CN110548760A - Method for restoring heavy metal pollution of paddy field - Google Patents
Method for restoring heavy metal pollution of paddy field Download PDFInfo
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- CN110548760A CN110548760A CN201910969024.0A CN201910969024A CN110548760A CN 110548760 A CN110548760 A CN 110548760A CN 201910969024 A CN201910969024 A CN 201910969024A CN 110548760 A CN110548760 A CN 110548760A
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- heavy metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C2101/00—In situ
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for restoring heavy metal pollution of paddy fields, which belongs to the technical field of farmland heavy metal treatment and comprises the following steps of S1: preparing a medicament; s2: a heavy metal adsorption device which is prepared by loading the medicament prepared in the S1 into an adsorption ball and loading the adsorption ball into a medicine bag; s3: when the rice seedlings are sowed, the heavy metal adsorption device in the S2 is planted in the mud to be just buried; s4: recovering the medicament, namely taking the heavy metal adsorption device out of the soil when the rice is harvested; s5: and (4) drying the adsorbed medicine particles in the S4 in the sun to be completely dry, thereby realizing the recycling of waste resources. The diatomite component is added into the medicament, so that the medicament has a good adsorption effect. The invention adopts an in-situ remediation method, the adsorbed drug particles can separate heavy metals from farmland soil and can be taken out from the farmland soil along with crops in the crop harvesting season, thereby solving the problem of difficult treatment of farmland heavy metal pollution and not damaging the original organic structure of the soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of farmland heavy metal treatment, and particularly relates to a method for restoring heavy metal pollution of paddy farmland.
Background
The existing chemical remediation technology mainly comprises 1, an ex-situ chemical leaching method, namely, soil is dug out of heavily polluted soil by heavy metals in a farmland, then the heavy metals are removed by a large-scale spraying chemical washing method, and then the soil is backfilled in situ. 2. The method is characterized in that a curing and passivating material is adopted for farmland heavy metal pollutants, so that the activity of heavy metals in soil is reduced, the growth of crops is not influenced, or the residual quantity of the heavy metals in agricultural products is lower than a national standard, the method does not reduce the content of the heavy metals in the soil, and the heavy metal content is changed along with the change of time, climate and geographical conditions, so that the form of the heavy metal ions can be changed again to influence the growth of subsequent crops and the grain safety.
Disclosure of Invention
the invention aims to provide a method for restoring heavy metal pollution of paddy fields, which enriches heavy metal ions contained in soil in the paddy fields into a pollution restoring material, and can be taken out from the soil of the paddy fields along with crops in the crop harvesting season, so that the heavy metal ions causing the pollution of the soil of the paddy fields are separated from a soil system and are moved away along with the restoring material.
Based on the above purposes, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method for restoring heavy metal pollution of paddy fields comprises the following steps:
Step S1, preparing a medicament, which mainly comprises the following components, by weight, 70 ~ 90 parts of water, 0.5 ~ 2.5.5 parts of natural polymer sodium alginate, 2.5 ~ 4.5.5 parts of diatomite, 4 ~ 8 parts of polyvinyl alcohol solution, 1 ~ 3 parts of calcium chloride solution and 0.5 ~ 2.5.5 parts of glutaraldehyde solution, and preparing organic-inorganic hybrid composite hydrogel microspheres, namely adsorption drug particles, by adopting static instillation;
Step S2: loading the adsorption medicine particles prepared in the step S1 into an adsorption ball, loading the adsorption ball loaded with the adsorption medicine particles into a medicine bag to prepare a heavy metal adsorption device, and placing the adsorption device in a weakly acidic aqueous solution for storage for later use by heavy metal;
Step S3: when the rice seedlings are sowed, the heavy metal adsorption device prepared in the step S2 is planted in the mud to be just buried, a water layer with the thickness of 20-30mm is kept on the surface of the paddy field in the early growth stage of the rice, and the heavy metal adsorption device is managed and executed according to the technology of the paddy field in the later stage;
Step S4: recycling the chemical, namely turning out the heavy metal adsorption device in the soil onto farmland soil when harrowing and ploughing the harvested rice, and taking out the adsorption chemical granules with heavy metals adsorbed in the heavy metal adsorption device;
Step S5: and (5) airing the adsorbed medicine particles in the step S4 under the sunlight until the adsorbed medicine particles are completely dried, bagging the medicine particles, and transporting the packaged medicine particles back to a section processing factory for processing.
Furthermore, the amount of the adsorbed drug particles loaded into the adsorption balls in the step S2 is determined according to the heavy metal pollution degree of the farmland, 40 ~ 60g of the adsorbed drug particles are loaded in each adsorption ball of the rice farmland with light heavy metal pollution, 60 ~ 90g of the adsorbed drug particles are loaded in each adsorption ball of the rice farmland with moderate heavy metal pollution, 90 ~ 110g of the adsorbed drug particles are loaded in each adsorption ball of the rice farmland with heavy metal pollution, and each rice seedling is provided with a heavy metal adsorption device.
Further, the amount of the adsorption granules loaded into the adsorption balls in the step S2 is determined according to the heavy metal pollution degree of the farmland, 50g of the adsorption granules are loaded into each adsorption ball in the rice farmland with light heavy metal pollution; 70g of adsorption granules are filled in each adsorption ball in the rice farmland with moderate heavy metal pollution; in the rice farming field heavily polluted by heavy metal, 100g of adsorption drug grains are filled in each adsorption ball, and each rice seedling is provided with one heavy metal adsorption device.
Furthermore, the amount of the adsorption medicine particles loaded into the adsorption balls in the step S2 is determined according to the heavy metal pollution degree of the farmland, the rice farmland with slight heavy metal pollution is filled with 80 ~ 100g of adsorption medicine particles in each adsorption ball, and the heavy metal adsorption device is planted into the mud in a plum blossom cloth array method.
Further, the amount of the adsorption medicine grains loaded into the adsorption balls in the step S2 is determined according to the heavy metal pollution degree of the farmland, 90g of the adsorption medicine grains are loaded into each adsorption ball of the rice farmland with slight heavy metal pollution, and the heavy metal adsorption device is planted into the mud according to the plum blossom cloth array method.
Preferably, 85 parts of water, 1.5 parts of natural polymer sodium alginate, 3.5 parts of diatomite, 6 parts of polyvinyl alcohol solution, 2 parts of calcium chloride solution and 1.4 parts of glutaraldehyde solution in step S1.
Further, the adsorption ball is a plastic ball with a hollow structure and a through hole on the surface, and the diameter of the adsorption ball is 40 ~ 60 mm.
Further, the medicine bag is a nylon filter bag with an opening rope, the length of the medicine bag is 40 ~ 60mm, and the width of the medicine bag is 15 ~ 22 mm.
Further recycling the waste resources, namely grinding the dried adsorbed drug particles in the step S5 into powder to obtain heavy metal-containing repair drug powder; adding the heavy metal-containing repair powder into epoxy resin powder obtained by recycling the waste gas circuit board and HDPE fragments obtained by packaging and recycling waste gas plastic ink, and using the powder as an auxiliary material in the manufacturing process of the building composite section.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. The diatomite component is added into the medicament, and the diatomite is a high-molecular repair material and has an irreplaceable effect of other similar materials, so that the medicament has a good adsorption effect. The adsorption principle is the curing-crosslinking reaction of the organic-inorganic hybrid hydrogel; the micro/nano-pore structure material can adsorb the divalent heavy metal ions, including the coupling of the functions of electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, biological bridging and the like.
2. The adsorption device is simple and practical, the in-situ remediation method is adopted, the farmland remediation method has high originality, after the device is used, the adsorbed pesticide granules can separate heavy metal from farmland soil, the heavy metal ions are enriched on the adsorbed pesticide granules, and the adsorbed pesticide granules can be taken out from the farmland soil along with crops in the crop harvesting season, so that the heavy metal ions polluted by the farmland soil are separated from a soil system and are moved away along with the heavy metal adsorption device, the risk of pollution caused by external condition change is avoided, the problem of poor treatment of farmland heavy metal pollution is solved, and the original organic structure of the farmland soil is not damaged.
3. The adsorption device containing heavy metals recovered from farmlands can be added into a mixed material system and blended with other high polymer materials to realize resource recycling, for example, the repair powder containing heavy metals is added into epoxy resin powder obtained by recovering waste circuit boards and HDPE fragments obtained by packaging and recovering waste plastic ink, and is used as an auxiliary material in the manufacturing process of building composite sections, so that the repair powder is harmless, the removed metals are stabilized in a new blend, and resources are recycled.
4. The invention can also be used for site remediation and groundwater remediation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a chemical diagram of waste recovery in example 10.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are included to illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
s1, preparing a medicament, namely preparing organic-inorganic hybrid composite hydrogel microspheres, namely adsorption drug particles, from 70 ~ 90 parts of water, 0.5 ~ 2.5.5 parts of natural polymer sodium alginate, 2.5 parts of kieselguhr, 2.5 ~ 4.5.5 parts of polyvinyl alcohol solution, 4 ~ 8 parts of calcium chloride solution, 1 ~ 3 parts of glutaraldehyde solution and 0.5 ~ 2.5.5 parts of glutaraldehyde solution by using static instillation, wherein the medicament mainly comprises the following components in parts by weight;
Step S2, filling the adsorption medicine particles prepared in the step S1 into an adsorption ball, wherein the adsorption ball is a plastic ball with a hollow structure and a through hole on the surface, the diameter of the adsorption ball is 40 ~ 60mm, filling the adsorption ball filled with the adsorption medicine particles into a medicine bag, the medicine bag is a nylon filter bag with a sealing rope, the length of the medicine bag is 40 ~ 60mm, the width of the medicine bag is 15 ~ 22mm, and preparing a heavy metal adsorption device, and placing the adsorption device in a weakly acidic aqueous solution for storage in a wet state by heavy metal;
Step S3: when the rice seedlings are sowed, the heavy metal adsorption device prepared in the step S2 is planted in the mud to be just buried, a water layer with the thickness of 20-30mm is kept on the surface of the paddy field in the early growth stage of the rice, and the heavy metal adsorption device is managed and executed according to the technology of the paddy field in the later stage;
Step S4: recycling the chemical, namely turning out the heavy metal adsorption device in the soil onto farmland soil when harrowing and ploughing the harvested rice, and taking out the adsorption chemical granules with heavy metals adsorbed in the heavy metal adsorption device;
Step S5: and (5) airing the adsorbed medicine particles in the step S4 under the sunlight until the adsorbed medicine particles are completely dried, bagging the medicine particles, and transporting the packaged medicine particles back to a section processing factory for processing.
In the embodiment, each rice seedling is provided with a heavy metal adsorption device, the amount of adsorbed pesticide particles loaded into adsorption balls is determined according to the heavy metal pollution degree of a farmland, 40 ~ 60g of the adsorbed pesticide particles are loaded in each adsorption ball in a rice farmland with light heavy metal pollution, 60 ~ 90g of the adsorbed pesticide particles are loaded in each adsorption ball in a rice farmland with moderate heavy metal pollution, and 90 ~ 110g of the adsorbed pesticide particles are loaded in each adsorption ball in a rice farmland with heavy metal pollution.
The method is characterized in that the degree of heavy metal pollution is not a certain numerical value, a set of specific heavy metal pollution evaluation system (comprising a plurality of weighted indexes) is provided, the soil heavy metal background values are different due to different regions in China, the differences of geographical environments, climates and the like are large, the resistance of crops to the pollution of various heavy metal elements is different, the adopted rice variety is selected from Guangxi river basin regions, and the adopted rice variety is screened.
The adsorption process of Cu 2+ not only comprises ion exchange, but also comprises coordination and chelation adsorption of other functional groups of sodium alginate, and the main adsorbed heavy metal ions comprise a plurality of heavy metals such as Pb 2+, Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Mn 2+, Zn 2 +, Co 2+ and the like and noble metals.
Example 2
the embodiment 2 is basically the same as the embodiment 1 in technical scheme, and the difference is that: in the example 2, 40g of adsorption granules are filled in each adsorption ball for the rice farmland slightly polluted by heavy metals; in a rice farm land with moderate heavy metal pollution, 60g of adsorption granules are filled in each adsorption ball; in the rice farming field heavily polluted by heavy metal, 90g of adsorption drug grains are filled in each adsorption ball, and each rice seedling is provided with one heavy metal adsorption device. When in use, the heavy metal adsorption device is implanted into the mud to be just buried, and a water layer with the thickness of 20mm is kept on the surface of the paddy field at the early growth stage of the rice.
the experimental field pilot comparison shows that after 3 ~ 4 times of restoration of the heavily polluted paddy field, the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard, after the adsorption drug particles and the farmland restoration method are adopted for the first time, the detection of the agricultural products meets the national standard, the effect on the moderately polluted paddy field is good, the adsorption amount of the adsorption drug particles to heavy metals is considerable, the detection of the agricultural products meets the national standard, and the problems that the heavy polluted paddy field needs to be restored for many times and the adsorption amount is low due to the light pollution are avoided.
example 3
The embodiment 3 is basically the same as the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the example 3, 50g of adsorption granules are filled in each adsorption ball for the rice farmland slightly polluted by heavy metals; 70g of adsorption granules are filled in each adsorption ball in the rice farmland with moderate heavy metal pollution; in the rice farming field heavily polluted by heavy metal, 100g of adsorption drug grains are filled in each adsorption ball, and each rice seedling is provided with one heavy metal adsorption device. When in use, the heavy metal adsorption device is implanted into the mud to be just buried, and a water layer with the thickness of 30mm is kept on the surface of the paddy field at the early growth stage of the rice.
the experimental field pilot comparison shows that after 2 ~ 3 times of restoration of the heavily polluted paddy field, the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard, after the adsorption drug particles and the farmland restoration method are adopted for the first time, the detection of the agricultural products meets the national standard, the effect on the moderately polluted paddy field is good, the adsorption amount of the adsorption drug particles to heavy metals is considerable, the detection of the agricultural products meets the national standard, and the problems that the heavy polluted paddy field needs to be restored for many times and the adsorption amount is low due to the light pollution are avoided.
Example 4
The embodiment 4 is basically the same as the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in example 4, 60g of adsorption granules are filled in each adsorption ball for the rice farmland slightly polluted by heavy metals; in a rice farm land with moderate heavy metal pollution, 90g of adsorption granules are filled in each adsorption ball; in the rice farming field heavily polluted by heavy metal, 110g of adsorption drug grains are filled in each adsorption ball, and each rice seedling is provided with a heavy metal adsorption device. A water layer of 30mm is maintained on the surface of the paddy field in the early growth stage of the rice.
Through pilot test comparison in a test field, the method has the following advantages: for the heavily polluted paddy field, after 2 times of restoration, the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard. For the slightly polluted paddy field, after the adsorbed pesticide particles and the farmland restoration method are adopted for the first time, the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard; the effect on moderately polluted farmlands is good, the adsorption quantity of the adsorption drug particles to heavy metals is considerable, the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard, the problem that the adsorption quantity is low due to slight pollution because repair is needed for many times in severely polluted farmlands can be avoided.
Example 5
The technical scheme of the embodiment 5 is basically the same as that of the embodiment 1, and the difference is that in the embodiment 5, 80 ~ 100g of adsorption medicine particles are filled in each adsorption ball of a rice farmland with light heavy metal pollution, a heavy metal adsorption device is planted into mud according to a plum blossom cloth array method, and a water layer with the thickness of 20mm is kept on the surface of the rice farmland at the early growth stage of the rice.
Adopt the embodiment 5 to make and adsorb the heavy metal in medicine granule and the farmland of plum blossom cloth matrix method absorption moderate pollution, heavy metal adsorption effect is better, through experimental comparison discovery in experimental field: the adsorption amount of the adsorbed drug particles to heavy metals is considerable, and the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard.
Example 6
The embodiment 6 is basically the same as the embodiment 5 in technical scheme, and the difference is that: 80g of the adsorption pellets are filled in each adsorption ball in the example 6. Through pilot test comparison in a test field, the method has the following advantages: the adsorption amount of the adsorbed drug particles to heavy metals is considerable, and the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard.
Example 7
The embodiment 7 is basically the same as the embodiment 5 in technical scheme, and the difference is that: each adsorption ball in example 7 is filled with 90g of adsorption pellets. Through pilot test comparison in a test field, the method has the following advantages: the adsorption amount of the adsorbed drug particles to heavy metals is considerable, the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard, and the adsorption effect is superior to that of the embodiment 6.
example 8
The embodiment 8 is basically the same as the embodiment 5 in technical scheme, and the difference is that: each adsorption ball in example 4 is filled with 100g of adsorption drug granules. Through pilot test comparison in a test field, the method has the following advantages: the adsorption amount of the adsorbed drug particles to heavy metals is considerable, the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard, and the adsorption effect is superior to that of example 7.
Example 9
The embodiment 9 is basically the same as the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: the preparation method of the drug in example 9 comprises the following steps of preparing, by weight, 85 parts of water, 1.5 parts of natural polymer sodium alginate, 3.5 parts of diatomite, 6 parts of a polyvinyl alcohol solution, 2 parts of a calcium chloride solution and 1.4 parts of a glutaraldehyde solution, and preparing organic-inorganic hybrid composite hydrogel microspheres by adopting static drip dispensing, thereby finally preparing adsorbed drug particles.
The adsorbed pesticide granules prepared in the embodiment 9 are adopted, and pilot plant experiments of test fields show that after 2 ~ 3 times of remediation of a heavily polluted paddy field, the detection of agricultural products meets the national standard, for a lightly polluted paddy field, after the adsorbed pesticide granules and a farmland remediation method are adopted for the first time, the detection of the agricultural products meets the national standard, the effect on a moderately polluted farmland is the best, the adsorption quantity of the adsorbed pesticide granules on heavy metals is considerable, the detection of the agricultural products meets the national standard, and the problems that the adsorption quantity is low due to multiple remediation as in the heavily polluted farmland and the slight pollution are avoided.
Example 10
The embodiment 10 is basically the same as the embodiment 9 in technical scheme, and the difference is that: example 10 the dried adsorbed drug granules obtained in step S5 are ground and powdered to obtain a repair drug powder containing heavy metals; the heavy metal-containing repair powder is added into epoxy resin powder obtained by recycling the waste gas circuit board and HDPE fragments obtained by packaging and recycling waste gas plastic ink, and is used as an auxiliary material in the manufacturing process of the building composite section, so that the recycled waste resources are reasonably utilized, and the composite section is more environment-friendly.
the above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (9)
1. a method for restoring heavy metal pollution of paddy rice farmland is characterized by comprising the following steps:
Step S1, preparing a medicament, which mainly comprises the following components, by weight, 70 ~ 90 parts of water, 0.5 ~ 2.5.5 parts of natural polymer sodium alginate, 2.5 ~ 4.5.5 parts of diatomite, 4 ~ 8 parts of polyvinyl alcohol solution, 1 ~ 3 parts of calcium chloride solution and 0.5 ~ 2.5.5 parts of glutaraldehyde solution, and preparing organic-inorganic hybrid composite hydrogel microspheres, namely adsorption drug particles, by adopting static instillation;
Step S2: loading the adsorption medicine particles prepared in the step S1 into an adsorption ball, loading the adsorption ball loaded with the adsorption medicine particles into a medicine bag to prepare a heavy metal adsorption device, and placing the adsorption device in a weakly acidic aqueous solution for storage for later use by heavy metal;
Step S3: when the rice seedlings are sowed, the heavy metal adsorption device prepared in the step S2 is planted in the mud to be just buried, a water layer with the thickness of 20-30mm is kept on the surface of the paddy field in the early growth stage of the rice, and the heavy metal adsorption device is managed and executed according to the technology of the paddy field in the later stage;
Step S4: recycling the chemical, namely turning out the heavy metal adsorption device in the soil onto farmland soil when harrowing and ploughing the harvested rice, and taking out the adsorption chemical granules with heavy metals adsorbed in the heavy metal adsorption device;
step S5: and (5) airing the adsorbed medicine particles in the step S4 under the sunlight until the adsorbed medicine particles are completely dried, bagging the medicine particles, and transporting the packaged medicine particles back to a section processing factory for processing.
2. The method for remedying heavy metal contamination in paddy fields according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the adsorbed drug grains loaded into the adsorption balls in step S2 is determined according to the degree of heavy metal contamination in the paddy fields with light heavy metal contamination, 40 ~ 60g of the adsorbed drug grains are loaded into each adsorption ball, 60 ~ 90g of the adsorbed drug grains are loaded into each adsorption ball in paddy fields with moderate heavy metal contamination, 90 ~ 110g of the adsorbed drug grains are loaded into each adsorption ball in paddy fields with heavy metal contamination, and each paddy seedling is provided with a heavy metal adsorption device.
3. the method for remedying heavy metal pollution in paddy fields as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S2, the amount of the adsorbed pesticide particles loaded into the adsorption balls is determined according to the heavy metal pollution degree of the farmland, 50g of the adsorbed pesticide particles are loaded in each adsorption ball in the rice farmland with light heavy metal pollution; 70g of adsorption granules are filled in each adsorption ball in the rice farmland with moderate heavy metal pollution; in the rice farming field heavily polluted by heavy metal, 100g of adsorption drug grains are filled in each adsorption ball, and each rice seedling is provided with one heavy metal adsorption device.
4. The method for remedying heavy metal pollution in paddy fields according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the adsorption drug granules loaded into the adsorption balls in the step S2 is determined according to the heavy metal pollution degree of the paddy fields, the paddy fields with light heavy metal pollution are filled with 80 ~ 100g of the adsorption drug granules in each adsorption ball, and the heavy metal adsorption device is planted into the mud in a quincunx array method.
5. the method for remedying heavy metal pollution in paddy fields as claimed in claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the amount of the adsorption medicine particles loaded into the adsorption balls in the step S2 is determined according to the heavy metal pollution degree of the farmland, the rice farmland with slight heavy metal pollution is filled with 90g of adsorption medicine particles in each adsorption ball, and the heavy metal adsorption device is planted into the mud according to the plum blossom cloth array method.
6. The method for remedying heavy metal pollution in paddy fields as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: 85 parts of water, 1.5 parts of natural polymer sodium alginate, 3.5 parts of diatomite, 6 parts of polyvinyl alcohol solution, 2 parts of calcium chloride solution and 1.4 parts of glutaraldehyde solution in the step S1.
7. The method for remedying heavy metal pollution in paddy fields according to claim 7, wherein the adsorption balls are plastic balls having a hollow structure and through holes on the surface, and the diameter of the adsorption balls is 40 ~ 60 mm.
8. The method for remedying the heavy metal pollution in the paddy field as claimed in claim 8, wherein the medicine bag is a nylon filter bag with a sealing rope, the length of the medicine bag is 40 ~ 60mm, and the width of the medicine bag is 15 ~ 22 mm.
9. The method for remedying heavy metal pollution in paddy fields as claimed in claim 9, wherein: grinding the dried adsorbed drug particles obtained in the step S5 into powder to obtain heavy metal-containing repair drug powder; adding the heavy metal-containing repair powder into epoxy resin powder obtained by recycling the waste gas circuit board and HDPE fragments obtained by packaging and recycling waste gas plastic ink, and using the powder as an auxiliary material in the manufacturing process of the building composite section.
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