CN110521153B

CN110521153B - Apparatus, system and method for communicating transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme

Info

Publication number: CN110521153B
Application number: CN201780089814.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 阿尔乔姆·罗马耶夫; 亚历山大·马尔特瑟夫; 迈克尔·吉纳索尔; 克劳迪奥·达席尔瓦; 卡洛斯·科尔迪鲁
Original assignee: Intel Corp
Current assignee: Intel Corp
Priority date: 2017-04-20
Filing date: 2017-09-11
Publication date: 2022-09-02
Anticipated expiration: 2037-09-11
Also published as: WO2018194704A1; CN110521153A

Abstract

Some embodiments relate to communicating transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme. For example, a wireless station may be configured to modulate a plurality of data bit sequences into a plurality of data blocks according to a dual carrier modulation, map the plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams according to a space-time coding scheme, and transmit an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission based on the plurality of spatial streams.

Description

Apparatus, system and method for communicating transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme

Cross-referencing

The benefit and priority of U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/487,912 entitled "Apparatus, System and Method of Communicating According to a Space-Time Encoding Scheme", filed 4/20 of 2017, and the continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. patent application No. 15/278,928 entitled "Apparatus, System and Method of Communicating According to a Transmit Space-Time conversion Scheme", filed 28/2016 of 2016, which U.S. patent application No. 15/278,928 claims U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/305,624 entitled "Apparatus, System and Method of Communicating Space-Time conversion Scheme", filed 2016 3/9 of 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Technical Field

Embodiments described herein relate generally to communicating transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme.

Background

Wireless communication networks in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band may provide high speed data access for users of wireless communication devices.

Drawings

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity of presentation. Further, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. The figures are listed below.

Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustration of a system in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of an Enhanced directed Multi-Gigabit (EDMG) Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) format that may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of a transmit space-time diversity scheme that may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

Fig. 4 is a schematic illustration of space-time subcarrier mapping according to a dual carrier modulation scheme, according to some demonstrative embodiments.

Fig. 5 is a schematic flow chart illustration of a method of communicating transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

Fig. 6 is a schematic flow chart illustration of a method of communicating transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

Fig. 7 is a schematic illustration of a product of manufacture, according to some demonstrative embodiments.

Detailed Description

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, units and/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the discussion.

Discussions herein utilizing terms such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "establishing," "analyzing," "checking," or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process (es) of a computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or other electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer's registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer's registers and/or memories or other information storage medium that may store instructions to perform operations and/or processes.

The terms "plurality" and "a plurality" as used herein include, for example, "multiple" or "two or more". For example, "a plurality of items" includes two or more items.

References to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "illustrative embodiment," "various embodiments," etc., indicate that the embodiment(s) so described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, repeated use of the phrase "in one embodiment" does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives "first", "second", "third", etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with a variety of devices and systems, such as, for example, User Equipment (UE), Mobile Devices (MD), wireless Stations (STA), Personal Computers (PC), desktop computers, Mobile computers, laptop computers, notebook computers, tablet computers, server computers, handheld devices, wearable devices, sensor devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) devices, handheld PDA devices, onboard devices, off-board devices, hybrid devices, onboard devices, off-board devices, Mobile or portable devices, consumer devices, non-Mobile or non-portable devices, wireless communication stations, wireless communication devices, wireless Access Points (APs), wired or wireless routers, wireless routers, and so forth, A wired or Wireless modem, a Video device, an audio-Video (a/V) device, a wired or Wireless Network, a Wireless Area Network, a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Personal Area Network (PAN), a Wireless PAN (Wireless PAN, WPAN), and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with the following devices and/or networks: devices and/or networks operating according to the existing IEEE802.11 standards (including IEEE802.11-2016 (IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE standard for information technology-telecommunications and information exchange between system local and metropolitan area networks-part 11 specifically requiring wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications, 2016 12/7/10/2016) and/or IEEE802.11 ay (p802.11 1ay standard for information technology-telecommunications and information exchange between system local and metropolitan area networks-part 11 specifically requiring wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications-revision: enhanced throughput for operation in unlicensed bands above 45 GHz)) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating according to the existing wireless network Alliance (WiFi Alliance, WFA) Peer-to-Peer (Peer, P2P) specifications (including WiFi P2P specification, version 1.5, 2015, 8/4/d) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating according to existing Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WGA) specifications (including Wireless Gigabit Alliance limited company, WiGig MAC and PHY specification version 1.1, 2011, 4/d, final specifications) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating according to existing cellular specifications and/or protocols (e.g., 3 Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, cells and/or devices being part of the aforementioned networks, and so on.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with the following systems or devices: one-way and/or two-way radio Communication Systems, cellular radiotelephone Communication Systems, mobile telephones, cellular telephones, radiotelephones, Personal Communication Systems (PCS) devices, PDA devices including wireless Communication devices, mobile or portable Global Positioning System (GPS) devices, devices including GPS receivers or transceivers or chips, devices including RFID elements or chips, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceivers or devices, Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceivers or devices, Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceivers or devices, devices having one or more internal and/or external antennas, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) devices or Systems, multi-standard radio devices or Systems, wired or wireless devices (e.g., smart phones), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) devices, and so on.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems, e.g., Radio Frequency (RF), redExternal (Infra Red, IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal FDM (Orthogonal FDM), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), FDM Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), space-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Extended TDMA (Extended TDMA, E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service (General Packet Radio Service, GPRS), Extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (Code-Division Multiple Access, CDMA), CDMA (CDMA ), wireless-Division Multiple Access (DMT), CDMA-CDMA, CDMA-2000, CDMA-multicarrier Modulation (CDMA-CDMA), CDMA-spread-CDMA-spread-CDMA-spread-CDMA-spread-CDMA-spread-CDMA-spread-CDMA-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-spectrum-spread-OFDM-spectrum-OFDM-spread-spectrum,

Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee ^TM Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) or sixth generation (6G) Mobile networks, 3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and so on. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems, and/or networks.

As used herein, the term "wireless device" includes, for example, devices capable of wireless communication, communication stations capable of wireless communication, portable or non-portable devices capable of wireless communication, and the like. In some demonstrative embodiments, the wireless device may be or may include a peripheral integrated with the computer, or a peripheral attached to the computer. In some demonstrative embodiments, the term "wireless device" may optionally include a wireless service.

The term "communicating" as used herein with respect to communication signals includes transmitting communication signals and/or receiving communication signals. For example, a communication unit capable of communication signals may include a transmitter to transmit communication signals to at least one other communication unit, and/or a communication receiver to receive communication signals from at least one other communication unit. Verb communications may be used to refer to a sent action or a received action. In one example, the phrase "in signal communication" may refer to the act of transmitting a signal by a first device and may not necessarily include the act of receiving a signal by a second device. In another example, the phrase "in signal communication" may refer to the act of receiving a signal by a first device and may not necessarily include the act of transmitting a signal by a second device. The communication signals may be transmitted and/or received, for example, in the form of Radio Frequency (RF) communication signals and/or any other type of signals.

As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to, be part of, or include the following: an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an Integrated Circuit, an electronic Circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic Circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or the functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, the circuitry may comprise logic operable, at least in part, in hardware.

The term "logic" may refer, for example, to computational logic embedded in circuitry of a computing device and/or computational logic stored in memory of the computing device. For example, logic may be accessed by a processor of a computing device to execute computing logic to perform computing functions and/or operations. In one example, logic may be embedded in various types of memory and/or firmware, such as silicon blocks of various chips and/or processors. Logic may be included in and/or implemented as part of various circuitry, such as radio circuitry, receiver circuitry, control circuitry, transmitter circuitry, transceiver circuitry, processor circuitry, and so forth. In one example, logic may be embedded in volatile memory and/or non-volatile memory, including random access memory, read only memory, programmable memory, magnetic memory, flash memory, persistent memory, and so forth. Logic may be executed by one or more processors utilizing memory, e.g., registers, storage devices, buffers, etc., coupled to the one or more processors as needed to execute the logic.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a WLAN, e.g., a WiFi network. Other embodiments may be used in conjunction with any other suitable wireless communication network, such as a wireless area network, piconet, WPAN, WVAN, and so forth.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication network communicating over a frequency band greater than 45 gigahertz (GHz), e.g., 60 GHz. However, other embodiments may be implemented using any other suitable wireless communication Frequency band, such as an Extreme High Frequency (EHF) band (millimeter wave (mmWave) Frequency band), a Frequency band within a Frequency band between 20GHz and 300GHz, a Frequency band above 45GHz, a Frequency band below 20GHz, such as Sub-1 GHz (Sub 1GHz, S1G) Frequency bands, a 2.4GHz band, a 5GHz band, a WLAN Frequency band, a WPAN Frequency band, a Frequency band according to the WGA specification, and so forth.

As used herein, the term "antenna" may include any suitable configuration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. In some embodiments, the antenna may utilize separate transmit and receive antenna elements to implement transmit and receive functions. In some embodiments, the antenna may utilize common and/or integrated transmit/receive antenna elements to implement transmit and receive functions. The antennas may include, for example, a phased array antenna, a single element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and so forth.

As used herein, the terms "directional multi-gigabit" (DMG) and "directional band" (DBand) may relate to a frequency band in which the channel start frequency is above 45 GHz. In one example, DMG communications may involve one or more directional links to communicate at a rate of multi-gigabits per second, such as at least 1 gigabit per second, such as at least 7 gigabits per second, at least 30 gigabits per second, or any other rate.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented by a DMG STA (also referred to as an "mmWave STA (mSTA)") which may include, for example, a STA having a radio transmitter capable of operating on a channel within a DMG band. The DMG STA may perform other additional or alternative functions. Other embodiments may be implemented by any other apparatus, device, and/or station.

Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 schematically illustrates a system 100 according to some demonstrative embodiments.

As shown in fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, system 100 may include one or more wireless communication devices. For example, system 100 may include wireless communication device 102, wireless communication device 140, and/or one or more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include mobile devices or non-mobile (e.g., stationary) devices.

For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, for example, a UE, MD, STA, AP, PC, desktop computer, mobile computer, laptop computer, Ultrabook ^TM A computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, an Internet of Things (IoT) Device, a sensor Device, a handheld Device, a wearable Device, a PDA Device, a handheld PDA Device, an onboard Device, an offboard Device, a hybrid Device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionality with PDA Device functionality), a consumer Device, an onboard Device, an offboard Device, a Mobile or portable Device, a non-Mobile or non-portable Device, a Mobile phone, a cellular phone, a PCS Device, a PDA Device that includes a wireless communication Device, a Mobile or portable GPS Device, a DVB Device, a relatively Small computing Device, a non-desktop computer, a "compact Mobile Live (CSLL) Device, an Ultra Mobile Device (UMD), an Ultra Mobile PC (Ultra Mobile PC, UMPC), a Mobile Internet Device (Internet Device, MID)"origami" device or Computing device, Dynamic Combinable Computing (DCC) enabled device, context aware device, Video device, audio device, A/V device, Set-Top Box (Set-Top-Box, STB), Blu-ray Disc (BD) Player, BD Recorder, Digital Video Disc (DVD) Player, High Definition (HD) DVD Player, DVD Recorder, HD DVD Recorder, Personal Video Recorder (PVR), broadcast HD receiver, Video source, audio source, Video sink, audio sink, stereo tuner, broadcast radio receiver, flat panel display, Personal Media Player (Personal Media Player, PMP), Digital Video camera (Digital Video camera, DVC), Digital audio Player, speaker, audio receiver, DCC, audio Recorder, audio Player, audio Recorder, DVD Recorder, audio Recorder, DVD Recorder, audio Recorder, DVD, audio amplifiers, gaming devices, data sources, data sinks, Digital Still Cameras (DSCs), media players, smart phones, televisions, music players, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include, for example, one or more of a processor 191, an input unit 192, an output unit 193, a memory unit 194, and/or a storage unit 195; and/or device 140 may include, for example, one or more of a processor 181, an input unit 182, an output unit 183, a memory unit 184, and/or a storage unit 185. Devices 102 and/or 140 may optionally include other suitable hardware components and/or software components. In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the components of one or more of devices 102 and/or 140 may be enclosed in a common housing or package and may be interconnected or operably associated using one or more wired or wireless links. In other embodiments, components of one or more of devices 102 and/or 140 may be distributed among multiple or separate devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, Processor 191 and/or Processor 181 may include, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), one or more Processor cores, a single-core Processor, a dual-core Processor, a multi-core Processor, a microprocessor, a host Processor, a controller, a plurality of processors or controllers, a chip, a microchip, one or more circuits, a Circuit, a logic Unit, an Integrated Circuit (IC), an Application-Specific IC (ASIC), or any other suitable multi-purpose or special-purpose Processor or controller. Processor 191 may execute instructions of, for example, an Operating System (OS) of device 102 and/or one or more suitable applications. Processor 181 may execute instructions of, for example, an Operating System (OS) of device 140 and/or one or more suitable applications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, input unit 192 and/or input unit 182 may include, for example, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch screen, a touch pad, a trackball, a stylus, a microphone, or other suitable pointing or input device. The output unit 193 and/or the output unit 183 may include, for example, a monitor, a screen, a touch screen, a flat panel Display, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) Display unit, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Display unit, a plasma Display unit, one or more audio speakers or headphones, or other suitable output devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, Memory unit 194 and/or Memory unit 184 may include, for example, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), flash Memory, volatile Memory, non-volatile Memory, cache Memory, a buffer, a short-term Memory unit, a long-term Memory unit, or other suitable Memory units. Storage unit 195 and/or storage unit 185 may include, for example, a hard Disk drive, a floppy Disk drive, a Compact Disk (CD) drive, a CD-ROM drive, a DVD drive, or other suitable removable or non-removable storage units. Memory unit 194 and/or storage unit 195, for example, may store data processed by device 102. Memory unit 184 and/or storage unit 185, for example, may store data processed by device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102 and/or 140 may be capable of communicating content, data, information and/or signals via a Wireless Medium (WM) 103. In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless medium 103 may include, for example, a radio channel, a cellular channel, an RF channel, a WiFi channel, an IR channel, a Bluetooth (BT) channel, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) channel, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or more directional frequency bands and/or channels. For example, WM 103 may include one or more millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless communication bands and/or channels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or more DMG channels. In other embodiments, WM 103 may include any other directional channel.

In other embodiments, WM 103 may include any other type of channel on any other frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include one or more radios including circuitry and/or logic to perform wireless communication between

devices

102, 140 and/or one or more other wireless communication devices. For example, device 102 may include at least one radio 114 and/or device 140 may include at least one radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 may include one or more wireless receivers (Rx) including circuits and/or logic to receive wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames, blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items and/or data. For example, radio 114 may include at least one receiver 116, and/or radio 144 may include at least one receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include one or more wireless transmitters (Tx), including circuits and/or logic to transmit wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames, blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items and/or data. For example, radio 114 may include at least one transmitter 118 and/or radio 144 may include at least one transmitter 148.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144, transmitters 118 and/or 148, and/or receivers 116 and/or 146 may include circuitry; logic; radio Frequency (RF) elements, circuits and/or logic; baseband elements, circuitry and/or logic; modulation elements, circuitry and/or logic; demodulation elements, circuitry and/or logic; an amplifier; an analog-to-digital and/or digital-to-analog converter; a filter; and so on. For example, radio 114 and/or radio 144 may include or may be implemented as part of a wireless Network Interface Card (NIC), or the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may be configured to communicate over a directional frequency band, e.g., an mmWave frequency band, and/or any other frequency band, e.g., a 2.4GHz frequency band, a 5GHz frequency band, an S1G frequency band, and/or any other frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include, or may be associated with, one or more (e.g., multiple) directional antennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more (e.g., multiple) directional antennas 107 and/or device 140 may include one or more (e.g., multiple) directional antennas 147.

Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any type of antenna suitable for transmitting and/or receiving wireless communication signals, blocks, frames, transmission streams, packets, messages and/or data. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any suitable configuration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include, for example, antennas suitable for directional communication, e.g., using beamforming techniques. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include a phased array antenna, a multi-element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or the like. In some embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receive functions using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may utilize common and/or integrated transmit/receive elements to perform transmit and receive functions.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include directional antennas, which may be steered to one or more beam directions. For example, the antenna 107 may be steered to one or more beam directions 135 and/or the antenna 147 may be steered to one or more beam directions 145.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include and/or may be implemented as part of a single Phased Antenna Array (PAA).

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may be implemented as part of a plurality of PAAs, e.g., as a plurality of physically independent PAAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PAA may include, for example, a rectangular geometry, e.g., including integer rows (denoted M) and integer columns (denoted N). In other embodiments, any other type of antenna and/or antenna array may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may be connected to and/or associated with one or more Radio Frequency (RF) chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more (e.g., multiple) RF chains 109 connected to antenna 107 and/or associated with antenna 107.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 109 may be included as part of one or more elements of radio 114 and/or implemented as part of one or more elements of radio 114, e.g., included and/or implemented as part of transmitter 118 and/or receiver 116.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include one or more (e.g., multiple) RF chains 149 connected to and/or associated with antenna 147.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 149 may be included as part of one or more elements of radio 144 and/or implemented as part of one or more elements of radio 144, e.g., included and/or implemented as part of transmitter 148 and/or receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include controller 124 and/or device 140 may include controller 154. Controller 124 may be configured to perform and/or trigger, cause, instruct, and/or control device 102 to perform one or more communications, to generate and/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functions, operations, and/or processes between

devices

102, 140 and/or one or more other devices; and/or controller 154 may be configured to perform and/or trigger, cause, instruct, and/or control device 140 to perform one or more communications to generate and/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functions, operations, and/or processes between

devices

102, 140 and/or one or more other devices, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controllers 124 and/or 154 may include, or may be implemented, in part or in whole, by, for example, the following circuitry and/or logic: one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC) circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic, baseband (BB) circuitry and/or logic, BB Processor, BB memory, Application Processor (AP) circuitry and/or logic, AP Processor, AP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic configured to perform the functions of controller 124 and/or 154, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, one or more functions of controllers 124 and/or 154 may be implemented by logic executable by a machine and/or one or more processors, such as described below.

In one example, controller 124 may comprise circuitry and/or logic, e.g., one or more processors comprising circuitry and/or logic, to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless device (e.g., device 102) and/or a wireless station (e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device 102) to perform one or more operations, communications and/or functions, e.g., as described herein.

In one example, controller 154 may comprise circuitry and/or logic, e.g., one or more processors comprising circuitry and/or logic, to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless device (e.g., device 140) and/or a wireless station (e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device 140) to perform one or more operations, communications and/or functions, e.g., as described herein.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a message processor 128 configured to generate, process and/or access one or more messages communicated by device 102.

In one example, the message processor 128 may be configured to generate one or more messages to be transmitted by the device 102, and/or the message processor 128 may be configured to access and/or process one or more messages received by the device 102, for example, as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include a message processor 158 configured to generate, process and/or access one or more messages communicated by device 140.

In one example, the message processor 158 may be configured to generate one or more messages to be transmitted by the device 140, and/or the message processor 158 may be configured to access and/or process one or more messages received by the device 140, for example, as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, message processors 128 and/or 158 may include, or may be implemented in part or in whole by, for example, the following circuitry and/or logic: one or more processors comprising circuitry and/or logic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media Access Control (MAC) circuitry and/or logic, physical layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic, BB processor, BB memory, AP circuitry and/or logic, AP processor, AP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic configured to perform the functions of message processors 128 and/or 158, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, one or more functions of the message processors 128 and/or 158 may be implemented by logic, which may be executed by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least a portion of the functionality of message processor 128 may be implemented as part of radio 114 and/or at least a portion of the functionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least a portion of the functionality of message processor 128 may be implemented as part of controller 124 and/or at least a portion of the functionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of controller 154.

In other embodiments, the functionality of message processor 128 may be implemented as part of any other element of device 102 and/or the functionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of any other element of device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least a portion of the functionality of controller 124 and/or message processor 128 may be implemented by an integrated circuit, e.g., a Chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC). In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or more functions of the radio 114. For example, the chip or SoC may include one or more elements of the controller 124, one or more elements of the message processor 128, and/or one or more elements of the radio 114. In one example, the controller 124, message processor 128, and radio 114 may be implemented as part of a chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 124, message processor 128, and/or radio 114 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elements of device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least a portion of the functionality of controller 154 and/or message processor 158 may be implemented by an integrated circuit, e.g., a chip, e.g., a system-on-a-chip (SoC). In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or more functions of radio 144. For example, the chip or SoC may include one or more elements of controller 154, one or more elements of message processor 158, and/or one or more elements of radio 144. In one example, controller 154, message processor 158, and radio 144 may be implemented as part of a chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 154, message processor 158, and/or radio 144 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elements of apparatus 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, operate as, function as, and/or perform one or more functions of one or more STAs. For example, device 102 may include at least one STA and/or device 140 may include at least one STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, function and/or perform one or more functions of one or more DMG STAs. For example, device 102 may include, operate as, function as, and/or perform one or more functions of at least one DMG STA, and/or device 140 may include, operate as, function as, and/or perform one or more functions of at least one DMG STA.

In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, operate as, function and/or perform one or more functions of any other wireless device and/or station, such as WLAN STAs, WiFi STAs, etc.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may be configured to operate as, function and/or perform one or more functions of: an Access Point (AP), such as a DMG AP, and/or a Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS) control point (PCP), such as a DMG PCP, such as an AP/PCP STA, such as a DMG AP/PCP STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may be configured to operate as, function and/or perform one or more functions of: a non-AP STA, e.g., a DMG non-AP STA, and/or a non-PCP STA, e.g., a DMG non-PCP STA, e.g., a non-AP/PCP STA, e.g., a DMG non-AP/PCP STA.

In other embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may operate as, function of, and/or perform one or more functions of any other additional or additional device and/or station.

In one example, a Station (STA) may include a logical entity that is a single addressable instance of a Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the Wireless Medium (WM). The STA may perform any other additional or alternative functions.

In one example, an AP may comprise an entity comprising a Station (STA), e.g., a STA, and provide access to distribution services for associated STAs via a Wireless Medium (WM). The AP may perform any other additional or alternative functions.

In one example, a Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS) control point (PCP) may comprise an entity, e.g., a Station (STA), that includes the STA and coordinates access to the Wireless Medium (WM) by STAs that are members of the PBSS. The PCP may perform any other additional or alternative functions.

In one example, the PBSS may include a directional multi-gigabit (DMG) Basic Service Set (BSS) that includes, for example, one PBSS Control Point (PCP). For example, access to a Distribution System (DS) may not exist, but for example, an intra-PBSS forwarding service may optionally exist.

In one example, the PCP/AP STA may include a Station (STA) that is at least one of a PCP or an AP. The PCP/AP STA may perform any other additional or alternative functions.

In one example, the non-AP STAs may include STAs that are not included within the AP. The non-AP STA may perform any other additional or alternative functions.

In one example, non-PCP STAs may include STAs that are not PCPs. The non-PCP STA may perform any other additional or alternative functions.

In one example, non-PCP/AP STAs may include STAs that are not PCPs and are not APs. The non-PCP/AP STA may perform any other additional or alternative functions.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate over a Next Generation 60GHz (Next Generation 60GHz, NG60) network, an Enhanced DMG (EDMG) network, and/or any other network. For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may perform multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, e.g., for communicating over NG60 and/or an EDMG network, e.g., over NG60 or an EDMG frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more specifications, including, for example, one or more IEEE802.11 specifications, e.g., an IEEE802.11-2016 specification, an IEEE802.11 ay specification, and/or any other specification and/or protocol.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, as part of a new standard in the mmWave frequency band, e.g., the 60GHz frequency band or any other directional frequency band, e.g., as an evolution of the IEEE802.11-2016 specification and/or the IEEE802.11ad specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured according to one or more standards, e.g., according to the IEEE802.11 ay standard, which may be configured, for example, to enhance the efficiency and/or performance of the IEEE802.11ad specification, which may be configured to provide Wi-Fi connectivity in the 60GHz band.

Some demonstrative embodiments may, for example, allow for substantially increasing data transmission rates defined in the IEEE802.11ad specification, e.g., from 7 gigabits per second (Gbps) up to 30Gbps, or any other data rate, which may, for example, satisfy the increasing demand for network capacity for emerging applications.

Some demonstrative embodiments may, for example, be implemented to allow for an increase in transmission data rate, e.g., by applying MIMO and/or channel bonding techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate MIMO over the mmWave wireless communication band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to support one or more mechanisms and/or features, e.g., channel bonding, single-user (SU) MIMO and/or multi-user (MU) MIMO, e.g., in accordance with the IEEE802.11 ay standard and/or any other standards and/or protocols.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, function and/or perform the functions of one or more EDMG STAs. For example, device 102 may include, operate as, function and/or perform the functions of at least one EDMG STA, and/or device 140 may include, operate as, function and/or perform the functions of at least one EDMG STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implement a communication scheme, which may include, for example, a physical layer (PHY) and/or a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer scheme to support one or more applications, and/or an increased transmission data rate, e.g., a data rate of up to 30Gbps, or any other data rate.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PHY and/or MAC layer scheme may be configured to support frequency channel bonding on the mmWave frequency band (e.g., on the 60GHz band), SU MIMO techniques, and/or MU MIMO techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may be configured to implement SU and/or MU communication utilizing Downlink (DL) and/or Uplink (UL) frames of a MIMO scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may be configured to implement one or more MU communication mechanisms. For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more MU mechanisms that may be configured to implement, for example, MU communication between a device (e.g., device 102) and multiple devices (e.g., including device 140 and/or one or more other devices) utilizing DL frames of a MIMO scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate over a NG network, an EDMG network, and/or any other network and/or any other frequency band. For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate DL MIMO transmissions and/or UL MIMO transmissions, e.g., for communication over NG60 and/or an EDMG network.

Some wireless communication specifications, such as the IEEE802.11 ad-2012 specification, may be configured to support SU systems in which STAs may transmit frames to a single STA at a time. Such a specification may not be able to, for example, support an STA to transmit to multiple STAs simultaneously, e.g., using a MU-MIMO scheme (e.g., DL MU-MIMO) or any other MU scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate in a frequency band above 45GHz over a channel bandwidth of, for example, at least 2.16 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more mechanisms, e.g., which may allow for an extension of a single-channel BW scheme, e.g., a scheme in accordance with the IEEE802.11ad specification, or any other scheme, to achieve higher data rates and/or increased capabilities, e.g., as described below.

In one example, a single channel BW scheme may include communication over a 2.16GHz channel (also referred to as a "single channel" or "DMG channel").

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, e.g., which may support communication over a channel BW (also referred to as a "wide channel," "EDMG channel," or "bonded channel") including two or more channels (e.g., two or more 2.16GHz channels), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel bonding mechanism may include, for example, mechanisms and/or operations of: with this mechanism and/or operation, two or more channels (e.g., 2.16GHz channels) may be combined, for example, to obtain higher bandwidth for packet transmission to allow higher data rates to be achieved, for example, when compared to transmission over a single channel. Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein in relation to communication over a channel BW comprising two or more 2.16GHz channels, although other embodiments may be implemented in relation to communication over a channel bandwidth (e.g., a "wide" channel) comprising or formed of any other number of two or more channels, e.g., an aggregated channel comprising an aggregation of two or more channels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, e.g., which may support increased channel bandwidth, e.g., 4.32GHz channel BW, 6.48GHz channel BW, 8.64GHz channel BW, and/or any other additional or alternative channel BW, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, e.g., may support an increased channel bandwidth, e.g., a 4.32GHz channel BW, e.g., including two 2.16GHz channels according to a channel bonding factor equal to 2, a 6.48GHz channel BW, e.g., including three 2.16GHz channels according to a channel bonding factor equal to 3, an 8.64GHz channel BW, e.g., including four 2.16GHz channels according to a channel bonding factor equal to 4, and/or any other additional or alternative channel BW, e.g., including any other number of 2.16GHz channels and/or according to any other channel bonding factor.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the introduction of MIMO may be based, for example, on enabling a robust transmission mode compared to a single-input single-output (SISO) case and/or, for example, enhancing the reliability of data transmission, rather than the transmission rate. For example, one or more Space Time Block Coding (STBC) schemes exploiting the Space-Time channel diversity property may be implemented to implement one or more enhancements for MIMO transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate one or more transmissions over one or more channel BWs, e.g., including a channel BW of 2.16GHz, a channel BW of 4.32GHz, a channel BW of 6.478GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz, and/or any other channel BWs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, process, transmit and/or receive a physical layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) having a PPDU format (also referred to as an "EDMG PPDU format"), which may be configured, for example, for communication between EDMG stations, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PPDU, e.g., an EDMG PPDU, may include at least one non-EDMG field, e.g., a legacy field, which may be identified, decodable and/or processed by one or more devices ("non-EDMG devices" or "legacy devices") which may not support one or more features or mechanisms ("non-legacy" mechanisms or "EDMG mechanisms"). For example, legacy devices may include non-EDMG stations, which may be configured, for example, according to the IEEE802.11-2016 standard, and so forth. For example, a non-EDMG station may include a DMG station that is not an EDMG station.

Referring to fig. 2, an EDMG PPDU format 200 that may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments is schematically illustrated. In one example, devices 102 (fig. 1) and/or 140 (fig. 1) may be configured to generate, transmit, receive, and/or process one or more EDMG PPDUs having the structure and/or format of EDMG PPDU 200.

In one example, devices 102 (fig. 1) and/or 140 (fig. 1) may communicate with PPDU 200, e.g., as part of a transmission over channels (e.g., EDMG channels) having a channel bandwidth including one or more 2.16GHz channels, e.g., a channel BW of 2.16GHz, a channel BW of 4.32GHz, a channel BW of 6.478GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz, and/or any other channel BW, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in fig. 2, EDMG PPDU 200 may include a non-EDMG portion 210 ("legacy portion"), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, non-EDMG portion 210 may include a non-EDMG (legacy) Short Training Field (STF) (L-STF)202, a non-EDMG (legacy) Channel Estimation Field (CEF) (L-CEF)204, and/or a non-EDMG header (L-header) 206, as shown in fig. 2.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG PPDU 200 may include an EDMG portion 220, e.g., after non-EDMG portion 210, e.g., as described below, as shown in fig. 2.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG portion 220 may include a first EDMG header (e.g., EDMG header a 208), an EDMG-STF 212, an EDMG-CEF214, a second EDMG header (e.g., EDMG header B216), a data field 218, and/or one or more beamforming training fields (e.g., TRN field 224), as shown in fig. 2.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG portion 220 may include some or all of the fields shown in fig. 2 and/or one or more other additional or alternative fields.

Referring back to fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more techniques, e.g., which may allow for supporting communication over a MIMO communication channel, e.g., a SU-MIMO channel between two mmWave STAs, or a MU-MIMO channel between a STA and multiple STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a coding scheme for MIMO transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a space-time coding scheme, which may be configured, for example, for OFDM MIMO, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the space-time coding scheme may be implemented, e.g., for communication in accordance with the IEEE802.11 ay specification and/or any other standards, protocols, and/or specifications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a space-time transmit coding scheme for OFDM modulation, e.g., configured for 2xN MIMO communication, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, the space-time transmission coding scheme for OFDM modulation may be configured, for example, for any other type of MIMO communication, such as any other M x N MIMO communication, for example, where N is equal to or greater than 2 and M is equal to or greater than 2.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a space-time transmit coding scheme, which may utilize a frequency diversity scheme, e.g., according to one or more Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) techniques, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a transmit space-time coding scheme, which may, for example, extract both space and frequency diversity, and may combine a dual-carrier modulation scheme, e.g., utilizing a DCM technique (which may, for example, be in accordance with the IEEE802.11ad specification), and one or more space-time techniques (e.g., an Alamouti space-time technique), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the Transmit space-time coding scheme may be configured, for example, in accordance with one or more aspects of Alamouti techniques, e.g., as described in, e.g., Siavash m. Alamouti, "a Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.16, No.8, October 1998.

In one example, a transmit space-time coding scheme may be configured to support transmission, e.g., from 2 Transmit (TX) antennas to N Receive (RX) antennas, e.g., for communication according to a 2x N MIMO scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for an OFDM PHY, a transmit space-time coding scheme may be configured, e.g., based on a combination of a space-time diversity technique (e.g., Alamouti space-time diversity technique) and Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) (e.g., in accordance with the IEEE802.11ad specification).

In some demonstrative embodiments, combining DCM modulation along with space-time techniques may allow, for example, extracting both space-time and frequency diversity channel gains.

For example, implementing DCM may allow additional channel frequency diversity gain to be extracted, e.g., in addition to the space-time diversity gain provided by space-time diversity techniques; and/or implementing space-time diversity techniques (e.g., in accordance with STBC diversity techniques) may allow additional space-time channel diversity gain to be extracted, e.g., in addition to the frequency diversity gain provided by the DCM.

In some demonstrative embodiments, combining DCM modulation along with a space-time diversity technique may provide a robust scheme, e.g., robust to both space-time and frequency channel deviations.

Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein for a transmit space-time coding scheme that may be configured based on a combination of a DCM scheme and a STBC diversity scheme. However, other embodiments may be implemented for any other additional or alternative transmit space-time coding scheme, which may be configured based on any other frequency diversity scheme and/or any other space-time diversity scheme (e.g., Alamouti scheme) and/or any other combination of diversity schemes.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a first device ("transmitter device" or "transmitter side"), e.g., device 102, may be configured to generate and transmit an OFDM MIMO transmission based on a plurality of spatial streams, e.g., according to a transmit space-time coding scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a second device ("receiver device" or "receiver side"), e.g., device 140, may be configured to receive and process an OFDM MIMO transmission based on a plurality of spatial streams, e.g., according to a transmit space-time coding scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more aspects of the transmit space-time coding schemes described herein may be implemented, for example, to provide at least one technical solution to allow a simple combining scheme at a receiver device, to, for example, mitigate and/or cancel Interference (e.g., Inter-Stream Interference (ISI)), to combine channel diversity gains (e.g., that may provide reliable data transmission even in adverse channel conditions), and/or to provide one or more additional and/or alternative advantages and/or technical solutions.

For example, in some embodiments, the receiver side may not even be required to use a MIMO equalizer, for example, but can use at least only a single-input single-output (SISO) equalizer, for example, in each of a plurality of spatial streams. According to this example, transmitting a space-frequency MIMO scheme may be simple to implement.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PHY and/or Medium Access Control (MAC) layer for a system operating in the 60GHz band (e.g., the system of fig. 1) may be defined, for example, in accordance with the IEEE802.11ad standard, the future IEEE802.11 ay standard, and/or any other standard.

In some demonstrative embodiments, some implementations may be configured to communicate OFDM MIMO transmissions over directional channels, e.g., using beamforming, with a fairly narrow bandwidth and sufficiently fast signal transmission, and with a typical frame duration of, e.g., about 100 microseconds (usec). Such an implementation may allow, for example, to have a static channel for each overall packet transmission, and/or may enable the receiver side to perform channel estimation at the very beginning of the packet, for example, using the Channel Estimation Field (CEF). Instead of performing channel tracking using pilots, phase may be tracked, for example. This may allow, for example, assuming a substantially constant or static channel over two or more successive symbol transmissions.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate the OFDM MIMO transmission according to a transmit space-time coding scheme, which may be based on a space-time diversity scheme, e.g., a STBC scheme, e.g., an Alamouti diversity scheme, or any other space-time coding scheme, e.g., as described below.

Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of a space-time transmit diversity scheme that may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, the transmit diversity scheme of fig. 3 illustrates spatial coding for a space-time transmit diversity scheme having a 2x 1 configuration.

For example, a space-time coding scheme, e.g. according to the Alamouti diversity scheme, may be configured to transmit, at a time denoted t, denoted S via two antennas denoted #0 and #1 ₀ Is represented by the sum of signals of (a) and (b) is represented by-S ₁ ^* Has an encoded signal; then via the antennas #0 and #1 at a subsequent time denoted T + T as denoted S ₁ Is represented as S ₀ ^* Of a signal with a coded signal. Symbol denotes the operation of complex conjugation. This diversity scheme can create two orthogonal sequences in the space-time domain.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel may be assumed to not change during subsequent vector transmissions, e.g., for communication over a narrow bandwidth, e.g., over a directional frequency band, as described above. Thus, the signal S can be assumed ₀ And S ₁ By having substantially constant or static channel coefficients H ₀ Is transmitted over a substantially constant or static channel, and/or signal-S ₁ ^* And S ₀ ^* By having substantially constant or static channel coefficients H ₁ Is transmitted over a substantially constant or static channel.

Referring back to fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a transmit space-time coding scheme, which may be configured based on the transmit diversity scheme of fig. 3, e.g., for 2x N OFDM MIMO communications, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a diversity scheme, e.g., which may be configured for OFDM modulation, may be applied, e.g., in the frequency domain, e.g., by repeated mapping to subcarriers, e.g., as described below.

In some illustrative embodiments, denoted X _k Can be mapped to subcarriers with index k of an OFDM symbol denoted symbol #1 in the first spatial stream denoted stream # 1; is represented by Y _k Can be mapped to the subcarriers with index k of the following OFDM symbols denoted symbol #2 in the first spatial stream # 1; is represented by-Y _k ^* Can be mapped to subcarriers with index k of the OFDM symbol #1 in the second spatial stream denoted stream # 2; and is represented by X _k ^* Can be mapped to subsequent OFDM in the second spatial stream #2The subcarrier with index k of symbol #2 is, for example, as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel per subcarrier may be assumed to be unchanged, e.g., due to the stationary nature of the channel in a directional frequency band (e.g., a 60GHz band). Thus, at the receiver side, an optimal combining technique, e.g., according to an Alamouti combining technique, may be applied to generate diversity gain and/or cancel inter-stream interference, for example.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a space-time coding scheme, which may be based on a combination of a frequency diversity scheme (e.g., DCM and/or any other frequency diversity scheme) and a space-time scheme (e.g., Alamouti-based techniques and/or any other space-time diversity scheme), as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a transmit space-time coding scheme, which may utilize one or more Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation schemes, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a transmit space-time coding scheme that may utilize any other additional or alternative modulation scheme, such as any modulation based or not based on PSK.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a transmit space-time coding scheme, which may utilize, for example, a Staggered Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (SQPSK) and/or a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) dual carrier modulation scheme, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate according to a space-frequency transmit diversity scheme that may utilize any other additional or alternative dual carrier modulation scheme, and/or multi-carrier modulation scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the space-time transmit diversity scheme may be configured to use SQPSK and/or QPSK modulation, which may be compatible with "legacy" dual carrier modulation, e.g., according to the IEEE802.11ad standard and/or any other standard or protocol.

For example, some standards, such as the IEEE802.11ad standard, may support single-input single-output (SISO) dual-carrier SQPSK and QPSK modulation that map subcarriers to different subbands, e.g., to take advantage of frequency diversity properties in a frequency selective channel.

In some demonstrative embodiments, SQPSK and/or QPSK dual-carrier modulation may utilize two subcarriers in the OFDM signal spectrum to carry data and may therefore allow extraction of diversity gain in the frequency-selective channel. This may be achieved, for example, by mapping the data symbols (also referred to as "data constellation points") to different portions of the signal spectrum, e.g., to different subbands.

For example, SQPSK and/or QPSK dual carrier modulation may be able to provide substantially the same performance as single carrier modulation, e.g., in a frequency flat channel.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more OFDM transmissions according to, for example, a space-time coding scheme, which may be configured, for example, to utilize a dual-carrier modulation scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more OFDM transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme, e.g., which may be configured for SQPSK and/or a QPSK dual-carrier modulation scheme and/or any other dual-carrier modulation scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, implementing a dual-carrier modulation scheme may allow, for example, additional frequency diversity gain to be extracted, e.g., as compared to the space-time diversity gain provided by OFDM modulation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions according to a space-time coding (e.g., STBC OFDM) scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions according to a space-time coding (e.g., STBC OFDM) scheme, e.g., which may be configured for spsk and/or QPSK dual-carrier modulation for an OFDM PHY, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme, which may be configured to provide, for example, a technical scheme for utilizing dual carrier modulation (e.g., SQPSK and/or QPSK dual carrier modulation), while providing, for example, space-time-frequency diversity gain in comparison to or in addition to space-time gain that may be achieved by other modulations.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme, e.g., an STBC scheme, which may outperform the STBC scheme in a frequency-selective channel, e.g., at least in some use cases and/or implementations.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions according to a dual carrier modulation, e.g., a SQPSK modulation and/or a QPSK modulation, e.g., a SQPSK and/or a QPSK modulation according to a single-input single-output (SISO) for a single-output in accordance with an IEEE802.11 specification (e.g., an IEEE802.11-2016 specification), e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive, and/or process one or more transmissions according to any other additional or alternative dual carrier modulation scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the OFDM PHY may be defined using dual-carrier SQPSK and/or QPSK modulation, which may, for example, provide the same data rate as conventional BPSK and/or QPSK modulation, for example.

For example, SQPSK and/or QPSK modulation may utilize two subcarriers in the OFDM signal spectrum. Thus, SQPSK and/or QPSK modulation, for example, may extract additional frequency diversity gain in frequency selective channels while providing, for example, the same performance as other modulations in frequency flat channels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme (e.g., an STBC scheme), which may be configured to support dual carrier modulation (e.g., SQPSK and/or QPSK modulation), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to modulate data into modulated data according to a dual carrier modulation scheme, e.g., as described below; mapping the modulated data to a plurality of spatial streams according to a space-time mapping scheme; and transmitting the OFDM transmission based on the plurality of spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the space-time mapping scheme may include mapping the first and second pairs of data subcarriers to a pair of OFDM symbols on a pair of spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to generate and transmit an OFDM MIMO transmission to at least one other station, e.g., a station implemented by device 140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to generate a plurality of spatial streams in the frequency domain based on data, which may be represented by encoded data bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to modulate a plurality of sequences of data bits corresponding to data to be transmitted in a frequency domain into a plurality of data blocks (also referred to as "data groups" or "bit groups"), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functions of DCM module 127, DCM module 127 may be configured to modulate the plurality of sequences of data bits into the plurality of data blocks according to dual carrier modulation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 127 may be configured to utilize a pair of tones in the OFDM signal spectrum to carry the constellation points, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 127 may be configured to modulate a sequence of data bits of a plurality of sequences of data bits into first and second data symbols, e.g., data constellation points in a data block of a plurality of data blocks, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first and second data symbols may include consecutive data symbols, e.g., as described below.

For example, DCM module 127 may modulate the sequence of data bits into first and second constellation points in a set of data bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 127 may be configured to modulate the sequence of data bits according to a spsk DCM, e.g., as described below.

For example, DCM module 127 may be configured to map a data bit sequence including two data bits to first and second symbols including first and second QPSK constellation points, respectively, e.g., as described below.

For example, DCM module 127 may be configured to map a data bit sequence including two data bits to a first QPSK constellation point and a second constellation point, which may be the complex conjugate of the first constellation point, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 127 may be configured to determine the value based on, for example, being represented as (c) ₀ ,c ₁ ) Is represented as(s) by the generation of a data bit sequence comprising two coded bits ₀ ,s ₁ ) For example, a pair of QPSK constellation points, as follows:

for example, DCM module 127 may be configured as per point s ₀ Simple conjugation of (2) to determine point s ₁ E.g. s ₁ ＝s ₀ This may correspond to, for example, a repetition of the second constellation point of 2 x.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 127 may be configured to modulate the sequence of data bits according to QPSK DCM, e.g., as described below.

For example, DCM module 127 may be configured to map a data bit sequence including four data bits into first and second symbols, e.g., as described below.

For example, DCM module 127 may be configured to map first and second of the four data bits to a first QPSK constellation point and map third and fourth of the four data bits to a second QPSK constellation point, e.g., as described below.

For example, DCM module 127 may be configured to map first and second QPSK constellation points to first and second 16Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) constellation points, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 127 may be configured to operate in two operations, e.g., based on being represented as (c) ₀ ,c ₁ ,c ₂ ,c ₃ ) Comprises 4 coded bits to generate the pair of QPSK constellation points(s) ₀ ,s ₁ ) For example, as described below.

For example, in a first operation, bits (c) are encoded ₀ ,c ₁ ,c ₂ ,c ₃ ) Can be converted into two QPSK constellation points, for example as follows:

for example, in a second operation, the vector (x) may be generated, for example, by dividing the vector ₀ ,x ₁ ) Multiplying by a matrix to obtain the pair of constellation points(s) ₀ ,s ₁ ) For example, the following:

in some demonstrative embodiments, a constellation point(s) ₀ ,s ₁ ) May be located in a 16QAM constellation grid. However, this may be more than repeating 2x, but encoding at the appropriate position, e.g. due to s ₀ ≠s ₁ 。

In other embodiments, DCM module 127 may be configured to modulate the sequence of data bits into a data block according to any other dual-carrier or multi-carrier modulation scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to map the modulated data to a plurality of spatial streams according to a space-time mapping scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the space-time mapping scheme may include mapping a first pair of data subcarriers to a first OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, mapping a complex conjugate of the first pair of data subcarriers to a second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream, mapping a second pair of data subcarriers to the second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, and mapping an opposite complex conjugate of the second pair of data subcarriers to the first OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may include, operate as, and/or perform the function of mapper 129, mapper 129 may be configured to map the plurality of data blocks to the plurality of spatial streams, e.g., according to a space-time diversity mapping scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, mapper 129 may be configured to map the first and second pairs of data symbols to first and second pairs of subcarriers of first and second corresponding OFDM symbols in the first and second spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, mapper 129 may be configured to map a first pair of data symbols of the first data block to a first pair of corresponding subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream; mapping a second pair of data symbols of the second data block to a second pair of corresponding subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream; mapping the complex conjugates of the second pair of data symbols that are opposite in sign to a first pair of corresponding subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and the complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols is mapped to a second pair of corresponding subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first pair of subcarriers may include a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and/or a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the second pair of subcarriers may include a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and/or a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first subband of the first OFDM symbol may include a first half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and/or the second subband of the first OFDM symbol may include a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol may include a first half of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and/or the second subband of the second OFDM symbol may include a second half of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first pair of data symbols may include a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block and/or the second pair of data symbols may include a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the second data block, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first subcarriers may include a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol and/or the second subcarriers may include a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, where p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the third subcarriers may include kth subcarriers in a first subband of the second OFDM symbol and/or the fourth subcarriers may include pth (k) subcarriers in a second subband of the second OFDM symbol, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, mapper 129 may be configured to determine permutation p (k) according to a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, mapper 129 may be configured to determine permutation p (k) according to a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

In other embodiments, the mapper 129 may be configured to determine the permutation p (k) according to any other permutation mechanism and/or scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the STP mapping mode may be applied, for example, to PHY header transfers.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the STP mapping mode may be applied to Physical layer Service Data Unit (PSDU) transmissions, e.g., if the header field includes a tone pair field of 0.

In other embodiments, STP mode may be applied according to any other criteria.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the STP mapping mode may include mapping a pair of symbols, e.g., SQPSK or QPSK symbol pair, with indices k and p (k). For example, the k-th repetition symbol may be mapped to the second half of the signal spectrum with an index p (k) 168+ k, e.g., 0:167 for a subcarrier of size 168.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a DTP mapping mode may be applied to the PSDU transmission, e.g., if the header field includes a tone pairing field of 1. In other embodiments, the DTP mode may be applied according to any other criteria.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the DTP mapping mode may include dividing a symbol stream, e.g., a SQPSK or QPSK symbol stream, into groups of symbols, e.g., 42 groups of 4 symbols for a size 168 subcarrier, or any other number of groups of any other number of symbols, and/or for any other size.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the DTP mapping may include mapping a group of 4 symbols, e.g., consecutively, to the first half of the spectrum.

In some demonstrative embodiments, each set of 4 symbols may be repeated in the second half of the spectrum, e.g., by applying interleaving in groups.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the group interleaving may be defined based on an array (e.g., a grouppair index array), e.g., in the range of 0 to 41 for 42 groups, or any other array.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the symbol index of the repetition in the second half of the signal spectrum may be determined, for example, as follows:

in some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 127 and mapper 129 may be configured to generate and map a plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams according to a SQPSK modulation scheme and/or a QPSK modulation scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 127 and mapper 129 may be configured to generate and map a pair of two subcarriers (X), e.g., by applying SQPSK modulation and/or QPSK modulation to the subcarriers, according to a DCM scheme _k ,X _P(k) ) For example, as described below.

For example, the SQPSK and/or QPSK modulation scheme may represent normal BPSK and/or QPSK modulation with some precoding by a Q matrix of size 2x2, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions according to a SQPSK modulation scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to modulate the transmission according to SQPSK modulation, e.g., by performing one or more of the following:

two coded bits (c) _2k ,c _2k+1 ) Can be modulated to two sub-carriers (X) _k ,X _P(k) )；

This modulation can be performed, for example, in 2 steps:

first step, two BSPK points are modulated to x _2k ＝(2*c _2k -1)，x _2k+1 ＝(2*c _2k+1 -1)；

Second, the two QPSK points are modulated by multiplication on the matrix Q;

-for STP mode p (k) 168+ k and for DTP mode it may be a permutation of the index, e.g. in the range [168,335], any other permutation p (k) may be used;

in one example, subcarrier (X) _k ,X _P(k) ) This can be determined, for example, as follows:

in other embodiments, any other matrix Q may be used, any other permutation P may be used, and/or any other additional or alternative operations may be performed as part of the SQPSK modulation scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions according to QPSK modulation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to modulate transmissions according to a QPSK modulation scheme, e.g., by performing one or more of the following:

-four coded bits (c) _4k ,c _4k+1 ,c _4k+2 ,c _4k+3 ) Modulated onto two sub-carriers (X) _k ,X _P(k) )；

This modulation can be performed in 2 steps:

first step, two QPSK points are modulated, e.g. as x _2k ＝((2*c _4k -1)+j(2*c _4k+2 -1))/2；x _2k+1 ＝((2*c _4k+1 -1)+j(2*c _4k+3 -1))/2；

Second, two 16QAM points can be modulated by multiplication on the matrix Q;

in one example, subcarrier (X) _k ,X _P(k) ) Can be determined, for example, as follows:

in other embodiments, any other matrix Q may be used, any other permutation P may be used, and/or any other additional or alternative operations may be performed as part of the QPSK modulation scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the DCM may, for example, allow avoiding full data symbol loss, e.g., even in case of a deep valley in the frequency response, e.g., due to data replication in the second half of the frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the STP mapping method may provide at least a maximum equality space between tones carrying the same information, for example.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the DTP mapping may, for example, at least allow for adaptive tone pairing, e.g., based on channel state information feedback.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a lost tone (e.g., a tone having a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)) in a second sub-band of a frequency band may be grouped with a strong tone (e.g., having a high SNR) in a first sub-band of the frequency band, for example. For example, medium quality tones may be grouped with each other.

In some demonstrative embodiments, such an adaptive approach for tone pairing may, for example, provide equal protection of symbols, e.g., even under unfavorable frequency-selective conditions.

In some demonstrative embodiments, mapper 129 may be configured to map the plurality of modulated data sequences to a plurality of space-time streams, e.g., according to a space-time diversity mapping scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, mapper 129 may be configured to map the first modulated data sequence to a first space-time stream and the second modulated data sequence to a second space-time stream, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first modulated data sequence may include a first plurality of data symbols mapped to a first plurality of respective subcarriers of a first plurality of OFDM symbols in the first space-time stream and a second plurality of data symbols mapped to a second plurality of respective subcarriers of a second plurality of OFDM symbols in the first space-time stream, e.g., as described below.

In one example, the first plurality of data symbols may comprise data symbols of a first data block and/or the second plurality of data symbols may comprise data symbols of a second data block, e.g., according to a DCM scheme, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the second modulated data sequence may include complex conjugates of a second plurality of data symbols mapped to a first plurality of respective subcarriers of a first plurality of OFDM symbols in the second space-time stream, and complex conjugates of the first plurality of data symbols mapped to a second plurality of respective subcarriers of the second plurality of OFDM symbols in the second space-time stream, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first plurality of OFDM symbols may include even-numbered OFDM symbols and the second plurality of OFDM symbols may include odd-numbered OFDM symbols, e.g., as described below.

For example, as D (i) _STS 1) may be determined, for example, as follows:

D(i _STS ＝1，2n，M _d (k))＝d(i _SS ＝1，2n，k)

D(i _STS ＝1，2n+1，M _d (k))＝d(i _ss ＝1，2n+1，k) (7)

wherein i _STS Representing space-time stream indices (numbers), i _SS Representing spatial stream indices (numbers), M _d (k) Denotes a mapped data subcarrier index (number), n denotes an OFDM symbol index (number), k denotes a data subcarrier index (number), and d (i) _ss N, k) represents the same as the i-th _ss And the data symbol (constellation point) corresponding to the kth subcarrier of the nth OFDM symbol in the spatial stream.

For example, as D (i) _STS 2) may be determined, for example, as follows:

D(i _STS ＝2，2n，M _d (k))＝-conj(d(i _ss ＝1，2n+1，k))

D(i _STS ＝1，2n+1，M _d (k))＝conj(d(i _ss ＝1，2n，k)) (8)

in other embodiments, the first and/or second modulation sequences may be mapped according to any other scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to transmit an OFDM MIMO transmission based on the plurality of spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to transmit a plurality of spatial streams via a plurality of directional antennas. For example, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to transmit a first spatial stream via a first one of antennas 107 and a second spatial stream via a second one of antennas 107.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the OFDM MIMO transmission may include a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, the OFDM MIMO transmission may include any other mxn OFDM MIMO transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to transmit an OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band above 45 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to transmit an OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 to transmit an OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32GHz, 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 schematically illustrates a space-frequency mapping scheme 400 in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, a wireless station, such as that implemented by device 102 (fig. 1), may be configured to map data to data subcarriers of multiple spatial streams in accordance with mapping scheme 400, e.g., as described below. In one example, controller 124 (fig. 1), DCM module 127 (fig. 1), and/or mapper 129 (fig. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 (fig. 1) to map data to be transmitted in an OFDM MIMO transmission according to space-frequency mapping scheme 400.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to support dual-carrier modulation for 2x N OFDM MIMO, e.g., to support an implementation in accordance with the IEEE802.11 ay specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency diversity mapping scheme 400 may be configured based on dual-carrier modulation scheme 404, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, dual-carrier modulation scheme 404 may be configured to modulate data 402 into a plurality of data blocks including a plurality of symbols.

In some demonstrative embodiments, dual-carrier modulation scheme 404 may be configured to modulate a plurality of sequences of data bits of data 402 into a plurality of data blocks, e.g., by modulating a sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits into first and second consecutive symbols of a data block of the plurality of data blocks, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, dual-carrier modulation scheme 404 may be configured to modulate a sequence of data bits of data 402 into a plurality of blocks, e.g., including a first data block 408 and a second data block 438, having a predetermined number of data symbols, e.g., 336 data symbols, or any other number of data symbols, as shown in fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, dual-carrier modulation scheme 404 may be configured to modulate a sequence of data bits of a plurality of sequences of data bits into first and second symbols of a data block of a plurality of data blocks, as shown in fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first and second symbols may include first and second consecutive data symbols, e.g., as described below.

For example, DCM module 127 may modulate the sequence of data bits into first and second constellation points in a set of bits, e.g., as described below.

For example, as shown in fig. 4, dual carrier modulation scheme 404 may be configured to modulate a plurality of sequences of data bits into pairs of consecutive symbols of data block 408, e.g., including a pair of

consecutive symbols

410 and 412, which may correspond to a sequence of data bits. For example, symbol 410 may include a symbol denoted X ₀ And symbol 412 may include a first DCM symbol represented as X ₁ Both of which may be based on the same first data bit sequence, e.g., as described above.

For example, as shown in fig. 4, dual carrier modulation scheme 404 may be configured to modulate another plurality of data bit sequences into pairs of consecutive symbols of data block 438, e.g., including a pair of

consecutive symbols

440 and 442, which may correspond to another data bit sequence. For example, symbol 440 may include a symbol represented as Y ₀ And symbol 442 may include a first DCM symbol represented as Y ₁ Both of which may be based on the same second data bit sequence, e.g., as described above.

In some illustrative aspectsIn an embodiment, the dual carrier modulation scheme 404 may be configured to modulate the plurality of data bit sequences according to a SQPSK DCM scheme, e.g., as described above. For example, a pair of

symbols

410 and 412 may include a corresponding pair of QPSK constellation points(s) corresponding to a two-bit data bit sequence ₀ ,s ₁ ) (ii) a And a pair of

symbols

440 and 442 may include a corresponding pair of QPSK constellation points(s) corresponding to another two-bit sequence of data bits ₀ ,s ₁ ) For example as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, dual-carrier modulation scheme 404 may be configured to modulate the plurality of data bit sequences according to a QPSK DCM scheme, e.g., as described above. For example, a pair of

symbols

410 and 412 may comprise a corresponding pair of 16QAM constellation points(s) corresponding to a four-bit data bit sequence ₀ ,s ₁ ) (ii) a And a pair of

symbols

440 and 442 may comprise a corresponding pair of 16QSM constellation points(s) corresponding to another four-bit data bit sequence ₀ ,s ₁ ) For example as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, symbol X ₀ And X ₁ A first pair of dependent symbols may be included, e.g., a pair of DCM symbols representing the same first plurality of data bits, e.g., as described above for QPSK and/or SQPSK DCM.

In some illustrative embodiments, the symbol Y ₀ And Y ₁ A second pair of dependent symbols may be included, e.g., a pair of DCM symbols representing the same second plurality of data bits, e.g., as described above for QPSK and/or SQPSK DCM.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency diversity mapping scheme 400 may be configured to extend the dual-carrier modulation scheme with, for example, space-time diversity between a plurality of symbols in a plurality of spatial streams, e.g., two symbols in two streams as shown in fig. 4, as shown in fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map symbols of first data block 408 and symbols of second data block 438 to subcarriers of first OFDM symbol 415 and second OFDM symbol 445 of first and second

spatial streams

414 and 444, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, two pairs of DCM symbols, e.g., (X) ₀ ,X ₁ ) And (Y) ₀ ,Y ₁ ) These two pairs may be mapped to OFDM subcarriers of

OFDM symbols

415 and 445 of

spatial streams

414 and 444, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a pair of symbols X ₀ And X ₁ May be mapped to a pair of subcarriers in a first OFDM symbol in a first spatial stream 414 and time 415, e.g., as described below.

In some illustrative embodiments, the pair of symbols X ₀ And X ₁ May be mapped to the same pair of subcarriers in the second OFDM symbol in second spatial stream 444 and time 445, e.g., with complex conjugates, e.g., as described below.

In some illustrative embodiments, a pair of symbols Y ₀ And Y ₁ May be mapped to first spatial stream 414 and a pair of subcarriers in a second OFDM symbol in time 445, e.g., as described below.

In some illustrative embodiments, the pair of symbols Y ₀ And Y ₁ May be mapped to the same pair of subcarriers in the first OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream 444 and time 415, e.g., with complex conjugates and opposite symbols, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the signal bands of

OFDM symbols

415 and 445 in

spatial streams

414 and 444 may be divided into first and second subbands.

In some demonstrative embodiments,

OFDM symbols

415 and 445 may each have a signal band including 336 subcarriers (tones), e.g., as shown in fig. 4.

In other embodiments, OFDM symbols 415 and/or 445 may have signal bands that include any other number of subcarriers.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in fig. 4, for example, first sub-band 416 of the signal band of first OFDM symbol 415 may include a first subset of subcarriers, e.g., 168 subcarriers, and second sub-band 418 of the signal band of first OFDM symbol 415 may include a second subset of subcarriers, e.g., 168 subcarriers.

In other embodiments, first subband 416 and/or second subband 418 of first OFDM symbol 415 may include any other number of subcarriers.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in fig. 4, for example, first sub-band 446 of the signal band of second OFDM symbol 445 may include a first subset of subcarriers, e.g., including 168 subcarriers, and second sub-band 448 of the signal band of second OFDM symbol 445 may include a second subset of subcarriers, e.g., including 168 subcarriers.

In other embodiments, first sub-band 446 and/or second sub-band 448 of second OFDM symbol 445 may include any other number of sub-carriers.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map a first pair of data symbols of data block 408, e.g., pair of

symbols

410 and 412, to a first pair of corresponding subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol 415 in a first spatial stream 414, e.g., pair of data subcarriers 420 and 422, as shown in fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map a second pair of data symbols of data block 442, e.g., the pair of

symbols

440 and 442, to a first pair of corresponding subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol 445 in first spatial stream 414, e.g., to the pair of

data subcarriers

477 and 479, as shown in fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map the complex conjugate of a first pair of data symbols, e.g., pair of

symbols

410 and 412, to a second pair of corresponding subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol 445 in second spatial stream 444, e.g., pair of

data subcarriers

487 and 489, as shown in fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map the sign-inverted complex conjugates of a second pair of data symbols, e.g., the pair of

symbols

440 and 442, to a first pair of corresponding subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol 415 in a second spatial stream 444, e.g., the pair of

data subcarriers

450 and 452, as shown in fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map a k-th symbol, e.g., symbol 410, of data block 408 to a k-th subcarrier, e.g., subcarrier 420, of OFDM symbol 415 in spatial stream 414 and/or to map a k + 1-th symbol, e.g., symbol 412, of data block 408 to a p- (k) -th subcarrier, e.g., subcarrier 422, of OFDM symbol 415 in spatial stream 414.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map a k-th symbol, e.g., symbol 440, of data block 438 to a k-th subcarrier, e.g., subcarrier 477, of OFDM symbol 445 in spatial stream 414 and/or to map a k + 1-th symbol, e.g., symbol 442, of data block 438 to a p- (k) -th subcarrier, e.g., subcarrier 479, of OFDM symbol 445 in spatial stream 414.

In some demonstrative embodiments, permutation p (k) may include an STP permutation, a DTP permutation, or any other permutation, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map the complex conjugate of the kth symbol of data block 408, e.g., the complex conjugate of symbol 410, to the kth subcarrier of OFDM symbol 445 in spatial stream 444, e.g., subcarrier 487, and/or to map the complex conjugate of the k +1 th symbol of data block 408, e.g., the complex conjugate of symbol 412, to the pth (k) subcarrier of OFDM symbol 445 in spatial stream 444, e.g., subcarrier 489.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency mapping scheme 400 may be configured to map a complex conjugate of the k-th symbol of data block 438, e.g., a complex conjugate of the symbol 440, in inverse sign to a k-th subcarrier of OFDM symbol 415 in spatial stream 444, e.g., subcarrier 450, and/or to map a complex conjugate of the k + 1-th symbol of data block 438, e.g., a complex conjugate of the symbol 442, in inverse sign to a p- (k) -th subcarrier of OFDM symbol 415 in spatial stream 444, e.g., subcarrier 452.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency diversity mapping scheme 400 may, for example, allow for providing space diversity in addition to exploiting channel frequency diversity, and/or avoiding data loss due to deep dips in the frequency domain.

In some demonstrative embodiments, space-frequency diversity mapping scheme 400 may allow operation, e.g., even when one of

spatial streams

414 and 444 is attenuated, e.g., due to congestion or any other reason, while the other of

streams

414 and 444 is alive and of sufficient quality.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial diversity achieved by spatial-frequency diversity mapping scheme 400 may, for example, allow for robust transmission even in the absence of heavy beamforming of the communication link, e.g., where a blocking event is temporary (e.g., due to movement in the communication area).

Referring back to fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 140 to process OFDM MIMO transmissions received from another station, e.g., from a station implemented by device 102, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the received OFDM MIMO transmission may include a plurality of spatial streams representing a plurality of sequences of data bits, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 140 to process a received OFDM MIMO transmission, e.g., according to space-frequency diversity mapping scheme 400 (fig. 4), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may include, operate as, and/or perform the function of demapper 157, demapper 157 may be configured to process the plurality of spatial streams, e.g., according to a mapping scheme, to determine the plurality of data blocks, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the mapping scheme may include a first pair of data symbols of the first data block being mapped to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, a second pair of data symbols of the second data block being mapped to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, an opposite complex conjugate of the symbols of the second pair of data symbols being mapped to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream, and the complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols being mapped to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream, e.g., as described above with reference to fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, demapper 157 may be configured to determine a first pair of symbols in a first data block of the plurality of data blocks and a second pair of symbols in a second data block of the plurality of data blocks, e.g., based on pairs of subcarriers in first and second OFDM symbols, e.g., from the first and second data streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, demapper 157 may be configured to determine the first and second pairs of symbols, e.g., based on a space-time combining scheme, e.g., an Alamouti combining scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, demapper 157 may be configured to determine the first pair of data symbols, e.g., based on the first pair of subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, e.g., the kth and p (k) subcarriers of OFDM symbol 415 (fig. 4) in stream 414 (fig. 4), and the second pair of subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream, e.g., the kth and p (k) subcarriers of OFDM symbol 445 (fig. 4) in stream 444 (fig. 4).

In some demonstrative embodiments, demapper 157 may be configured to determine the second pair of data symbols, e.g., based on a first pair of subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream, e.g., the kth and pth (k) subcarriers of OFDM symbol 415 (fig. 4) in stream 444 (fig. 4), and a second pair of subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, e.g., the kth and pth (k) subcarriers of OFDM symbol 445 (fig. 4) in stream 414 (fig. 4).

In some demonstrative embodiments, demapper 157 may be configured to combine symbols X, e.g., applying an Alamouti combining scheme ₀ And Y ₀ And their repeated counterparts, and/or applying a STBC combining scheme (e.g., Alamouti combining scheme) to combine symbols X ₁ And Y ₁ And their repeated counterparts, e.g., as described above with reference to fig. 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functions of, DCM module 159 may be configured to determine a plurality of sequences of data bits based on the plurality of data blocks, e.g., by determining a first sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on a first pair of data symbols, and/or determining a second sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on a second pair of data symbols.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 159 may be configured to demodulate the transmission, e.g., by demodulating a pair of symbols (X) ₀ ,X ₁ ) And (Y) ₀ ,Y ₁ ) Demodulation is performed, for example according to a DCM scheme implemented by the sender of the transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 159 may be configured to determine the plurality of data bit sequences according to a SQPSK DCM scheme, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 159 may be configured to determine the plurality of data bit sequences according to a QPSK DCM scheme, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, DCM module 159 may be configured to determine the plurality of sequences of data bits according to any other dual-carrier or multi-carrier modulation scheme, e.g., as described above.

Referring to fig. 5, fig. 5 schematically illustrates a method of communicating transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, one or more operations of the method of fig. 5 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, such as system 100 (fig. 1), such as one or more wireless devices, such as device 102 (fig. 1) and/or device 140 (fig. 1), a controller, such as controller 124 (fig. 1) and/or controller 154 (fig. 1), a radio, such as radio 114 (fig. 1) and/or radio 144 (fig. 1), and/or a message processor, such as message processor 128 (fig. 1) and/or message processor 158 (fig. 1).

As shown at block 502, the method may include modulating a plurality of sequences of data bits into a plurality of data blocks in a frequency domain according to a dual carrier modulation. For example, a sequence of data bits in the plurality of sequences of data bits may be modulated into a pair of data symbols in a data block in the plurality of data blocks. For example, controller 124 (fig. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 (fig. 1) to modulate a plurality of data bit sequences corresponding to data to be transmitted into a plurality of data blocks in the frequency domain, e.g., as described above.

As shown at block 504, the method may include mapping a plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams by: mapping a first pair of data symbols of a first data block to a first pair of corresponding subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in a first spatial stream, mapping a second pair of data symbols of a second data block to a second pair of corresponding subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, mapping a complex conjugate of the second pair of data symbols opposite in sign to the first pair of corresponding subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream, and mapping the complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols to the second pair of corresponding subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream. For example, controller 124 (fig. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 (fig. 1) to map a plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams, e.g., according to space-frequency diversity mapping scheme 400 (fig. 4), e.g., as described above.

As shown at block 506, the method may include transmitting an OFDM MIMO transmission based on a plurality of spatial streams. For example, controller 124 (fig. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 102 (fig. 1) to transmit an OFDM MIMO transmission based on a plurality of spatial streams, e.g., as described above.

Referring to fig. 6, fig. 6 schematically illustrates a method of communicating transmissions according to a space-time coding scheme, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, one or more operations of the method of fig. 6 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, such as system 100 (fig. 1), for example, one or more wireless devices, such as device 102 (fig. 1) and/or device 140 (fig. 1), a controller, such as controller 124 (fig. 1) and/or controller 154 (fig. 1), a radio, such as radio 114 (fig. 1) and/or radio 144 (fig. 1), and/or a message processor, such as message processor 128 (fig. 1) and/or message processor 158 (fig. 1).

As shown at block 602, the method may include receiving an OFDM MIMO transmission comprising a plurality of spatial streams representing a plurality of sequences of data bits. For example, controller 154 (fig. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 140 (fig. 1) to receive an OFDM MIMO transmission from device 102 (fig. 1) that includes a plurality of spatial streams, e.g., as described above.

As shown at block 604, the method may include processing the plurality of spatial streams according to a mapping scheme to determine a plurality of data blocks. For example, the mapping scheme may include a first pair of data symbols of a first data block mapped to a first pair of corresponding subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in a first spatial stream, a second pair of data symbols of a second data block mapped to a second pair of corresponding subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, an opposite complex conjugate of the symbols of the second pair of data symbols mapped to the first pair of corresponding subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream, and a complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols mapped to the second pair of corresponding subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream. For example, controller 154 (fig. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 140 (fig. 1) to determine a first pair and a second pair of data symbols based on pairs of data subcarriers in first and second OFDM symbols of first and second spatial streams, e.g., according to space-frequency diversity mapping scheme 400 (fig. 4), e.g., as described above.

As shown at block 606, the method may include determining a plurality of sequences of data bits based on the plurality of data blocks, for example, by determining a first sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on a first pair of data symbols and/or determining a second sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on a second pair of data symbols. For example, controller 154 (fig. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control a wireless station implemented by device 140 (fig. 1) to determine a plurality of sequences of data bits based on a plurality of data blocks, e.g., as described above.

Referring to fig. 7, fig. 7 schematically illustrates an article of manufacture 700, according to some demonstrative embodiments. The product 700 may include one or more tangible computer-readable ("machine-readable") non-transitory storage media 702, which media 702 may include computer-executable instructions, e.g., implemented by logic 704, that when executed by at least one processor, e.g., a computer processor, may be operable to enable the at least one processor to implement one or more operations at the device 102 (fig. 1), the device 140 (fig. 1), the radio 114 (fig. 1), the radio 144 (fig. 1), the transmitter 118 (fig. 1), the transmitter 148 (fig. 1), the receiver 116 (fig. 1), the receiver 146 (fig. 1), the controller 124 (fig. 1), the controller 154 (fig. 1), the message processor 128 (fig. 1), and/or the message processor 158 (fig. 1), such that the device 102 (fig. 1), the device 140 (fig. 1), the radio 114 (fig. 1), and/or a message processor 158 (fig. 1), Radio 144 (fig. 1), transmitter 118 (fig. 1), transmitter 148 (fig. 1), receiver 116 (fig. 1), receiver 146 (fig. 1), controller 124 (fig. 1), controller 154 (fig. 1), message processor 128 (fig. 1), and/or message processor 158 (fig. 1) perform one or more operations, and/or perform, trigger, and/or implement one or more operations, communications, and/or functions described above with reference to fig. 1, fig. 2, fig. 3, fig. 4, fig. 5, and/or fig. 6, and/or one or more operations described herein. The phrase "non-transitory machine readable medium" is intended to include all computer readable media, with the sole exception of transitory propagating signals.

In some demonstrative embodiments, product 700 and/or storage medium 702 may include one or more types of computer-readable storage media capable of storing data, including volatile memory, non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and the like. For example, the machine-readable storage medium 702 may include RAM, DRAM, Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDR-DRAM), SDRAM, Static RAM (SRAM), ROM, Programmable ROM (PROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), Compact Disk ROM (CD-ROM), Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk rewritable (CD-RW), flash memory (e.g., NOR or NAND flash memory), Content Addressable Memory (CAM), polymer memory, phase change memory, ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-silicon memory, Disk, SONOS, floppy Disk, and floppy Disk drive, Optical disks, magnetic disks, cards, magnetic cards, optical cards, magnetic tapes, cassettes, and the like. A computer-readable storage medium may include any suitable medium that participates in downloading or transmitting a computer program from a remote computer to a requesting computer, carried by data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium, over a communication link (e.g., a modem, radio or network connection).

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 704 may include instructions, data and/or code, which, if executed by a machine, may cause the machine to perform a method, process and/or operation as described herein. The machine may include, for example, any suitable processing platform, computing device, processing device, computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware, software, firmware, or the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 704 may include, or may be implemented as, software, firmware, software modules, applications, programs, subroutines, instructions, instruction sets, computing code, words, values, symbols, and the like. The instructions may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. The instructions may be implemented according to a predetermined computer language, manner or syntax, for instructing a processor to perform a certain function. The instructions may be implemented using any suitable high-level, low-level, object-oriented, Visual, compiled and/or interpreted programming language, e.g., C, C + +, Java, BASIC, Matlab, Pascal, Visual BASIC, assembly language, machine code, and so forth.

Examples of the invention

The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause a wireless communication Station (STA) to modulate a plurality of data bit sequences into a plurality of data blocks in a frequency domain according to a dual carrier modulation, a data bit sequence of the plurality of data bit sequences to be modulated into a pair of data symbols in a data block of the plurality of data blocks; mapping a plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams by mapping a first pair of data symbols of a first data block to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol in a first spatial stream, mapping a second pair of data symbols of a second data block to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, mapping an opposite-sign complex conjugate of the second pair of data symbols to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and mapping the first pair of complex conjugates of the data symbols to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and transmitting an OFDM multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission based on the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of example 1, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second pair of subcarriers comprising a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of example 2, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of example 3, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of example 3, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of any of examples 3-5, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 2-6, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-7, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises interleaved quadrature phase shift keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 9 includes the subject matter of example 8, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits includes two data bits.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of example 8 or 9, and optionally, wherein the pair of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of example 10, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 12 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-7, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 13 includes the subject matter of example 12, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 14 includes the subject matter of example 13, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to map first and second ones of the four data bits to a first QPSK constellation point, map third and fourth ones of the four data bits to a second QPSK constellation point, and map the first and second QPSK constellation points to first and second 16quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) constellation points, the pair of data symbols comprising the first 16QAM constellation point and the second 16QAM constellation point.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-14, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatial transmit streams via two antennas.

Example 16 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-15, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band above 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 17 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-16, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 18 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-17, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 19 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-18, and optionally, wherein the STA comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STA.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-19, and optionally, comprising a plurality of directional antennas to transmit the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 21 includes the subject matter of any of examples 1-20, and optionally, a radio, a memory, and a processor.

Example 22 includes a system of wireless communication, comprising a wireless communication Station (STA), the STA comprising a plurality of directional antennas; a radio device; a memory; a processor; and a controller configured to cause the STA to modulate a plurality of data bit sequences into a plurality of data blocks in a frequency domain according to dual carrier modulation, a data bit sequence of the plurality of data bit sequences being modulated into a pair of data symbols in a data block of the plurality of data blocks; mapping a plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams by mapping a first pair of data symbols of a first data block to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol in a first spatial stream, mapping a second pair of data symbols of a second data block to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, mapping an opposite-sign complex conjugate of the second pair of data symbols to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and mapping the first pair of complex conjugates of the data symbols to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and transmitting an OFDM multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission based on the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 23 includes the subject matter of example 22, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, and the second pair of subcarriers comprises a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of example 23, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of example 24, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 26 includes the subject matter of example 24, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 27 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 24-26, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 28 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 23-27, and optionally, wherein the first subbands of the first OFDM symbol comprise a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subbands of the first OFDM symbol comprise a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subbands of the second OFDM symbol comprise a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subbands of the second OFDM symbol comprise a second half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 29 includes the subject matter of any of examples 22-28, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises interleaved quadrature phase shift keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 30 includes the subject matter of example 29, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits comprises two data bits.

Example 31 includes the subject matter of example 29 or 30, and optionally, wherein the pair of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 32 includes the subject matter of example 31, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 33 includes the subject matter of any of examples 22-28, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 34 includes the subject matter of example 33, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 35 includes the subject matter of example 34, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to map first and second ones of the four data bits to a first QPSK constellation point, map third and fourth ones of the four data bits to a second QPSK constellation point, and map the first and second QPSK constellation points to first and second 16quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) constellation points, the pair of data symbols comprising the first 16QAM constellation point and the second 16QAM constellation point.

Example 36 includes the subject matter of any of examples 22-35, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatial transmit streams via two antennas.

Example 37 includes the subject matter of any of examples 22-36, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band above 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 38 includes the subject matter of any of examples 22-37, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 39 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 22-38, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 40 includes the subject matter of any of examples 22-39, and optionally, wherein the STA comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STA.

Example 41 includes a method to be performed at a wireless communication Station (STA), the method comprising modulating a plurality of data bit sequences into a plurality of data blocks in a frequency domain according to dual carrier modulation, a data bit sequence of the plurality of data bit sequences being modulated into a pair of data symbols in a data block of the plurality of data blocks; mapping a plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams by mapping a first pair of data symbols of a first data block to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol in a first spatial stream, mapping a second pair of data symbols of a second data block to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, mapping an opposite-sign complex conjugate of the second pair of data symbols to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and mapping the first pair of complex conjugates of the data symbols to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and transmitting an OFDM multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission based on the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 42 includes the subject matter of example 41, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second pair of subcarriers comprising a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 43 includes the subject matter of example 42, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 44 includes the subject matter of example 43, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 45 includes the subject matter of example 43, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 46 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 43-45, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 47 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 42-46, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 48 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 41-47, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises interleaved quadrature phase shift keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 49 includes the subject matter of example 48, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits comprises two data bits.

Example 50 includes the subject matter of example 48 or 49, and optionally, wherein the pair of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 51 includes the subject matter of example 50, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 52 includes the subject matter of any of examples 41-47, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 53 includes the subject matter of example 52, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 54 includes the subject matter of example 53, and optionally, comprising mapping first and second of the four data bits to a first QPSK constellation point, mapping third and fourth of the four data bits to a second QPSK constellation point, and mapping the first and second QPSK constellation points to first and second 16quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) constellation points, the pair of data symbols comprising the first 16QAM constellation point and the second 16QAM constellation point.

Example 55 includes the subject matter of any of examples 41-54, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatial transmit streams via two antennas.

Example 56 includes the subject matter of any of examples 41-55, and optionally, comprising sending the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band greater than 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 57 includes the subject matter of any of examples 41-56, and optionally, comprising sending the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 58 includes the subject matter of any of examples 41-57, and optionally, comprising transmitting the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 59 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 41-58, and optionally, wherein the STAs comprise enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STAs.

Example 60 includes an article comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, are operable to enable the at least one processor to cause a wireless communication Station (STA) to modulate a plurality of data bit sequences into a plurality of data blocks in a frequency domain according to a dual carrier modulation, a data bit sequence of the plurality of data bit sequences being modulated into a pair of data symbols in a data block of the plurality of data blocks; mapping a plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams by mapping a first pair of data symbols of a first data block to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol in a first spatial stream, mapping a second pair of data symbols of a second data block to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, mapping an opposite-sign complex conjugate of the second pair of data symbols to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and mapping the first pair of complex conjugates of the data symbols to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and transmitting an OFDM multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission based on the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 61 includes the subject matter of example 60, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, and the second pair of subcarriers comprises a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 62 includes the subject matter of example 61, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 63 includes the subject matter of example 62, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 64 includes the subject matter of example 62, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 65 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 62-64, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 66 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 61-65, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 67 includes the subject matter of any of examples 60-66, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises interleaved quadrature phase shift keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 68 includes the subject matter of example 67, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits comprises two data bits.

Example 69 includes the subject matter of example 67 or 68, and optionally, wherein the pair of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 70 includes the subject matter of example 69, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 71 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 60-66, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 72 includes the subject matter of example 71, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 73 includes the subject matter of example 72, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to map first and second of the four data bits to a first QPSK constellation point, third and fourth of the four data bits to a second QPSK constellation point, and the first and second QPSK constellation points to first and second 16quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) constellation points, the pair of data symbols comprising the first 16QAM constellation point and the second 16QAM constellation point.

Example 74 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 60-73, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatial transmit streams via two antennas.

Example 75 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 60-74, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band above 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 76 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 60-75, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 77 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 60-76, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to transmit the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 78 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 60-77, and optionally, wherein the STAs comprise enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STAs.

Example 79 includes an apparatus for wireless communication by a wireless communication Station (STA), comprising means for modulating a plurality of data bit sequences into a plurality of data blocks in a frequency domain according to dual carrier modulation, a data bit sequence of the plurality of data bit sequences being modulated into a pair of data symbols in a data block of the plurality of data blocks; means for mapping a plurality of data blocks to a plurality of spatial streams by mapping a first pair of data symbols of a first data block to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol in a first spatial stream, mapping a second pair of data symbols of a second data block to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, mapping an opposite-sign complex conjugate of the second pair of data symbols to a first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and mapping a complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols to a second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and means for transmitting an OFDM multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission based on the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 80 includes the subject matter of example 79, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second pair of subcarriers comprises a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 81 includes the subject matter of example 80, and optionally, wherein the first subcarriers comprise kth subcarriers in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarriers comprise pth (k) subcarriers in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarriers comprise kth subcarriers in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarriers comprise pth (k) subcarriers in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 82 includes the subject matter of example 81, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 83 includes the subject matter of example 81, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 84 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 81-83, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 85 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 80-84, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 86 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 79-85, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises interleaved quadrature phase shift keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 87 includes the subject matter of example 86, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits includes two data bits.

Example 88 includes the subject matter of example 86 or 87, and optionally, wherein the pair of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 89 includes the subject matter of example 88, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 90 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 79-85, and optionally, wherein the dual carrier modulation comprises Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM).

Example 91 includes the subject matter of example 90, and optionally, wherein the sequence of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 92 includes the subject matter of example 91, and optionally, comprising means for mapping first and second ones of the four data bits to a first QPSK constellation point, mapping third and fourth ones of the four data bits to a second QPSK constellation point, and mapping the first and second QPSK constellation points to first and second 16quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) constellation points, the pair of data symbols comprising the first 16QAM constellation point and the second 16QAM constellation point.

Example 93 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 79-92, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatial transmit streams via two antennas.

Example 94 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 79-93, and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band greater than 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 95 includes the subject matter of any of examples 79-94, and optionally, comprising means for sending the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 96 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 79-95, and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 97 includes the subject matter of any of examples 79-96, and optionally, wherein the STA comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STA.

Example 98 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause a wireless communication Station (STA) to receive an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission comprising a plurality of spatial streams representing a plurality of sequences of data bits; processing the plurality of spatial streams to determine a plurality of data blocks according to a mapping scheme, the mapping scheme comprising a first pair of data symbols of a first data block being mapped to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in a first spatial stream, a second pair of data symbols of a second data block being mapped to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, opposite-sign complex conjugates of the second pair of data symbols being mapped to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and the complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols being mapped to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and determining the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the plurality of data blocks by determining a first sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the first pair of data symbols and determining a second sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the second pair of data symbols.

Example 99 includes the subject matter of example 98, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second pair of subcarriers comprising a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 100 includes the subject matter of example 99, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 101 includes the subject matter of example 100, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 102 includes the subject matter of example 100, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 103 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 100-102, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises the kth symbol and the k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 104 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 99-103, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 105 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 98-104, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to determine the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Staggered Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 106 includes the subject matter of example 105, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises two data bits.

Example 107 includes the subject matter of example 105 or 106, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second pairs of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 108 includes the subject matter of example 107, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 109 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 98-104, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to determine the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 110 includes the subject matter of example 109, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 111 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 98-110, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatial transmit streams.

Example 112 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 98-111, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band above 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 113 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 98-112, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 114 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 98-113, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 115 includes the subject matter of any of examples 98-114, and optionally, wherein the STA comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STA.

Example 116 includes the subject matter of any of examples 98-115, and optionally, comprising a plurality of directional antennas to receive the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 117 includes the subject matter of any of examples 98-116, and optionally, a radio, a memory, and a processor.

Example 118 includes a system of wireless communication, comprising a wireless communication Station (STA), the STA comprising a plurality of directional antennas; a radio device; a memory; a processor; and a controller configured to cause the STA to receive an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission comprising a plurality of spatial streams representing a plurality of data bit sequences; processing the plurality of spatial streams to determine a plurality of data blocks according to a mapping scheme, the mapping scheme comprising a first pair of data symbols of a first data block being mapped to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in a first spatial stream, a second pair of data symbols of a second data block being mapped to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, opposite-sign complex conjugates of the second pair of data symbols being mapped to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and the complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols being mapped to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and determining the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the plurality of data blocks by determining a first sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the first pair of data symbols and determining a second sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the second pair of data symbols.

Example 119 includes the subject matter of example 118, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second pair of subcarriers comprising a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 120 includes the subject matter of example 119, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 121 includes the subject matter of example 120, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 122 includes the subject matter of example 120, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 123 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 120-122, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises the kth symbol and the k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 124 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 119-123, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 125 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 118-124, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to determine the plurality of data bit sequences according to an interleaved quadrature phase shift keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 126 includes the subject matter of example 125, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises two data bits.

Example 127 includes the subject matter of example 125 or 126, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second pairs of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 128 includes the subject matter of example 127, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 129 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 118-124, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to determine the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 130 includes the subject matter of example 129, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 131 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 118-130, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission, the 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatially transmitted streams.

Example 132 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 118-131, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band greater than 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 133 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 118-132, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 134 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 118-133, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 135 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 118-134, and optionally, wherein the STA comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STA.

Example 136 includes a method to be performed at a wireless communication Station (STA), the method comprising receiving an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission comprising a plurality of spatial streams representing a plurality of sequences of data bits; processing the plurality of spatial streams to determine a plurality of data blocks according to a mapping scheme, the mapping scheme comprising a first pair of data symbols of a first data block being mapped to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in a first spatial stream, a second pair of data symbols of a second data block being mapped to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, opposite-sign complex conjugates of the second pair of data symbols being mapped to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and the complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols being mapped to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and determining the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the plurality of data blocks by determining a first sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the first pair of data symbols and determining a second sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the second pair of data symbols.

Example 137 includes the subject matter of example 136, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, and the second pair of subcarriers comprises a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 138 includes the subject matter of example 137, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 139 includes the subject matter of example 138, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 140 includes the subject matter of example 138, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 141 includes the subject matter of any of examples 138-140, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 142 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 137-141, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 143 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 136-142, and optionally, comprising determining the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Staggered Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 144 includes the subject matter of example 143, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises two data bits.

Example 145 includes the subject matter of example 143 or 144, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second pairs of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 146 includes the subject matter of example 145, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 147 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 136-142, and optionally, comprising determining the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 148 includes the subject matter of example 147, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 149 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 136-148, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission, the 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatially transmitted streams.

Example 150 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 136-149, and optionally, comprising receiving the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band greater than 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 151 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 136-150, and optionally, comprising receiving the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 152 includes the subject matter as in any one of examples 136-151, and optionally, comprising receiving the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 153 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 136-152, and optionally, wherein the STA comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STA.

Example 154 includes an article comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, are operable to enable the at least one processor to cause a wireless communication Station (STA) to receive an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission comprising a plurality of spatial streams representing a plurality of sequences of data bits; processing the plurality of spatial streams to determine a plurality of data blocks according to a mapping scheme, the mapping scheme comprising a first pair of data symbols of a first data block being mapped to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in a first spatial stream, a second pair of data symbols of a second data block being mapped to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, opposite-sign complex conjugates of the second pair of data symbols being mapped to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and the complex conjugate of the first pair of data symbols being mapped to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and determining the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the plurality of data blocks by determining a first sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the first pair of data symbols and determining a second sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the second pair of data symbols.

Example 155 includes the subject matter of example 154, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, and the second pair of subcarriers comprises a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 156 includes the subject matter of example 155, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 157 includes the subject matter of example 156, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 158 includes the subject matter of example 156, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 159 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 156-158, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 symbol in the second data block.

Example 160 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 155-159, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 161 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 154-160, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to determine the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Staggered Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 162 includes the subject matter of example 161, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises two data bits.

Example 163 includes the subject matter of example 161 or 162, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second pairs of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 164 includes the subject matter of example 163, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 165 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 154-160, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to determine the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 166 includes the subject matter of example 165, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 167 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 154-166, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission, the 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatially transmitted streams.

Example 168 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 154-167, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band greater than 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 169 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 154-168, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 170 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 154-169 and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the STA to receive the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 171 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 154-170, and optionally, wherein the STA comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STA.

Example 172 includes an apparatus for wireless communications by a wireless communication Station (STA), comprising means for receiving an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission comprising a plurality of spatial streams representing a plurality of sequences of data bits; means for processing the plurality of spatial streams to determine a plurality of data blocks according to a mapping scheme, the mapping scheme comprising a first pair of data symbols of a first data block being mapped to a first pair of respective subcarriers of a first OFDM symbol in a first spatial stream, a second pair of data symbols of a second data block being mapped to a second pair of respective subcarriers of a second OFDM symbol in the first spatial stream, opposite-sign complex conjugates of the second pair of data symbols being mapped to the first pair of respective subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol in a second spatial stream, and the complex conjugates of the first pair of data symbols being mapped to the second pair of respective subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol in the second spatial stream; and means for determining the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the plurality of data blocks by determining a first sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the first pair of data symbols and determining a second sequence of data bits of the plurality of sequences of data bits based on the second pair of data symbols.

Example 173 includes the subject matter of example 172, and optionally, wherein the first pair of subcarriers comprises a first subcarrier in a first subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol and a second subcarrier in a second subband of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, and the second pair of subcarriers comprises a third subcarrier in the first subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol and a fourth subcarrier in the second subband of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 174 includes the subject matter of example 173, and optionally, wherein the first subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in a first subband of the first OFDM symbol, the second subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in a second subband of the first OFDM symbol, the third subcarrier comprises a kth subcarrier in the first subband of the second OFDM symbol, and the fourth subcarrier comprises a p (k) th subcarrier in the second subband of the second OFDM symbol, wherein p (k) is a predetermined permutation of k.

Example 175 includes the subject matter of example 174, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Static Tone Pairing (STP) permutation.

Example 176 includes the subject matter of example 174, and optionally, wherein p (k) comprises a Dynamic Tone Pairing (DTP) permutation.

Example 177 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 174-176, and optionally, wherein the first pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the first data block, and the second pair of data symbols comprises a kth symbol and a k +1 th symbol in the second data block.

Example 178 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 173-177, and optionally, wherein the first subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the second subband of the first OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the first OFDM symbol, the first subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a first half of a signal band of the second OFDM symbol, and the second subband of the second OFDM symbol comprises a second half of the signal band of the second OFDM symbol.

Example 179 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 172-178, and optionally, comprising means for determining the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Staggered Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (SQPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 180 includes the subject matter of example 179, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises two data bits.

Example 181 includes the subject matter of example 179 or 180, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second pairs of data symbols comprises a pair of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation points.

Example 182 includes the subject matter of example 181, and optionally, wherein the pair of QPSK constellation points comprises a first constellation point and a second constellation point comprising a complex conjugate of the first constellation point.

Example 183 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 172-178, and optionally, comprising means for determining the plurality of data bit sequences according to a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) scheme.

Example 184 includes the subject matter of example 183, and optionally, wherein each of the first and second sequences of data bits comprises four data bits.

Example 185 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 172-184, and optionally, wherein the OFDM MIMO transmission comprises a 2xN OFDM MIMO transmission comprising two spatially transmitted streams.

Example 186 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 172-185, and optionally, comprising means for receiving the OFDM MIMO transmission over a frequency band above 45 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 187 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 172-186, and optionally, comprising means for receiving the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 188 includes the subject matter of any one of examples 172-187, and optionally, comprising means for receiving the OFDM MIMO transmission over a channel bandwidth of 4.32 gigahertz (GHz), 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 189 includes the subject matter of any of examples 172-188, and optionally, wherein the STA comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) STA.

Functions, operations, components, and/or features described herein with reference to one or more embodiments may be combined or utilized with one or more other functions, operations, components, and/or features described herein with reference to one or more other embodiments, and vice versa.

Although specific features have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause an enhanced directional multi-gigabit EDMG wireless communication station, STA:

modulating a plurality of data bits into a plurality of data blocks according to a Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM), a data block of the plurality of data blocks comprising a plurality of pairs of constellation points, a pair of constellation points of the plurality of pairs of constellation points being determined based on a sequence of data bits of the plurality of data bits;

mapping the plurality of data blocks to a plurality of space-time streams, wherein:

a first pair of constellation points of a first data block of the plurality of data blocks is mapped to a kth subcarrier and a p (k) th subcarrier of a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM, symbol in a first space-time stream of the plurality of space-time streams, wherein p (k) is a predetermined function of k;

a second pair of constellation points of a second data block of the plurality of data blocks is mapped to a kth subcarrier and a p (k) th subcarrier of a second OFDM symbol in the first space-time stream;

complex conjugates of opposite signs of a second pair of constellation points of the second data block are mapped to a kth subcarrier and a p (k) th subcarrier of a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM, symbol in a second space-time stream of the plurality of space-time streams; and is

The complex conjugate of the first pair of constellation points of the first data block is mapped to the kth subcarrier and the p (k) th subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol in the second space-time stream; and is

Sending an OFDM transmission over a wireless communication channel on a frequency band above 45 megahertz (GHz), the OFDM transmission based on the plurality of space-time streams.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first space-time stream comprises an odd-numbered space-time stream and the second space-time stream comprises an even-numbered space-time stream.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing OFDM symbol in the first space-time stream comprises an even-numbered OFDM symbol in the odd-numbered space-time stream, the second OFDM symbol in the first space-time stream comprises an odd-numbered OFDM symbol in the odd-numbered space-time stream, the first orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing OFDM symbol in the second space-time stream comprises an even-numbered OFDM symbol in the even-numbered space-time stream, and the second OFDM symbol in the second space-time stream comprises an odd-numbered OFDM symbol in the even-numbered space-time stream.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, configured to cause the EDMG STA to map the plurality of data blocks to the plurality of space-time streams by mapping a first modulated data sequence to the first space-time stream and a second modulated data sequence to a second space-time stream, as follows:

D(i _STS ＝1，2n，M _d (k))＝d(i _SS ＝1，2n，k)

D(i _STS ＝1，2n+1，M _d (k))＝d(i _SS ＝1，2n+1，k)

D(i _STS ＝2，2n，M _d (k))＝-conj(d(i _SS ＝1，2n+1，k))

D(i _STS ＝2，2n+1，M _d (k))＝conj(d(i _SS ＝1，2n，k))

wherein:

D(i _STS 1) represents a first modulated data sequence;

D(i _STS 2) denotes a second modulated data sequence;

i _STS representing a space-time stream index or number,

i _SS representing a spatial stream index or number,

M _d (k) indicating the mapped data subcarrier index or number,

n represents an OFDM symbol index or number,

k represents a data subcarrier index or number, and

d(i _SS n, k) represents the same as the i-th _SS And the data symbol or constellation point corresponding to the kth subcarrier of the nth OFDM symbol in the spatial stream.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine the one of the plurality of pairs of constellation points based on a pair of consecutive data bits of the plurality of data bits.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, configured to cause the EDMG STA to modulate the pair of consecutive data bits to a first constellation point:

and a second constellation point:

wherein, c ₀ Represents a first data bit of the pair of consecutive data bits, and c ₁ Representing a second data bit of the pair of consecutive data bits.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the DCM comprises DCM phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the DCM includes DCM Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine the one of the plurality of pairs of constellation points based on four consecutive data bits of the plurality of data bits.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, configured to cause the EDMG STA to modulate the four consecutive data bits to a first QPSK point:

and a second QPSK point:

and generates a representation s ₀ Is represented by a first constellation point sum of s ₁ The second constellation point of (a), is as follows:

wherein c is ₀ Representing a first data bit of said four consecutive data bits, c ₁ Representing a second data bit of said four consecutive data bits, c ₂ Representing a third data bit of said four consecutive data bits, c ₃ Representing a fourth data bit of the four consecutive data bits.

11. The apparatus of any of claims 1-10, wherein p (k) is the sum of k and half of the number of subcarriers.

12. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-10, wherein p (k) ═ k + 168.

13. The apparatus of any of claims 1-10, comprising a radio, the logic and circuitry configured to cause the radio to transmit the OFDM transmission.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising: one or more antennas connected to the radio; and another processor for executing instructions of an operating system.

15. A method performed at an enhanced directional multi-gigabit EDMG wireless communication station, STA, the method comprising:

complex conjugates of opposite signs of a second pair of constellation points of the second data block are mapped to a kth subcarrier and a pth (k) subcarrier of a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM, symbol in a second space-time stream of the plurality of space-time streams; and is provided with

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first spatio-temporal stream comprises an odd-numbered spatio-temporal stream and the second spatio-temporal stream comprises an even-numbered spatio-temporal stream.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM symbols in the first space-time stream comprise even-numbered OFDM symbols in the odd-numbered space-time stream, the second OFDM symbols in the first space-time stream comprise odd-numbered OFDM symbols in the odd-numbered space-time stream, the first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM symbols in the second space-time stream comprise even-numbered OFDM symbols in the even-numbered space-time stream, and the second OFDM symbols in the second space-time stream comprise odd-numbered OFDM symbols in the even-numbered space-time stream.

18. The method of claim 15, comprising: mapping the plurality of data blocks to the plurality of space-time streams by mapping a first modulated data sequence to the first space-time stream and mapping a second modulated data sequence to a second space-time stream as follows:

D(i _STS ＝1，2n，M _d (k))＝d(i _SS ＝1，2n，k)

D(i _STS ＝1，2n+1，M _d (k))＝d(i _SS ＝1，2n+1，k)

D(i _STS ＝2，2n，M _d (k))＝-conj(d(i _SS ＝1，2n+1，k))

D(i _STS ＝2，2n+1，M _d (k))＝conj(d(i _SS ＝1，2n，k))

wherein:

D(i _STS 1) represents a first modulated data sequence;

D(i _STS 2) represents a second modulated data sequence;

i _STS representing a space-time stream index or number,

i _SS representing a spatial stream index or number,

M _d (k) indicating the mapped data subcarrier index or number,

n represents an OFDM symbol index or number,

k represents a data subcarrier index or number, and

19. The method of claim 15, comprising: determining the one of the plurality of pairs of constellation points based on a pair of consecutive data bits of the plurality of data bits.

20. The method of claim 19, comprising: modulating the pair of consecutive data bits to a first constellation point:

and a second constellation point:

21. The method of claim 15, wherein the DCM comprises DCM phase shift keying PSK modulation.

22. The method of claim 15, wherein the DCM includes DCM quadrature phase shift keying, QPSK, modulation.

23. The method of claim 15, comprising: determining the one of the plurality of pairs of constellation points based on four consecutive data bits of the plurality of data bits.

24. The method of claim 23, comprising: modulating the four consecutive data bits to a first QPSK point:

and a second QPSK point:

and generates a representation s ₀ Is represented as s and a first constellation point of ₁ To (1) aTwo constellation points, as follows:

25. The method of claim 15, wherein p (k) is the sum of k and half the number of subcarriers.

26. The method of claim 15, wherein p (k) ═ k + 168.

27. An apparatus of wireless communication, the apparatus comprising means for causing an enhanced directional multi-gigabit EDMG wireless communication station STA to perform the method of any of claims 15-26.

28. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to enable an enhanced directional multi-gigabit EDMG wireless communication station, STA, to perform the method of any one of claims 15-26.