CN110552927B - 调压阀 - Google Patents

调压阀 Download PDF

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CN110552927B
CN110552927B CN201910301507.3A CN201910301507A CN110552927B CN 110552927 B CN110552927 B CN 110552927B CN 201910301507 A CN201910301507 A CN 201910301507A CN 110552927 B CN110552927 B CN 110552927B
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pressure
port
regulating valve
consumer
pressure regulating
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CN110552927A (zh
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K·库德曼
R·诺瓦克
T·普夫勒格
M·莫斯曼
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ZF Friedrichshafen AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D25/00—Fluid-actuated clutches
    • F16D25/10—Clutch systems with a plurality of fluid-actuated clutches
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B13/00—Details of servomotor systems ; Valves for servomotor systems
    • F15B13/02—Fluid distribution or supply devices characterised by their adaptation to the control of servomotors
    • F15B13/026—Pressure compensating valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B13/00—Details of servomotor systems ; Valves for servomotor systems
    • F15B13/02—Fluid distribution or supply devices characterised by their adaptation to the control of servomotors
    • F15B13/04—Fluid distribution or supply devices characterised by their adaptation to the control of servomotors for use with a single servomotor
    • F15B13/0401—Valve members; Fluid interconnections therefor
    • F15B13/0402—Valve members; Fluid interconnections therefor for linearly sliding valves, e.g. spool valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D25/00—Fluid-actuated clutches
    • F16D25/08—Fluid-actuated clutches with fluid-actuated member not rotating with a clutching member
    • F16D25/082—Fluid-actuated clutches with fluid-actuated member not rotating with a clutching member the line of action of the fluid-actuated members co-inciding with the axis of rotation
    • F16D25/083—Actuators therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/0021—Generation or control of line pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/02—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing characterised by the signals used
    • F16H61/0262—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing characterised by the signals used the signals being hydraulic
    • F16H61/0276—Elements specially adapted for hydraulic control units, e.g. valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/26—Generation or transmission of movements for final actuating mechanisms
    • F16H61/28—Generation or transmission of movements for final actuating mechanisms with at least one movement of the final actuating mechanism being caused by a non-mechanical force, e.g. power-assisted
    • F16H61/30—Hydraulic or pneumatic motors or related fluid control means therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K11/00—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves
    • F16K11/02—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit
    • F16K11/06—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements
    • F16K11/065—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements with linearly sliding closure members
    • F16K11/07—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements with linearly sliding closure members with cylindrical slides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K11/00—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves
    • F16K11/02—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit
    • F16K11/06—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements
    • F16K11/065—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements with linearly sliding closure members
    • F16K11/07—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements with linearly sliding closure members with cylindrical slides
    • F16K11/0716—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements with linearly sliding closure members with cylindrical slides with fluid passages through the valve member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K17/00—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves
    • F16K17/02—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves opening on surplus pressure on one side; closing on insufficient pressure on one side
    • F16K17/04—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves opening on surplus pressure on one side; closing on insufficient pressure on one side spring-loaded
    • F16K17/044—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves opening on surplus pressure on one side; closing on insufficient pressure on one side spring-loaded with more than one spring
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
    • G05D16/04—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power
    • G05D16/10—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a piston or plunger
    • G05D16/101—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a piston or plunger the controller being arranged as a multiple-way valve
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
    • G05D16/14—Control of fluid pressure with auxiliary non-electric power
    • G05D16/18—Control of fluid pressure with auxiliary non-electric power derived from an external source
    • G05D16/187—Control of fluid pressure with auxiliary non-electric power derived from an external source using pistons within the main valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/405—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
    • F15B2211/40553—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve with pressure compensating valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2121/00—Type of actuator operation force
    • F16D2121/02—Fluid pressure
    • F16D2121/04—Fluid pressure acting on a piston-type actuator, e.g. for liquid pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D25/00—Fluid-actuated clutches
    • F16D25/12—Details not specific to one of the before-mentioned types
    • F16D25/14—Fluid pressure control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2500/00—External control of clutches by electric or electronic means
    • F16D2500/10—System to be controlled
    • F16D2500/102—Actuator
    • F16D2500/1026—Hydraulic
    • F16D2500/1027—Details about the hydraulic valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H2061/004—Venting trapped air from hydraulic systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K3/00—Gate valves or sliding valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closing members having a sliding movement along the seat for opening and closing
    • F16K3/02—Gate valves or sliding valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closing members having a sliding movement along the seat for opening and closing with flat sealing faces; Packings therefor
    • F16K3/0209—Gate valves or sliding valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closing members having a sliding movement along the seat for opening and closing with flat sealing faces; Packings therefor the valve having a particular passage, e.g. provided with a filter, throttle or safety device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K3/00—Gate valves or sliding valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closing members having a sliding movement along the seat for opening and closing
    • F16K3/02—Gate valves or sliding valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closing members having a sliding movement along the seat for opening and closing with flat sealing faces; Packings therefor
    • F16K3/0254—Gate valves or sliding valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closing members having a sliding movement along the seat for opening and closing with flat sealing faces; Packings therefor being operated by particular means

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid-Driven Valves (AREA)
  • Control Of Transmission Device (AREA)
  • Safety Valves (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种调压阀(1)，包括压力端口(P)、消耗器端口(A)、油箱端口(T)和活塞(K)，该活塞可克服第一弹簧(F1)和第二弹簧(F2)的力移动，这样设计所述弹簧(F1、F2)和调压阀(1)的面积比，使得在无压状态中压力端口(P)与消耗器端口(A)通过调压阀(1)的开口横截面连接，压力端口(P)和消耗器端口(A)之间的开口横截面根据压力端口(P)处的压力减小，并且在达到消耗器端口(A)处的极限压力时消耗器端口与油箱端口(T)连接。本发明还涉及具有这种调压阀(1)的液压系统(HY)以及具有这种液压系统(HY)的机动车变速器(G)。

Description

调压阀
技术领域
本发明涉及一种优选用于液压系统中的调压阀。本发明还涉及这种液压系统以及具有这种液压系统的机动车变速器。
背景技术
专利申请DE 102009002105 A1描述了一种具有先导控制的调压阀的液压的变速器控制装置，该调压阀构造用于调节离合器的力传递。为所述调压阀配置单独的预填充阀，以防止离合器操作压力降低到预填充压力以下。
发明内容
现在本发明的任务在于提供一种调压阀，其能够在没有附加阀的情况下确保液压消耗器的定义的压力水平。
所述任务通过根据本发明的调压阀解决。有利的实施方式由说明书和附图给出。
为了解决该任务，根据本发明的调压阀包括压力端口、消耗器端口以及油箱端口。活塞在调压阀的至少一个工作空间中引导，该活塞可克服第一弹簧的力移动。
根据本发明，调压阀具有第二弹簧，该第二弹簧抵抗第一弹簧的力作用在活塞上。这样设计第一和第二弹簧的弹簧力以及调压阀的面积比，使得可产生调压阀的下述状态：
-在调压阀的无压状态中，即在压力端口处的压力不大于环境压力的状态中，消耗器端口与压力端口通过调压阀的开口横截面连接。油箱端口在此与压力端口和消耗器端口液压分离，该状态被称为初始状态。
-当消耗器端口处的压力达到或超过第一极限值时，弹簧的预加载(即预紧力)被克服，并且活塞移动。在此压力端口和消耗器端口之间的开口横截面与初始状态相比减小，直到在弹簧力、由压力端口处的压力引起的压力和流动力之间产生力平衡。油箱端口在此仍与压力端口和消耗器端口分离。该状态被称为工作状态。
-当消耗器端口处的压力达到或超过高于第一极限值的第二极限值时，通过在活塞上存在的力比例，消耗器端口与油箱端口连接，在此压力端口与消耗器端口和油箱端口液压分离。该状态被称为降压状态。当达到降压状态时，消耗器端口处的压力下降。由此活塞通过弹簧力向回移动，直到再次占据工作状态。
因此，在调压阀的工作状态中消耗器端口处的压力自动调节到定义的压力水平，而无需为此使用附加阀。
优选附加的外力可作用在活塞上。该外力抵抗第一弹簧的力作用在活塞上并且例如可借助电磁铁或以液压方式施加。由此可有针对性地改变工作状态中调压阀活塞上的力平衡，从而可控制消耗器端口处的压力。
优选活塞具有第一控制表面和第二控制表面。作用在消耗器端口上的压力在此作用在第一和第二控制表面上。两个控制表面彼此对置，作用在第一控制表面上的压力逆着第二弹簧的力起作用。
根据第一种可能的实施方式，第一控制表面大于第二控制表面。根据第二种可能的实施方式，设置附加的差动控制表面，消耗器端口处的压力作用在该差动控制表面上。差动控制表面和消耗器端口之间的液压连接在此通过活塞内的至少一个孔实现。如果阀具有差动控制表面，则第一控制表面可具有与第二控制表面相等的横截面积。两种实施方式都具有优点。在根据第一种实施方式的结构中，不需要活塞中的孔。在根据第二种实施方式的结构中，除了孔和差动控制表面之外，仅需要制造活塞的两种直径，因此简化了活塞的引导和密封。
优选为调压阀的压力端口、消耗器端口和油箱端口分别配置一个压力腔。通过所述压力腔，三个端口可根据活塞的位置与所述至少一个工作空间液压连接或分离。配置给消耗器端口的压力腔优选设置在配置给压力端口的压力腔和配置给油箱端口的压力腔之间。这简化了调压阀的结构。
调压阀可以是液压系统的组成部分，液压系统的液压致动器与调压阀的消耗器端口连接。在调压阀的工作状态中出现在消耗器端口处的压力在此相应于液压致动器的预填充压力。由此可避免液压致动器排空/排干。
为了防止在调压阀的初始状态中液压流体从消耗器端口经由泵端口向液压系统的压力供应方向排出，截止阀可与调压阀的泵端口连接。
液压系统可以是机动车变速器的组成部分。液压系统的液压致动器在此可设置用于操作变速器的至少一个切换元件。通过切换元件可建立或分离机动车变速器的两个元件之间的扭矩传递连接。切换元件为此例如可由可切换的离合器或由可切换的制动器构成。切换元件例如可设置用于在换挡区段中形成力锁合，该换挡区段设置用于在机动车变速器的输入轴和输出轴之间实现不同的传动比。作为替代方案，切换元件可以是机动车变速器的起动离合器、如双离合器装置的组成部分。切换元件尤其可以是片式离合器。
附图说明
下面参考附图详细阐述本发明的实施方式。附图如下：
图1至图3分别示出根据不同实施方式的本发明调压阀的示意图；
图4示出具有调压阀的液压系统；以及
图5和图6分别示出具有液压系统的机动车变速器的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据第一种实施方式的本发明调压阀1的示意图。该调压阀1具有阀壳体VG，在其中设有压力端口P、消耗器端口A和油箱端口T。在阀壳体VG中设有工作空间W，在其中活塞K可沿轴线VA移动地被引导。第一弹簧F1和第二弹簧F2作用在活塞K上，所述弹簧沿轴线VA方向预加载活塞K。另外，活塞K可被加载外力VS，该外力VS抵抗第一弹簧F1的力并且与第二弹簧F2的力一起作用在活塞K上。外力VS可以各种方式、如通过电磁铁或通过液压压力施加到活塞K上。
调压阀1具有压力腔PT，该压力腔与压力端口P液压连接。压力腔AT与消耗器端口AT并且压力腔TT与油箱端口T液压连接。通过压力腔PT、AT、TT，端口P、A、T可根据活塞K位置彼此液压连接或彼此液压分离，在此液压连接通过工作空间W实现。压力腔AT设置在压力腔PT和压力腔TT之间。
活塞K具有第一控制表面AC1和第二控制表面AC2，它们彼此对置。无论活塞K的位置如何，两个控制表面AC1、AC2都与压力腔AT液压连接。第一控制表面AC1具有比第二控制表面AC2大的横截面积。因此出现在压力腔AT处的压力导致抵抗第二弹簧F2和外力VS作用在活塞K上的力。
在图1中调压阀1处于初始状态，在该状态中出现在压力端口P处的压力不大于环境压力并且也没有外力VS作用在活塞K上。在该初始状态中，通过弹簧F1、F2预加载的活塞K处于这样的位置中，在该位置中压力端口P与消耗器端口A通过工作空间W液压连接。油箱端口T在调压阀1的初始位置中与消耗器端口A和压力端口P分离。
当压力端口P处的压力现在如此增加以致能克服弹簧F1、F2的预加载力和可能的外力VS时，活塞K基于控制表面AC1、AC2的面积比和流动力克服/逆着第二弹簧F2的力移动。在此工作空间W中在压力腔PT和压力腔AT之间的开口横截面减小。油箱端口T在此继续与压力端口P和消耗器端口A液压分离。当压力端口P处的压力现在继续增加时，工作空间W中在压力腔PT和压力腔AT之间的开口横截面进一步减小，直至在流动力、控制表面AC1、AC2上的压力、弹簧F1、F2和可能的外力VS之间产生力平衡。这种状态被称为工作状态。
当消耗器端口A处的压力达到极限压力时，活塞K进一步克服第二弹簧F2的力移动，直至消耗器端口A通过工作空间W与油箱端口T液压连接。在此压力端口P与消耗器端口A和油箱端口T液压分离。在这种称为降压状态的状态中，消耗器端口A处的压力可降低，直至调压阀1再次达到工作状态。
图2示出根据第二种实施方式的本发明调压阀1的示意图，其基本上相应于图1中所示的第一种实施方式。控制表面AC1、AC2现在具有相等的横截面积，由此活塞K仅具有两个不同的外径。调压阀1现在具有销ST，该销的端面构成差动控制表面DC。活塞K具有两个孔B1、B2。调压阀1现在具有两个彼此分开的工作空间W、W2。压力腔AT通过工作空间W一方面与两个控制表面AC1、AC2并且另一方面通过孔B1、B2与差动控制表面DC液压连接。在调压阀1的降压状态中，压力腔AT通过工作空间W2与压力腔TT连接。在初始状态和工作状态中，压力腔AT通过工作空间W与压力腔PT连接。
图3示出根据第三种实施方式的本发明调压阀1示意图，其基本上相应于图2中所示的第二种实施方式。压力腔TT和压力腔PT现在设置在与根据图2的实施方式不同的位置上。压力腔AT仍设置在这两个压力腔TT、PT之间。
图4示出具有泵PP的液压系统HY，该泵从油箱HT经过滤器FI吸入液压流体并且输送到压力供应管路HV。为了防止液压流体从压力供应管路HV向泵PP方向回流，设置弹簧加载的止回阀RV。压力供应管路HV向不同的液压消耗器、如消耗器K2、消耗器K3以及致动器AK供应液压流体。在一方面压力供应管路HV和另一方面消耗器K3以及致动器AK之间的连接中设置弹簧加载的、可电磁操作的截止阀VDC。作为电磁操作的替代方案，截止阀VDC可先导控制地操作。致动器AK通过调压阀1控制。调压阀1的结构和作用方式相应于在前述附图中描述的调压阀1。根据调压阀1的图1至图3的三种实施方式中的每一种可均在液压系统HY中用作调压阀1；因此下面参考调压阀1的说明和附图标记。
截止阀VDC具有打开位置和截止位置。在未操作状态中，截止阀VDC自动占据打开位置，因为它被弹簧相应预加载。在操作状态中，截止阀VDC克服弹簧的力占据截止位置。在截止阀VDC的截止位置中，消耗器K3以及调压阀1的压力端口P与安全阀连接，该安全阀在超过极限压力的情况下建立与油箱HT的连接。
致动器AK具有压力室，该压力室通过活塞与复位弹簧分离。调压阀1的消耗器端口A与致动器AK的压力室连接。调压阀1的压力端口P经由截止阀VDC与压力供应管路HV连接。调压阀1的油箱端口T经由止回阀与油箱HT连接。
当截止阀VDC打开时，致动器AK的压力室在调压阀1的初始状态中与压力供应管路HV液压连接。从而有效防止了致动器AK的压力室向油箱HT方向排空。当压力供应管路HV中的压力通过泵PP运行如此升高以致调压阀1的弹簧F1、F2的弹簧力被克服时，在工作空间W中在调压阀1的活塞K上产生压力端口P处的压力、弹簧力F1、F2、可能的外力VS以及流动力之间的力平衡。通过改变外力VS可控制致动器AK压力室中的压力。
通过调压阀1的降压状态可实现致动器AK的过压保护。当致动器AK压力室中的压力达到极限值时，调压阀1将致动器AK的压力室与油箱HT连接，在此调压阀1的压力端口P与油箱HT和致动器AK的压力室液压分离。
当截止阀VDC关闭时，在调压阀1的初始状态中不会发生从致动器AK的压力室逆着截止阀RV的截止方向向泵PP的回流。从而延迟了致动器AK压力室中的压力降低。
图5示出具有液压系统HY的机动车变速器G的示意图。机动车变速器G具有连接轴AN，该连接轴可通过分离离合器K0与驱动轴GW1连接。电机EM的转子与驱动轴GW1连接。驱动轴驱动泵PP，该泵用于液压系统HY的压力供应。
机动车变速器G具有离合器区段GK，其包括第一离合器DK1和第二离合器DK2。通过闭合第一离合器DK1，驱动轴GW1可与第一子变速器连接。通过闭合第二离合器DK2，驱动轴GW1可与第二子变速器连接。在换挡区段GW中可借助未示出的齿轮组在子变速器和输出轴GW2之间形成不同挡位。分离离合器K0以及离合器DK1、DK2可构造为湿式片式离合器。为了进行操作，为分离离合器K0、第一离合器DK1和第二离合器DK2分别配置一个液压致动器AK1、AK2、AK3，这些致动器分别借助液压系统HY的一个调压阀1来控制。电子控制单元ECU控制液压系统HY的电磁操作阀。控制单元ECU与多个传感器和其它控制单元连接并且构造用于处理接收到的信号，并根据特性曲线族或模型向各阀以及必要时液压系统HY的其它调节元件发出调节命令。
图6示出具有液压系统HY的另一种机动车变速器G的示意图。与图5的实施方式不同，机动车变速器G现在不构造为双离合器变速器，而是构造为自动变速器。换挡区段GW为此包括未示出的行星齿轮组或正齿轮级，它们与力锁合切换元件SE1、SE2共同作用以形成挡位。为每个切换元件SE1、SE2配置一个液压致动器AK4、AK5，所述液压致动器分别借助液压系统HY的一个调压阀1来控制。
根据图5和图6的机动车变速器G的实施方式仅被视为示例性的。通过在液压系统HY中使用根据本发明的调压阀1可以简单的方式避免机动车变速器G的致动器AK1、AK2、AK3、AK4、AK5排空。尤其是为此不需要单独的阀、如自身的预填充阀。从而可以简单的方式缩短致动器AK1、AK2、AK3、AK4、AK5的操作时间。
附图标记列表
1 调压阀
VG 阀壳体
K 活塞
VA 轴线
W、W2 工作空间
F1 第一弹簧
F2 第二弹簧
A 消耗器端口
AT 压力腔
P 压力端口
PT 压力腔
T 油箱端口
TT 压力腔
AC1 第一控制表面
AC2 第二控制表面
VS 外力
DC 差动控制表面
B1、B2 孔
HY 液压系统
PP 泵
FI 过滤器
HT 油箱
RV 止回阀
HV 压力供应管路
VDC 截止阀
K2、K3 消耗器
AK 致动器
AK2-AK5 致动器
G 机动车变速器
AN 连接轴
K0 分离离合器
GG 壳体
EM 电机
GW1 驱动轴
GW2 输出轴
GK 离合器区段
DK1 第一离合器
DK2 第二离合器
GW 换挡区段
SE1、SE2 切换元件
ECU 电子控制单元

Claims (15)

1.一种调压阀(1)，包括压力端口(P)、消耗器端口(A)、油箱端口(T)和在至少一个工作空间(W、W2)中被引导的活塞(K)，该活塞能克服第一弹簧(F1)的力移动，
其特征在于，设置第二弹簧(F2)，该第二弹簧抵抗第一弹簧(F1)地作用在活塞(K)上，所述第一弹簧(F1)和第二弹簧(F2)和调压阀(1)的面积比设计成，使得
-压力端口(P)在其无压状态中通过调压阀(1)的在压力端口(P)和消耗器端口(A)之间的开口横截面与消耗器端口(A)连接，其中，油箱端口(T)与压力端口(P)和与消耗器端口(A)分离，并且
-从达到消耗器端口(A)处的第一极限压力开始，在压力端口(P)和消耗器端口(A)之间的开口横截面根据压力端口(P)处的压力减小，其中，油箱端口(T)与压力端口(P)和与消耗器端口(A)分离，并且
-在达到消耗器端口(A)处的高于第一极限压力的第二极限压力时，该消耗器端口与油箱端口(T)连接，其中，压力端口(P)与消耗器端口(A)和与油箱端口(T)分离。
2.根据权利要求1所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，所述活塞(K)能被加载外力(VS)，该外力能抵抗第一弹簧(F1)作用在活塞(K)上。
3.根据权利要求2所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，所述外力(VS)能借助电磁铁施加到活塞(K)上。
4.根据权利要求2所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，所述外力(VS)能液压地施加到活塞(K)上。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，所述活塞(K)具有第一和第二控制表面(AC1、AC2)，第一和第二控制表面彼此对置并且能被加载在消耗器端口(A)处作用的压力，作用在第一控制表面(AC1)上的压力逆着第二弹簧(F2)的力起作用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，所述第一控制表面(AC1)大于第二控制表面(AC2)。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，所述活塞(K)具有至少一个孔(B1、B2)，消耗器端口(A)通过该孔与差动控制表面(DC)连接。
8.根据权利要求5所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，所述第一和第二控制表面(AC1、AC2)具有相等的横截面积。
9.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，为所述压力端口(P)、消耗器端口(A)和油箱端口(T)分别配置至少一个压力腔(PT、AT、TT)，各端口(P、A、T)能根据活塞(K)的位置通过所述压力腔与所述至少一个工作空间(W、W2)连接，配置给消耗器端口(A)的压力腔(AT)设置在配置给压力端口(P)的压力腔(PT)和配置给油箱端口(T)的压力腔(TT)之间。
10.一种液压系统(HY)，其包括根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的调压阀(1)，其特征在于，液压致动器(AK、AK1、AK2、AK3、AK4、AK5)与调压阀(1)的消耗器端口(A)连接，调压阀(1)的消耗器端口(A)处的极限压力相应于致动器(AK)的预填充压力。
11.根据权利要求10所述的液压系统(HY)，其特征在于，一个截止阀(VDC)与泵端口(P)连接，该截止阀构造用于减少液压流体从泵端口(P)朝向液压系统(HY)的压力供应源的回流。
12.一种机动车变速器(G)，其包括根据权利要求10或权利要求11所述的液压系统(HY)，其特征在于，所述液压系统(HY)的致动器(AK、AK2、AK3、AK4、AK5)设置用于操作机动车变速器(G)的至少一个切换元件(DK1、DK2、SE1、SE2、K0)。
13.根据权利要求12所述的机动车变速器(G)，其包括输入轴(GW1)、输出轴(GW2)和用于在输入轴(GW1)和输出轴(GW2)之间设定多个不同传动比的换挡区段(GW)，其特征在于，所述切换元件(SE1、SE2)设置用于在换挡区段(GW)中建立力锁合。
14.根据权利要求12所述的机动车变速器(G)，其特征在于，所述切换元件(DK1、DK2)是机动车变速器(G)的起动离合器的组成部分。
15.根据权利要求12至14中任一项所述的机动车变速器(G)，其特征在于，所述切换元件(DK1、DK2、SE1、SE2、K0)构造为片式离合器。
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