widely used in car manufacturing, even only the bearing part in a metal thin plate part with uniform thickness needs to be subjected to region selection treatment to form a metal matrix composite, and the secondary bearing part or the non-bearing part is not or slightly treated to keep the toughness of the original plate, so that the strength and the performance of the car body of the car can be ensured, and the weight of the car body can be greatly reduced. Of course, if the original thickness difference and the original thin portion are processed separately, the performance of the material can be improved more greatly, and the thickness of the plate material can be reduced.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical characteristics:
(1) the components and the structure of the metal matrix are basically unchanged, and the reinforcing phase is formed in situ: in the preparation process of the metal prefabricated material, the original components and the organizational structure state of the main body part of the metal matrix are unchanged, and the local area in the matrix is changed in components, organizational structures and performance only by a process method of zone selection strengthening and toughening, so that the components, organizational structures and performance are converted into a reinforcing phase in the metal matrix composite material in situ. Because the reinforcing phase is a metal material, the formed metal matrix composite material has great difference with the previously known metal matrix composite material, and belongs to a novel metal matrix composite material; the corresponding process is also a brand new preparation process of the metal matrix composite.
(2) The manufacturing process is diversified: the selective toughening treatment process can be carried out by adopting laser beams, electron beams, ion beams, plasma arcs, induction heat sources or other modes, and the common characteristics of the energy sources are that the energy input quantity, the input mode and the track (figure) can be conveniently regulated and controlled, and the change of the organization structure and the performance of the base metal can be selectively realized. In other words, the design of the metal matrix composite material can be individually designed and processed according to the performance requirement of the part, so that the performance of the metal matrix composite material meets the working condition requirement, which cannot be realized in the manufacturing process of other metal matrix composite materials.
(3) The structure form, the mechanical property and the manufacturing mode of the reinforcing phase are diversified: according to the difference of the components and the characteristics of the structure of the metal matrix, a laser (or other heat sources) selective quenching process based on solid-state phase change can be adopted, and a selective melting process based on rapid melting-solidification phase change can also be adopted to form the isomeric metal matrix composite. According to the characteristics of some materials, the isomeric metal matrix composite can be formed by adopting a laser solution heating-aging treatment mode.
(4) The method can carry out metal-based composite treatment on the formed metal parts again: for some metal parts with complex requirements on subsequent processing (such as milling, cutting, welding and stamping), metal-based composite materials can be prefabricated only for materials which do not need subsequent processing according to the requirements of parts to be processed, and after the processing is finished, the processing area is subjected to composite treatment to form the metal-based composite materials, so that the integral performance of the component is not reduced.
(5) The metal prefabricated material can be a metal plate, a metal section or any other shape. Particularly, the area for forming the reinforcing phase can be planned in advance, for example, the area needing to be deformed or the area needing to be welded can not form the reinforcing phase firstly, and the reinforcing phase is supplemented at the area according to the requirement after the deformation or welding is completed, so that the problem that the existing metal matrix composite material is difficult to perform subsequent forming processing is solved.
(6) The range of suitable materials is wide: the invention is not only suitable for steel materials, but also suitable for non-ferrous metal materials; the method is not only suitable for iron-based alloys capable of generating martensite phase transformation, but also suitable for iron-based, cobalt-based, nickel-based, copper-based, aluminum-based, titanium-based and other non-ferrous material systems hardened in other modes such as solid solution strengthening and the like to form corresponding metal-based composite materials such as aluminum-based, magnesium-based, titanium-based, nickel-based, iron-based and copper-based composite materials.
The prefabricated material provided by the invention is particularly suitable for manufacturing vehicles such as airplanes, space shuttles, automobiles and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a lattice-shaped metal preform implemented by the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a metal preform in the form of a through-line strip according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a short bar-shaped wire-shaped metal prefabricated material realized by the invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a metal prefabricated material with a vertical staggered short rod array realized by the invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a new process and a new method for changing the organization structure and the performance of a metal material through region selection, forming a reinforced phase and obtaining a metal prefabricated material for the first time. The tool used for preparation may be a laser beam, an electron beam, an ion beam, or an induction heat source, etc.
The matrix of the prefabricated material provided by the invention is metal or alloy, the reinforcing phase obtained by selective toughening treatment is distributed on the matrix, the components of the reinforcing phase are basically the same as those of the metal matrix, but the microstructure and the mechanical property have obvious difference. The composite material can keep the weight of the matrix basically unchanged, has the characteristics of high ductility and weldability of a metal equilibrium structure, and also has the high strength and high wear resistance of a metal reinforced structure, so that the toughness of the composite material is greatly improved compared with that of the original base material. Therefore, the thickness or the self weight of the component can be greatly reduced on the premise of ensuring that the performance of the component is not reduced, and the component can be widely applied to the industrial fields of automobiles, airplanes, ships, trains and the like. It should be noted that the prefabricated material of the present invention is particularly suitable for use as a material for sheet metal formed members.
Compared with the existing metal material system, the metal prefabricated material provided by the invention is an isomerous metal-based composite material. The specific implementation mode is as follows: the reinforcing phase is prepared on the metal matrix by adopting a selective solid phase transition process, so that the components of the metal matrix and the reinforcing body are not different, the reinforcing phase and the metal matrix have no obvious geometric interface on the chemical components, but the microstructure and the mechanical property of the reinforcing phase and the metal matrix are obviously different, and the isomerous metal matrix composite is formed. In the novel metal matrix composite material, the metal matrix is in a continuous state like other traditional metal matrix composite material systems, and the reinforcing phase can be designed into a linear (strip) shape, a spherical shape, a hemispherical granular shape or any other state according to requirements. Because the reinforcing phase and the metal matrix are isomeric, no obvious component gradient exists between the reinforcing phase and the metal matrix, and only the obvious difference between the microstructure and the mechanical property exists. In other words, the novel metal matrix composite is all-metal structured, except that the microstructure of the reinforcing phase and the matrix metal are completely different, and thus results in significant differences in properties.
The selective heating makes the metal matrix locally and rapidly melt-condense, and the isomerous metal matrix composite material can be formed. Because the laser rapid melting is higher than the laser power and the laser power density allowed by pure laser quenching, and the cooling speed of the molten pool condensation is also higher, the structure and the performance matching of the reinforcing phase are more superior to the partial performance of the isomerous metal matrix composite material formed by solid phase transformation. The laser consolidation process has a disadvantage in that it causes damage to the surface roughness of the laser irradiated area, which may affect the use of the part in some cases if proper post-processing is not performed.
For some special alloy systems subjected to solid solution-aging strengthening treatment, the method can be used for obtaining the isomeric metal matrix composite material. For example, for some stainless steel systems, neither laser quenching nor laser fusion quenching can be used to directly strengthen the treated area. However, the isomerous metal matrix composite material can also be obtained by carrying out selective laser heating solution treatment to make alloy elements in a laser treatment region to be in solution treatment and then carrying out aging strengthening treatment.
The mechanical properties of the metal prefabricated material provided by the invention are determined by the properties of the selected base metal or alloy, and are closely related to the characteristics, content, size, distribution, shape, interface state and other parameters of the reinforcement. The composite material through optimized design not only has the characteristics of high ductility and weldability of a metal equilibrium state structure, but also has the performances of high strength, high wear resistance and the like of a metal metastable state structure, so that the composite material has excellent comprehensive mechanical properties.
In summary, unlike the prior art in which the reinforcement phase is formed by a high temperature chemical metallurgical process of an addition method or an in-situ reaction formation method in which a foreign material is added, the metal preform material provided by the present invention does not require an additional reinforcement phase, and can form an unstable high performance second phase in situ by heating a metal matrix in a selected region to cause a local solid phase change or a rapid melting-solidification phase change, thereby obtaining a corresponding metal matrix composite.
the basic condition for preparing the metal prefabricated material provided by the invention is that the adopted metal matrix has phase change behavior under the action of heat, and the organization structure and the performance of a heated area can be changed accordingly. By reasonably selecting the processing technology, the size, shape, distribution, organization structure and even mechanical property of the reinforcing phase can be conveniently controlled, thereby opening up a brand new way for preparing the metal matrix composite material.
The implementation steps for preparing the metal prefabricated material by the high-power energy beam/field are as follows:
(1) Selecting a base metal material with a proper composition: these base metal materials may be conventional steels such as 15 steel, 20 steel, 30 steel, 45 steel, 42CrMo, 65Mn, 70SiMn, etc.; or automotive steels such as DP dual phase steels, TRIP steels, CP complex phase steels; but also nonferrous metals such as aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, copper alloy and the like. As long as the materials have phase-change hardening characteristics or solid solution + age-hardening characteristics, or can enable the strength and hardness of the materials to be remarkably improved through rapid fusing treatment; or after local heating, the microstructure of the heating area can be changed, and the microstructure and the performance of the formed metal matrix composite material are obviously changed through subsequent aging or tempering treatment. The purpose of cleaning the surface of the workpiece is to remove oil stains on the surface so as to ensure the effect of surface treatment.
Thickness of the material: the thickness can be designed into various thicknesses of 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 8mm and the like according to needs.
(2) According to the characteristics of parts required to be manufactured, the size, the quantity and the distribution mode of the reinforcing phase in the metal matrix composite material to be manufactured are designed, so that the manufactured metal matrix composite material meets the requirements on structure and performance: the shape, size and distribution mode of the reinforcing phase can be conveniently regulated and controlled, and the strength, rigidity, elongation, stamping property, ductility, weldability, wear resistance and other properties of the formed isomeric metal-based composite material are regulated and controlled to meet the requirements of different working conditions, so that the design of the shape, the tissue structure and the properties of the reinforcing phase pattern is one of the key steps of the method.
(3) The high-power energy beam/field comprises a high-power laser beam or electron beam, an ion beam, an induction heat source and the like, and the high-power energy beam/field is adopted to carry out selective strengthening and toughening treatment on the material to form the metal matrix composite material: according to the design of the pattern and the performance of the metal matrix composite material in the step 2, the metal base material is subjected to selective toughening treatment by adopting surface processing technologies such as high-power laser beams or electron beams, ion beams, induction heat sources and the like, so that the size, the shape and the distribution of the reinforcing phase of the base material meet the design requirements, and the mechanical performance of the prepared metal matrix composite material meets the use requirements.
when the metal prefabricated material is manufactured, the strengthening and toughening treatment process is preferably as follows: during actual treatment, according to different types of selected base materials, the strengthening and toughening treatment based on solid-state phase change can be selected to obtain the isomeric metal matrix composite; or selective strengthening and toughening treatment based on rapid melting is mainly adopted to obtain the isomerous metal-based composite material with finer grains. However, the former can be used without substantially damaging the original surface roughness of the metal substrate, and the latter can be reduced in surface roughness. And the toughening treatment can be carried out by selecting a laser or electron beam solution-aging treatment mode according to the adopted material system.
(4) Designing a numerical control program for the selective toughening treatment, and carrying out the selective toughening treatment on the workpiece until the selective toughening treatment of the whole workpiece is completed.
The metal-based composite plate prepared by high-power energy beam/field preparation selective toughening treatment can be directly supplied as a structural material; or machining modes such as laser cutting, plasma cutting or stamping are adopted to process the processed metal matrix composite material (process modes such as stamping, bending, cutting, welding and the like can be adopted) into the shape of the required part, so that the final size and performance requirements of the part are met. In addition, the metal material can be processed into a required shape, and then the region selection strengthening and toughening treatment is carried out to obtain the isomeric metal-based composite material component.
Taking an automobile as an example, the prefabricated material provided by the invention can be used for manufacturing an A column reinforcing plate, an A column plate, a top rib plate, an inner baffle plate, a wheel cover plate, a rear door inner plate, a front door inner plate, a floor, a side beam plate, a bumper, an engine base plate, a shock absorber cover plate, a front beam, a top beam, a front reinforcing beam, a rear reinforcing beam, a reinforcing plate, a connected beam, a cabin seat plate, a bottom beam and the like.
Example (c):
Example 1 method for manufacturing a high strength DP dual phase steel metal pre-formed material plate based on lattice selective laser quenching.
the dual-phase steel mainly comprises ferrite (F) and martensite (M), the martensite is dispersed in a ferrite matrix in an island shape, the yield strength and the yield ratio are low, the deformation hardening index is high, and DP series high-strength steel is widely applied to automobile structural parts, such as: door impact beams, rocker reinforcement panels, seat brackets, and the like.
in this example, a DP dual-phase steel sheet (ordinary cold-rolled steel sheet, cold-rolled galvanized steel sheet) having a thickness of 1.6mm was used as a raw material, a high-power fiber laser was used as a heat source, and a laser power density was 1.5X 104W/cm2～2.2×104W/cm2And the diameter of the light spot is 5mm, selective laser quenching treatment is respectively carried out on the two surfaces of the steel plate, the quenching depth of the single surface is 0.8mm, a reinforcing phase array with the diameter of 5mm and the surface density of a reinforcing area of 30%, 50% and 70% respectively is formed, and the distribution of the hardening phase is in a lattice form shown in the figure 1. Under the condition of the technological parameters, the F phase in the original F + M double-component structure in the laser quenching area is changed into M phase, and the F + M double-component structure is still maintained in the unprocessed area. Therefore, the proportion of the low-carbon martensite reinforcing phase in the circular hardening zone is remarkably improved, the strengthening structure in the hardening zone is combined with the metal matrix to form the isomerous metal matrix composite, the tensile strength and the yield strength are obviously improved, and the elongation is reduced to some extent.
The properties of the DP steel isomeric metal matrix composites obtained in this example were varied as shown in table 1. In the table, yield strength (. sigma.)s) And tensile strength (σ)b) In MPa. The unit of the elongation (δ) is%.
TABLE 1 Property Change of Selective laser-strengthened DP Dual-phase Steel
As can be seen from Table 1, the yield strengths σ of the 490DP and 590DP steel sheets after the selective laser quench hardeningsTensile Strength σbThe increase is significant, but the elongation δ is correspondingly reduced. After the 700DP steel plate is strengthened by 70% laser selection area, the tensile strength sigma of the steel plate isbAnd yield strength sigmasThe strength level of the 800DP steel plate is reached, and the elongation delta is slightly lower than that of the original 800DP steel plate. After the 800DP steel plate is strengthened by 70% laser selection area, the tensile strength sigma of the steel plate isbStrength grade of 1005MPa to 980DP steel plate, and yield strength sigmasAnd elongation delta are both higher than the original 980DP steel plate. Therefore, compared with DP dual-phase steel with the same strength grade, the metal prefabricated material manufactured by the embodiment has better elongation and obvious technical advantages. (as if not exactly corresponding to the upper)
Example 2 Selective laser quenching for manufacturing 1000MPa dual-phase steel metal prefabricated material plate
The 800DP dual-phase steel plate can be used for manufacturing structural reinforcements of passenger cars, such as B-column/A-column reinforcing plates, cross beams, reinforcing beam engine rear brackets and the like. In this example, a cold-rolled 800DP dual-phase steel sheet (which may be a common cold-rolled steel sheet or a cold-rolled galvanized steel sheet) having a thickness of 0.8mm, 1.0mm, and 1.6mm was used as a raw material, a high-power fiber laser was used as a heat source, and laser power densities were 1.2 × 104W/cm2，2.0×104W/cm2，1.5×104W/cm2The single-sided quenching depths are respectively 0.4mm, 0.5mm and 0.8 mm; and carrying out selective laser quenching treatment on the single surfaces of the first two steel plates, and respectively carrying out selective laser quenching treatment on the double surfaces of the latter steel plate. The diameter of the light spot is 5mm, a strip formed by moving a single light spot traverses the surface of the steel plate to form a distribution mode of a penetrating line as shown in figure 2, and the enhanced phase array with the enhanced phase areal density of 50 percent is formed. Under the condition of the process parameters, the proportion of a low-carbon martensite reinforcing phase in the original F + M double-component structure in the laser quenching area is obviously improved, the reinforcing structure in the hardening area is combined with the metal matrix to form the isomerous metal matrix composite material, and the yield strength and yield strength of the isomerous metal matrix composite material are improvedThe tensile strength is obviously improved, and the elongation is reduced. Tensile strength sigma of 800DP duplex steel platebis 802MPa, sigmabwhat is? original yield strength σs567MPa, and an elongation delta of 14%.
The longitudinal yield strengths σ of the 800DP steel plates of the 0.8mm, 1.0mm and 1.6mm metal preforms obtained in this example were measured with the direction of the parallel reinforcing strips as the longitudinal direction and the direction of the perpendicular reinforcing strips as the transverse directions779MPa, 774MPaMPa, 769MPa respectively; longitudinal tensile strength σb1041MPa, 1038MPa and 1033MPa respectively; the longitudinal elongations δ were 8.7%, 9.1%, and 9.6%, respectively. In contrast, the longitudinal tensile strength σbRespectively increased by 29.8%, 29.4% and 28.8%; longitudinal yield strength sigma of steel plate after laser treatmentsRespectively increased by 37.4%, 36.5% and 35.6%; the longitudinal elongation delta was reduced by 37.9%, 35.0% and 31.4%, respectively.
Before and after the selective laser quenching treatment, the longitudinal tensile strength of the 800DP steel plate is increased to 1000MPa, although the plasticity is correspondingly reduced compared with the original material, compared with the untreated steel plate of 980DP grade, the longitudinal strength of the quenched steel plate is equivalent, and the plasticity is improved by 11%; while the strength and plasticity of the steel plate in the transverse direction are basically unchanged.
In practical application, an 800DP steel plate with the thickness of 0.7mm, 1.0mm or 1.2mm can be selected, and the longitudinal strength of the 800DP steel plate is improved through selective laser quenching treatment, so that the structural strength of a passenger car is improved; the structure is used for longitudinal stress, so that the safety of the passenger car is improved; the thickness of the steel plate can be properly reduced, so that the passenger car is light, and the aims of saving energy and reducing consumption are fulfilled.
Example 3 Selective laser quenching for manufacturing carbon steel plate made of metal prefabricated material
Aiming at different plate components and laser process parameters, the metal matrix composite material with different strengthening and toughening phase shapes, sizes and distribution densities can be obtained based on the selective laser quenching technology. The corresponding parameters are shown in table 2. It can be seen that the strength and plasticity indexes of the isomeric metal-based composite material obtained by selecting different matrix materials, spot diameters, power densities and distribution modes and densities of the enhanced phases and adopting the fiber laser and the dot matrix pattern shown in fig. 1 have great differences according to the size and the density and the mode of the second phase.
TABLE 2 mechanical property index of metal-based composite carbon steel plate obtained by selective laser quenching of different process parameters
Example 4 method for manufacturing carbon steel plate as metal preform based on selective laser fusion quenching.
Similar to example 3, by selecting the components of the plate and the laser process parameters, the metal matrix composite material with different strengthening and toughening phase shapes, sizes and distribution densities can be obtained based on the selective laser fusion quenching technology. The corresponding parameters are shown in table 3. It can be seen that the strength and plasticity indexes of the metal prefabricated material obtained by selecting different matrix materials, spot diameters, power densities and distribution modes and densities of the enhanced phases and adopting the fiber laser and the dot matrix pattern shown in fig. 1 have great differences according to the size and the density and the mode of the second phase.
TABLE 3 mechanical performance indexes of the metal-based composite carbon steel plate obtained by laser melting and quenching with different process parameters
Example 5: in practice, the reinforcing phase is designed into a long fiber shape according to the stress condition of the metal part, and can be designed into a unidirectional short fiber shape, a short fiber shape with different orientations, a grid shape or a mode of mixing different reinforcing areas. This example uses 1.6mm of 20 gauge steel plate as the starting material with a 0.8mm depth of single side quench, and typical embodiments are shown in the parameters and graphs in table 4.
TABLE 4 comparison of Performance of Metal matrix composite plates prefabricated with different shapes and sizes of reinforcing phases based on Selective laser quenching
In addition to the through-line reinforcing phase shown in fig. 2, other shapes of reinforcing phase patterns and arrays thereof can be adopted in the composite material design, and the laser-quenched or fused-quenched reinforcing phase region can be designed into a short strip-shaped martensite reinforcing region or a grid-shaped distribution manner. Although the adopted laser power density is basically the same as the diameter of a light spot, the shape and the distribution mode of the reinforcing phase are changed, so that the overall tensile strength, the yield strength and the elongation of the formed metal matrix composite material are correspondingly different, and the specific change degree depends on the number, the size, the distribution density and the mode of the reinforcing phase. Obviously, based on the metal matrix composite material formed by selective laser hardening, the size, distribution and density of the reinforcing phase can be more conveniently designed and controlled according to needs, so that the method can be used for manufacturing the metal matrix composite material with the reinforcing phase in any shape combination. The vertical staggered short rod array reinforcing phase of fig. 4 can be combined with the lattice-shaped reinforcing phase of fig. 1 or the through-line strip reinforcing phase of fig. 2 according to the performance requirements of the metal matrix composite.
It should be noted that, when manufacturing prefabricated panels of various parts, the shape, size and distribution of the reinforcing phase pattern must be designed and adjusted according to the size of the part to be processed, and the subsequent stamping and bending processing is not performed in the region where the composite processing is required, so as to ensure the processing performance of the workpiece.
The metal matrix composite material may be formed by laser hardening or laser fusion hardening. When the thickness of the substrate is larger, the strip-shaped reinforcing phase can be obtained by adopting a double-sided laser quenching mode. The laser can be solid laser (including fiber laser) with wavelength of 1064nm or 532nm, diode laser with wavelength of 800nm or about, or CO with wavelength of 10.6 μm2A laser. The laser beam spot may also be rectangular or other shape. The output of the laser beam may be continuous or pulsed, or a combination of both.
The process is not limited to laser quenching or fused quenching technology, and selective strengthening and toughening treatment can be realized by adopting plasma arc quenching or fused quenching, electron beam quenching or fused quenching technology and the like to obtain the array of the reinforced phases. For a stainless steel material system, a metal prefabricated material can be prepared by adopting a laser solid solution strengthening-aging treatment mode.
EXAMPLE 6 preparation of Metal precursor Profile
In the manufacturing of vehicles such as automobiles, high-speed trains, airplanes and the like, a structural member of a vehicle body is hidden under a covering piece and mainly plays roles in supporting and resisting impact, and steel beams distributed at all positions of the vehicle body are one of the structural members. The steel plate thickness and the material specification that the girder steel adopted all are higher than the automobile body panel, and these girder steels enclose into a closed section structure with different intensity steel welding together, are in order to form effective energy-absorbing area, can absorb the impact energy when the vehicle bumps, protect passenger's life safety. Still other steel beam structures are designed with different shapes to withstand forces in specific directions.
The thickness of the automobile frame structural part is generally 1-3 mm, and the thickness of the crossbeam is 2.5-12.0 mm, and the automobile frame structural part belongs to a main bearing structural part or a secondary bearing structural part. For the profiles, the product manufacturing can also be realized by combining the metal matrix composite prefabricated plates with subsequent forming processing.
For the section bar made of carbon steel with the original thickness of 4.5mm, the method can effectively reduce the weight of the section bar. The specific implementation method comprises the following steps:
(1) using a thickness of 30 mm#Carbon steel (can be galvanized sheet) plate as raw material;
(2) According to the shape of the section bar to be manufactured, the shape, the size, the distribution mode and the density of the hardening phase of the metal matrix composite material are designed. Note that in the areas where press-forming or bend-forming is required, there is no hardening phase at all;
(3) The high-energy density laser beam is used as a heat source, and is focused by an optical system, and the diameter of a light spot is 6mm2The lattice pattern of FIG. 1 is adopted to carry out selective laser quenching treatment on the carbon steel section, hardening areas are uniformly distributed, the single-side quenching depth is 1.5mm, and the strengthening area ratio is 65%. Forming the isomerous metal-based composite board. Note that in the laser processing, the region requiring deep drawing deformation is not processed for a while.
(4) and (3) forming the prefabricated metal-based composite board by adopting the processes of stamping, cold bending and the like to enable the prefabricated metal-based composite board to reach the final size of the designed profile.
(5) And (3) filling the reinforcing phase by adopting a selective laser quenching process on the part of the profile which is originally convenient to bend for processing after deep drawing.
According to the performance requirements of the formed section bar, the metal prefabricated material section bar with the thickness of 3mm, which is manufactured by the invention, has the tensile strength and the yield strength which are correspondingly improved by 1.5 times, and the elongation percentage which is 0.46 time. Therefore, the profile made of 3mm metal prefabricated material can replace the original profile with the thickness of 4.5 mm. The result shows that the new process and the new method can reduce the weight by 30-50% under the condition that the mechanical properties of the section are the same, thereby achieving the purposes of saving energy and reducing consumption.
the method of the invention can also be used for carrying out metal-matrix composite treatment on the metal section which is formed by stamping or bending. The size, distribution mode and quantity of the reinforcing phase depend on the requirements of the mechanical property of the profile. The metal matrix composite prefabrication treatment and metal matrix composite treatment are adopted, the metal matrix composite prefabrication treatment and metal matrix composite treatment is adopted, the part performance is not obviously different, but the metal matrix composite prefabrication treatment and metal matrix composite treatment has lower requirements on equipment for selective strengthening and toughening treatment, is simpler in process and is more suitable for batch production, and therefore, the production cost is lower.
Example 7: preparation of metal-based composite material of titanium alloy
Titanium alloys are classified into α titanium alloys, β titanium alloys, and α + β titanium alloys according to their compositions or microstructures. The TC4(Ti-6Al-4V) alloy is an alpha + beta type titanium alloy, has martensite transformation characteristics, and can be subjected to strengthening treatment by adopting a quenching mode. Therefore, the titanium alloy can be treated in a selective toughening way to obtain the isomerous metal-based composite material.
In this example, TC4 titanium alloy sheets having a thickness of 1.5mm, 3.0mm or 5mm were used as a raw material, a high-power fiber laser was used as a heat source, and a laser power density was 1.5X 104W/cm2～2.2×104W/cm2The diameter of the light spot is 5mm, and the single-side quenching depth is 0.7mm, 1.5mm and 2.0mm respectively; and (3) carrying out selective laser quenching treatment on the two surfaces of the titanium plate respectively to form a reinforcing phase array with the diameter of 5mm and the surface density of a reinforced area of 30%, 50% and 70%, wherein the distribution mode of the hardening phase is as the lattice shown in figure 1.
For TC4, the alpha + beta type titanium alloy is not heated to a beta single phase region but heated to the upper part of an alpha + beta two phase region in the conventional quenching heating process, so as to avoid the rapid growth of crystal grains caused by long-time heating of the beta region and the embrittlement of the material after heat treatment. To avoid beta coarse grain brittleness, conventional heat treatment of TC4 titanium alloys does not allow heating to the beta single phase region. The laser quenching is instantaneous heating, so the heating temperature can be higher, the obtained crystal grains are finer, the beta phase and the content of the alloy elements in the beta phase are higher, and the quenching strengthening is facilitated.
After laser quenching, the β phase in the TC4 titanium alloy is transformed into α' martensite by a non-diffusive martensite type phase transformation. The properties of the TC4 titanium alloy metal prefabricated material obtained by the embodiment comprise yield strength sigmasTensile Strength σbAnd the change in elongation are shown in table 5.
TABLE 5 Performance Change in Selective laser quench hardening of TC4 titanium alloys
As can be seen from Table 5, the yield strength σ of the TC4 titanium plate after selective laser quenching strengthening is shownsTensile Strength σbThe increase is significant, but the elongation δ is correspondingly reduced. After a TC4 titanium plate with the thickness of 1.5mm is strengthened by 70 percent laser area selection, the yield strength sigma of the titanium plate iss998MPa, which is 1.55 times of the original titanium plate; tensile Strength σb1179MPa, which is 1.21 times of the original titanium plate; the elongation delta was 17% which was 0.68 times that of the original titanium plate. After a TC4 titanium plate with the thickness of 5mm is strengthened by 70 percent laser selective area, the yield strength sigma of the titanium plate is strengtheneds974MPa, which is 1.13 times of the original titanium plate; tensile Strength σb1140MPa which is 1.17 times of the original titanium plate; the elongation delta was 19% which was 0.73 times that of the original titanium plate.
Example 8: selective laser quenching of aluminum alloy to prepare metal-based composite material
For energy conservation and emission reduction, vehicles CO from 2010 to 2015 are drawn up in developed countries of Europe, America and the like2The emission is reduced by 29%, and the oil consumption standard reaches below 4L (100km) by the law of 2020, so that the replacement of steel by light materials such as aluminum alloy and the like is inevitably a research focus for realizing the light weight of the automobile in the future and finally becomes one of effective ways.
Aluminum alloys for automobile body panels are mainly of the A1-Cu-Mg series (2xxx series), Al-Mg series (5xxx series), Al-Mg-Si series (6xxx series), and Al-Mg-Zn-Cu series (7xxx series), wherein the 2xxx series and the 6xxx series are heat-treatment-hardenable aluminum alloys, and the 5xxx series is a non-heat-treatment-hardenable aluminum alloy. Among them, Al-Mg-Si based (6xxx based) aluminum alloys are the most important automotive panels because of their excellent formability and comprehensive properties, and can be used for automotive parts having complicated shapes. Because the general problem that the stamping formability of the aluminum alloy plate is unsatisfactory, how to improve the microstructure, the mechanical property and the heat treatment process of the aluminum alloy plate to produce the aluminum alloy plate with better stamping property is a concern of researchers at home and abroad.
In general, Al-Mg-Si based (6xxx based) alloys are solidifiedAfter dissolving and quenching, natural aging or artificial aging is carried out to form stable and dispersed precipitation hardening phase beta in the matrix″(Mg2Si)。
The method adopted by the invention is to prepare the metal prefabricated material of the aluminum alloy by selective laser quenching, and the laser solution quenching process of the aluminum alloy has special advantages which are shown in the following aspects: firstly, the power density of laser is very high, the heating process of the aluminum plate is very fast, and the fast heating process is beneficial to subsequent cooling; secondly, the method adopts a selective solution treatment mode, laser only heats and quenches a local small area, and the surrounding matrix still keeps the temperature of room temperature; third, the thermal conductivity of the aluminum alloy matrix is about 3 times that of steel, 440 times that of water, and 9800 times that of air, and the cooling process of the selective laser solution quenching is realized through the self-cooling effect of the aluminum matrix, so that the cooling speed after the selective laser solution quenching of the aluminum alloy is much higher than that of the conventional quenching method. In a word, the selective laser solution quenching method for the aluminum alloy gives full play to the advantages of laser quenching and heat conduction of the aluminum plate, is favorable for obtaining better solution quenching effect, and further improves the strength and plasticity of the aluminum alloy plate after aging.
In the embodiment, a 6016 aluminum alloy plate with the thickness of 1.6mm and subjected to T4 treatment is used as a raw material, a high-power fiber laser is used as a heat source, and the power density of selective laser solution quenching is high and reaches 3.5 multiplied by 104W/cm2～4.2×104W/cm2The diameter of a light spot is 5mm, the quenching depth of a single surface is 0.8mm, the two surfaces of the aluminum plate are respectively subjected to selective laser solution quenching treatment to form a reinforcing pattern of a penetrating line in the figure 2, and the surface density of a reinforcing area is 50%, 70% and 90% of a reinforcing phase array respectively. Because the laser heating and cooling speed of the aluminum alloy is high, under the condition of the process parameters, the content of alloy elements in supersaturated solid solution in the laser rapid solid solution quenching area is higher, more strengthening phases beta' are dispersed and precipitated in the subsequent artificial pre-aging and baking aging processes, and the second phase dispersion strengthening effect on the aluminum plate is larger.
This example is carried out on 6016 aluminum alloyAnd selecting laser quenching, and then carrying out artificial aging in a continuous treatment furnace or a continuous induction furnace, wherein the aging temperature is 180 ℃ and the aging time is 30 min. The performance change of the aluminum plate after the selective laser quenching and artificial aging strengthening treatment is shown in Table 6, and it can be seen that the yield strength sigma of the 50% selective quenching strengthening and toughening treated 6016 aluminum platesAnd tensile strength σbRespectively 1.32 times and 1.17 times of T4 treatment and artificial aging (180 ℃ for 30min), and the elongation is the same; 6016 aluminum plate treated by quenching and strengthening and toughening treatment in 90% selected area and having yield strength sigmasand tensile strength σbRespectively 1.11 times and 1.08 times higher than those of the conventional quenching and artificial aging (180 ℃ for 30min), and the elongation delta is 1.04 times.
TABLE 6.6016 Performance Change in Selective laser quenching (180 ℃ C., 30min aging) strengthening of aluminum alloys
The invention adopts the selective laser strengthening and toughening treatment technology to manufacture the metal prefabricated material, and specifically comprises three methods of selective laser quenching, selective laser melting and quenching, selective laser solution quenching and aging strengthening, and aims to improve the strength and toughness of the material and reduce the weight of a component under the condition of ensuring the same strength.
The invention can carry out the selected area laser strengthening and toughening treatment on the following materials, such as: deep drawing forming DC steel, ultra-low carbon IF steel, baking hardening BH steel, high-strength DP dual-phase steel, TR phase transformation induced plasticity steel, carbon steel, low-alloy high-strength steel, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and the like for the covering part of the passenger car; specifically, the steel sheet includes D01-DC 04 steel, HC220 steel sheet, 780TR steel sheet, 20 steel sheet, 45 steel sheet, 65Mn sheet, 6xxx series aluminum alloy sheet and 6016 aluminum alloy sheet, α + β type TC series titanium alloy sheet and TC4 titanium alloy sheet, and the like.
When the metal prefabricated material is manufactured by adopting the selective laser strengthening and toughening treatment technology, the adopted laser processing technological parameters are as follows: when the thickness of the metal plate is 0.3 to 0.7mm, the laser power density is 1.0 x 103W/cm2～1.5×105W/cm2The depth of the quenching layer is 0.01-0.5 mm; the thickness of the metal plate is as follows0.7-1.5 mm, the laser power density is 2.0 × 104W/cm2～3.0×105W/cm2The depth of the quenching layer is 0.05-0.7 mm; when the thickness of the metal plate is 1.0 to 2.5mm, the laser power density is 3.0 x 104W/cm2～3.5×105W/cm2The depth of the quenching layer is 0.5-1.5 mm; when the thickness of the metal plate is 2.5 to 4.0mm, the laser power density is 1.0 x 105W/cm2～4.0×105W/cm2The depth of the quenching layer is 0.5-2.0 mm; when the thickness of the metal plate is 4.0 to 10.0mm, the laser power density is 8.0 x 104W/cm2～5.0×105W/cm2The depth of the quenching layer is 0.5-5.0 mm.
The invention adopts the selective laser strengthening and toughening treatment technology to manufacture the metal prefabricated material, and the lattice of figure 1, the through line of figure 2, the short rod-shaped line of figure 3 and the vertically staggered short rod array of figure 4 can be adopted; the proportion of the hardening phase may be any of 5% to 95%.
The above description is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention should not be limited to the disclosure of the embodiment and the drawings. Therefore, it is intended that all equivalents and modifications which do not depart from the spirit of the invention disclosed herein are deemed to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. A metal prefabricated material is characterized in that the thickness of the metal prefabricated material is 0.3-5 mm, the metal prefabricated material is a metal matrix composite material, a matrix is metal or alloy, isomorphic reinforcing phases obtained by selective toughening treatment are distributed on the matrix, a plurality of reinforcing phase units are distributed in one surface or two surfaces of the matrix in a dispersing way, the reinforcing phase units distributed in the dispersing way form an array type, the metal matrix is in a continuous state, the array type reinforcing phase is distributed in a predetermined part of the matrix in a dispersing way or distributed in the whole part of the matrix, but the whole of the predetermined part is the reinforcing phase without the matrix, and no large continuous and non-array type reinforcing phase exists in any part of the matrix;
The reinforcing phase itself is also a metallic material, which is of the same composition as the matrix but of a different microstructure to the metallic matrix;
The isomeric metal matrix composite material can be designed according to the mechanical property requirement of a metal prefabricated material, wherein the areal density of the reinforcing phase distributed in the metal matrix is 25-95%; the shape, size, distribution mode, organization structure and performance of the reinforcing phase pattern can be regulated and controlled according to the mechanical property requirement of the metal prefabricated material;
The metal prefabricated material has ductility and weldability of a metal equilibrium structure and has strength and wear resistance of a metal metastable structure under the condition of keeping the weight of a matrix basically unchanged.
2. The metal preform of claim 1, wherein the matrix has phase change hardening properties, or the matrix is obtained by solution-first and then age-hardening.
3. The metal preform of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing phase units are in the form of strips, granules or other states on the substrate, and the distribution area of the reinforcing phase units is pre-planned according to performance requirements and processing requirements.
4. The metal preform of claim 1, wherein the material is a plate or a profile and the substrate is of uniform or non-uniform thickness.
5. The metal preform of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the substrate is a steel material or a non-ferrous material including an aluminum alloy or a titanium alloy.
6. A method for preparing metal prefabricated material is characterized in that energy beams/fields including high-power laser beams or electron beams, ion beams and induction heat sources are adopted, the energy beams/fields are utilized to carry out selective strengthening and toughening treatment on metal or alloy materials with the thickness of 0.3 mm-5 mm, homomorphic heterogeneous enhanced phases are obtained on a matrix of the metal or alloy materials,
By controlling the energy beam/field to form a plurality of reinforcing phase units, the reinforcing phase units are distributed in one or two surfaces of the matrix in a dispersed way, the reinforcing phase units distributed in a dispersed way form an array, the metal matrix is in a continuous state, the array reinforcing phase is distributed in a predetermined part of the matrix in a dispersed way or distributed in the whole part of the matrix, but the whole predetermined part is the reinforcing phase without the matrix, and no large continuous and non-array reinforcing phase exists in any part of the matrix,
The method can design the isomerous metal matrix composite material according to the mechanical property requirement of the metal prefabricated material, wherein the areal density of the reinforcing phase distributed in the metal matrix is 25-95 percent, the shape, the size, the distribution mode, the tissue structure and the performance of the reinforcing phase pattern can be regulated and controlled according to the mechanical property requirement of the metal prefabricated material,
The metal prefabricated material prepared by the method has ductility and weldability of a metal equilibrium structure and has strength and wear resistance of a metal metastable structure under the condition of keeping the weight of a matrix basically unchanged.
7. The preparation method according to claim 6, wherein the selective strengthening and toughening treatment is selective strengthening and toughening treatment for changing tissue structure and performance, particularly selective strengthening and toughening treatment based on solid-state phase change or selective strengthening and toughening treatment based on laser rapid melting and quenching.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the method uses a matrix having phase change hardening properties or the matrix is obtained by solution-prior-to-age strengthening.
9. The preparation method of claim 6 or 7, wherein the composition, size, quantity and/or distribution of the reinforcing phase are adjusted to form the metal matrix composite material with different structural and performance requirements.
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| CN103290176A (en) * | 2013-05-20 | 2013-09-11 | 华中科技大学 | Multi-irradiation laser quenching method and device |
| CN103627855A (en) * | 2013-11-04 | 2014-03-12 | 江苏大学 | Workpiece surface intensifying method by laser micro processing |
| CN103703152A (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2014-04-02 | 麦格纳国际公司 | Product and process by localized heat treatment of sheet steel |
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| CN103215411A (en) * | 2013-02-06 | 2013-07-24 | 武汉新瑞达激光工程有限责任公司 | Laser quenching method and device |
| CN103290176A (en) * | 2013-05-20 | 2013-09-11 | 华中科技大学 | Multi-irradiation laser quenching method and device |
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