CN110493010B - 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法 - Google Patents

基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN110493010B
CN110493010B CN201910904251.5A CN201910904251A CN110493010B CN 110493010 B CN110493010 B CN 110493010B CN 201910904251 A CN201910904251 A CN 201910904251A CN 110493010 B CN110493010 B CN 110493010B
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
key
message
server
bit
signature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
CN201910904251.5A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
CN110493010A (zh
Inventor
王琴
庞志广
高江
张昊
刘靖阳
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Original Assignee
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications filed Critical Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Priority to CN201910904251.5A priority Critical patent/CN110493010B/zh
Publication of CN110493010A publication Critical patent/CN110493010A/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2020/070400 priority patent/WO2021056926A1/zh
Priority to US17/253,125 priority patent/US11489677B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN110493010B publication Critical patent/CN110493010B/zh
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0819—Key transport or distribution, i.e. key establishment techniques where one party creates or otherwise obtains a secret value, and securely transfers it to the other(s)
    • H04L9/083—Key transport or distribution, i.e. key establishment techniques where one party creates or otherwise obtains a secret value, and securely transfers it to the other(s) involving central third party, e.g. key distribution center [KDC] or trusted third party [TTP]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/10—Office automation; Time management
    • G06Q10/107—Computer-aided management of electronic mailing [e-mailing]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L51/00—User-to-user messaging in packet-switching networks, transmitted according to store-and-forward or real-time protocols, e.g. e-mail
    • H04L51/42—Mailbox-related aspects, e.g. synchronisation of mailboxes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
    • H04L63/083—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities using passwords
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0819—Key transport or distribution, i.e. key establishment techniques where one party creates or otherwise obtains a secret value, and securely transfers it to the other(s)
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0861—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/14—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using a plurality of keys or algorithms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3247—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/34—Encoding or coding, e.g. Huffman coding or error correction

Abstract

基于量子数字签名的邮件系统及收发方法，系统采用三层结构：物理层、密钥层、应用层；物理层为密钥产生终端，负责实时产生用来进行签名的密钥串；密钥层用来存储物理层产生的密钥串，并在需要的时候向上层应用层提供所需要的密钥；应用层是邮件系统收发的软件部分，通过从密钥层中提取物理层生成的密钥来对所需要发送的信息进行加密。邮件收发方法包括量子密钥分发阶段、邮件签名阶段、签名验证阶段。本发明中同算法签名相比，通过量子数字签名加密之后的邮件的安全性得到了更为有力的保障。

Description

基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法
技术领域
本发明属于属于网络信息安全领域，具体涉及一种基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法。
背景技术
对于现有的数字签名应用场景，为了保证发送信息的真实性，在信息发送前往往会通过特定的签名算法(如Hash算法)来进行消息的签名。将计算得出的签名信息附在消息后面一起发送给服务器，之后接收端在获取消息的内容进行相同的计算，并将计算的结果同发送端后面携带的签名信息进行比较。如果两者相同说明消息内容没有被篡改过，否则则说明消息有可能遭到篡改。这种形式的数字签名的消息安全性基本上完全取决于算法的复杂度。也就是说，如果计算机足够快，消息最终将会被破解出来。由于量子密码具有理论无条件安全性，即理论上是不可破解的。所以融合量子密码技术的量子数字签名邮件系统能够满足高安全性应用场景的需求。
发明内容
由于现有的邮件的安全性大部分取决于签名算法的复杂度，为了解决消息的安全性依赖于算法复杂度的问题，本发明提出了一种基于量子数字签名的邮件系统及收发方法，这种被量子数字签名加密之后的邮件的安全性不再依赖于算法的复杂度，它的安全性由量子力学基本原理来保障。由于量子数字签名是理论上不可被破解的，所以在安全性方面，同算法签名相比，通过量子数字签名加密之后的邮件的安全性得到了更为有力的保障。
基于量子数字签名的邮件系统及收发方法，邮件系统采用三层结构：物理层、密钥层、应用层；物理层为密钥产生终端，负责实时产生用来进行签名的密钥串；密钥层用来存储物理层产生的密钥串，并在需要的时候向上层应用层提供所需要的密钥；应用层是邮件系统收发的软件部分，通过从密钥层中提取物理层生成的密钥来对所需要发送的信息进行加密；
应用层对应的使用终端包括客户端A、B以及服务器S，客户端A作为发送端，客户端B作为接收端；邮件收发方法包括量子密钥分发阶段、邮件签名阶段、签名验证阶段；
在量子密钥分发阶段，发送端A需要获取服务器S，以及接收端B各两份密钥，分别用来加密比特1与比特0；其中密钥是物理层生成的，并存放在密钥层中，当应用层需要的时候可以随时从密钥层中取出相应的密钥；
在邮件签名阶段，客户端负责用手中的密钥对消息进行签名；
签名验证阶段包括两次验证过程，第一次是服务器对消息签名进行验证，第二次是接收端B对消息签名进行验证。
进一步地，分发阶段包括步骤：
步骤1-1：假设客户端A需要向B发送消息，A与B之间使用密钥生成协议生成对应的长度分别为L的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000021
与
Figure GDA0003494775810000022
其中
Figure GDA0003494775810000023
用来签名比特1，
Figure GDA0003494775810000024
用来签名比特0；此时B方手中也有两份长度为L比特的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000025
这里的上标表示密钥是B手中的，下标表示将来需要被验证的消息；
步骤1-2：客户端A与服务器S通过密钥生成协议产生对应的长度分别为L的两份密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000031
与
Figure GDA0003494775810000032
其中
Figure GDA0003494775810000033
用来加密比特1，
Figure GDA0003494775810000034
用来加密比特0；此时，服务器S手中也有两份长度为L的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000035
这里的上标表示密钥是S手中的，下标表示将来需要被验证的消息；
步骤1-3：经过上述过程发送端A端手中持有四份长度为L比特的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000036
随后B和S各自随机选取手中一半的密钥与对方交换，并告知对方交换的密钥再全部密钥中所处的位置；对称交换操作完成之后，S将手中的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000037
与B发来的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000038
组合成
Figure GDA0003494775810000039
验证消息比特0，
Figure GDA00034947758100000310
Figure GDA00034947758100000311
来验证消息比特1；同样，B也使用相同的策略；B与S交换的时候使用安全的经典加密信道，以防止发送端A抵赖签名。
进一步地，邮件签名阶段，具体步骤包括：
步骤2-1：客户端A在输入需要发送的消息之后，利用特定的编码方案或者算法将需要发送的消息转成二进制流，其中比特0就用
Figure GDA00034947758100000312
与
Figure GDA00034947758100000313
共同签名，比特1就用
Figure GDA00034947758100000314
与
Figure GDA00034947758100000315
共同签名；
步骤2-2：根据量子数字签名协议的要求，每个比特需要用L比特长度的初始密钥进行签名，L越长签名后的消息安全性越高，则采用3000比特签名每个比特的签名方式；由于每个比特要用三千个密钥串进行签名，因此每个比特后面将使用1500个与B协议产生的密钥，1500个与S协议产生的密钥；
步骤2-3：每个比特都用相同的方法进行签名，签名完成后就发送给服务器；如果发送者A发送一个比特0信息，则发送的消息加签名可以合起来表示为
Figure GDA0003494775810000041
的形式；同理发送比特1时可以表示为
Figure GDA0003494775810000042
的形式；
步骤2-4：上述签名过程之后，将对应位置上未使用的密钥删除，满足一次一密加密方式的要求。
进一步地，步骤2-2中，初始密钥的比特长度L越长签名后的消息安全性越高，L的具体数值根据实际需求选择。
进一步地，签名验证阶段，具体步骤包括：
步骤3-1：假如发送者发送到服务器的消息为
Figure GDA0003494775810000043
服务器在接收到消息之后会提取秘钥长度为3000的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000044
因为
Figure GDA0003494775810000045
只是服务器端密钥的一半，所以在提取的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000046
与原本服务器端的密钥进行相与操作之后，相应位置上结果为0的即为误码；在计算完整个1500个密钥串之后得到相应的误码率；
步骤3-2：如果误码大于服务器设置的误码率门限，则服务器就丢弃整条消息，并通知发送端消息发送失败需要重新发送；否则，则将接收到的整个消息转发给接收端B；此时服务器不仅起到以此密钥验证的作用，同时还肩负着转发消息的功能；
步骤3-3：B在接收到消息之后同样提取秘钥长度为3000的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000047
因为
Figure GDA0003494775810000048
只是自己原来密钥的一半，所以在提取的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000049
与原本自己的密钥进行相与操作之后，相应位置上结果为0的即为误码；在计算完整个1500个密钥串之后得到相应的误码率；
步骤3-4：如果误码大于自己接受消息设置的最低误码率门限，那么B就不予接受，并通知服务器自己没有接受，服务器在收到B的通知之后将告诉发送者A消息可能已经遭到篡改，需要重新发送；如果误码率满足自己的安全要求那么B将接受消息，并通知服务器自己已经收到消息，相应的服务器子收到B的通知之后同样的会通知发送端A消息已经安全发送到目的地并被接收。
本发明达到的有益效果为：本发明提出了一种基于量子数字签名的邮件系统及收发方法，被量子数字签名加密之后的邮件的安全性不再依赖于算法的复杂度，它的安全性由量子力学基本原理来保障。由于量子数字签名是理论上不可被破解的，所以在安全性方面，同算法签名相比，通过量子数字签名加密之后的邮件的安全性得到了更为有力的保障。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述邮件系统的三层结构示意图
图2为本发明所述收发方法中量子密钥分发阶段示意图。
图3为本发明所述收发方法中邮件签名以及签名验证阶段示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合说明书附图对本发明的技术方案做进一步的详细说明。
基于量子数字签名的邮件系统及收发方法，参考图1，邮件系统采用三层结构，由下到上依次为：物理层、密钥层、应用层；物理层为密钥产生终端，负责实时产生用来进行签名的密钥串；密钥层用来存储物理层产生的密钥串，并在需要的时候向上层应用层提供所需要的密钥；应用层是邮件系统收发的软件部分，通过从密钥层中提取物理层生成的密钥来对所需要发送的信息进行加密。
应用层对应的使用终端包括客户端A、B以及服务器S，客户端A作为发送端，客户端B作为接收端；邮件收发方法包括量子密钥分发阶段、邮件签名阶段、签名验证阶段。
在量子密钥分发阶段，发送端A需要获取服务器S，以及接收端B各两份密钥，分别用来加密比特1与比特0；其中密钥是物理层生成的，并存放在密钥层中，当应用层需要的时候可以随时从密钥层中取出相应的密钥。分发阶段包括步骤：
步骤1-1：假设客户端A需要向B发送消息，A与B之间使用密钥生成协议生成对应的长度分别为L的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000061
与
Figure GDA0003494775810000062
其中
Figure GDA0003494775810000063
用来签名比特1，
Figure GDA0003494775810000064
用来签名比特0；此时B方手中也有两份长度为L比特的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000065
这里的上标表示密钥是B手中的，下标表示将来需要被验证的消息。
步骤1-2：客户端A与服务器S通过密钥生成协议产生对应的长度分别为L的两份密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000066
与
Figure GDA0003494775810000067
其中
Figure GDA0003494775810000068
用来加密比特1，
Figure GDA0003494775810000069
用来加密比特0；此时，服务器S手中也有两份长度为L的密钥
Figure GDA00034947758100000610
这里的上标表示密钥是S手中的，下标表示将来需要被验证的消息。
步骤1-3：经过上述过程发送端A端手中持有四份长度为L比特的密钥
Figure GDA00034947758100000611
随后B和S各自随机选取手中一半的密钥与对方交换，并告知对方交换的密钥再全部密钥中所处的位置；对称交换操作完成之后，S将手中的密钥
Figure GDA00034947758100000612
与B发来的密钥
Figure GDA00034947758100000613
组合成
Figure GDA0003494775810000071
验证消息比特0，
Figure GDA0003494775810000072
Figure GDA0003494775810000073
来验证消息比特1；同样，B也使用相同的策略；B与S交换的时候使用安全的经典加密信道，以防止发送端A抵赖签名。
在邮件签名阶段，客户端负责用手中的密钥对消息进行签名，具体步骤包括：
步骤2-1：客户端A在输入需要发送的消息之后，利用特定的编码方案或者算法将需要发送的消息转成二进制流，其中比特0就用
Figure GDA0003494775810000074
与
Figure GDA0003494775810000075
共同签名，比特1就用
Figure GDA0003494775810000076
与
Figure GDA0003494775810000077
共同签名。
步骤2-2：根据量子数字签名协议的要求，每个比特需要用L比特长度的初始密钥进行签名，L越长签名后的消息安全性越高，本实施例采用3000比特签名每个比特的签名方式，L的具体数值根据实际需求选择；由于每个比特要用三千个密钥串进行签名，因此每个比特后面将使用1500个与B协议产生的密钥，1500个与S协议产生的密钥。
步骤2-3：每个比特都用相同的方法进行签名，签名完成后就发送给服务器；如果发送者A发送一个比特0信息，则发送的消息加签名可以合起来表示为
Figure GDA0003494775810000078
的形式；同理发送比特1时可以表示为
Figure GDA0003494775810000079
的形式。
步骤2-4：上述签名过程之后，将对应位置上未使用的密钥删除，满足一次一密加密方式的要求。
签名验证阶段包括两次验证过程，第一次是服务器对消息签名进行验证，第二次是接收端B对消息签名进行验证，具体步骤包括：
步骤3-1：假如发送者发送到服务器的消息为
Figure GDA0003494775810000081
服务器在接收到消息之后会提取秘钥长度为3000的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000082
因为
Figure GDA0003494775810000083
只是服务器端密钥的一半，所以在提取的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000084
与原本服务器端的密钥进行相与操作之后，相应位置上结果为0的即为误码；在计算完整个1500个密钥串之后得到相应的误码率。
步骤3-2：如果误码大于服务器设置的误码率门限，则服务器就丢弃整条消息，并通知发送端消息发送失败需要重新发送；否则，则将接收到的整个消息转发给接收端B；此时服务器不仅起到以此密钥验证的作用，同时还肩负着转发消息的功能。
步骤3-3：B在接收到消息之后同样提取秘钥长度为3000的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000085
因为
Figure GDA0003494775810000086
只是自己原来密钥的一半，所以在提取的密钥
Figure GDA0003494775810000087
与原本自己的密钥进行相与操作之后，相应位置上结果为0的即为误码；在计算完整个1500个密钥串之后得到相应的误码率。
步骤3-4：如果误码大于自己接受消息设置的最低误码率门限，那么B就不予接受，并通知服务器自己没有接受，服务器在收到B的通知之后将告诉发送者A消息可能已经遭到篡改，需要重新发送；如果误码率满足自己的安全要求那么B将接受消息，并通知服务器自己已经收到消息，相应的服务器子收到B的通知之后同样的会通知发送端A消息已经安全发送到目的地并被接收。
接下来对以上过程进行一下简单的分析与总结：
首先本发明是基于一种常见的量子密钥分发协议——BB84协议，它是一种通过非正交单量子态的不可克隆性来保障通信安全的。就一般而言，通信双方最普遍受到的威胁就是来自第三者的截听，以截听重发攻击为例，假设A向S发送量子态，有个攻击者B会像S一样随机选择一组基对收到的态进行测量并记录结果，并根据结果制备对应量子态发给S形成闭环攻击。在这里B并不知道A发送的那种偏振态，因此B有一定概率选对基，并制备相应的态发给S而不引起任何人的怀疑，若选错基便会制备错误的态引起怀疑。事实上确保BB84安全的关键是协议中是通过两组非正交基进行编解码，由量子不可克隆定理可知，B是不能在不引起任何扰动的情况下完美克隆这两组彼此非正交的量子态。
接着，配合着BB84协议，在量子密钥分发阶段采用的签名协议是一种称为密钥生成协议(KGP，Key generation protocol)来保障通信的安全。在这里KGP协议虽然是以量子密钥分发协议(QKD protocol)为基础，但在安全性分析方面不能等同，KGP的安全性分析不直接遵循QKD协议的安全性。对于前者重要的是与收件人密钥不匹配的数量，对于后者重要的是攻击者对于密钥掌握的信息。在这里通过QKD窃听者最小熵来分析KGP安全性，即在不考虑概率的情况下，让
Figure GDA0003494775810000091
Figure GDA0003494775810000092
其中d(.,.)是汉明距离，Eguess是Eve对
Figure GDA0003494775810000093
的猜测(这里的Eve可能就是客户B，因为QDS协议不对任何参与方做可信的假定)。
这里以A和S通信为例，A与B的KGP与之类似。由于一个不可信的客户A不可能同时发送给服务器S和客户B一对纠缠态，因此为简化安全性分析，假设S制备好量子态通过量子信道发给A且S具有相位随机相干态光源。S可以根据概率
Figure GDA0003494775810000101
来选择不同的光源强度u1，u2或u3，其中u1>u2>u3，而就是用所有的强度来产生密钥。接着S从四种量子态|0Z>，|1Z>，
Figure GDA0003494775810000102
Figure GDA0003494775810000103
以及
Figure GDA0003494775810000104
中随机择一对消息编码，其中|0Z>，|1Z>构成X基，|1X>，|1X>组成Z基。X基和Z基的选择分别由概率PX≥1/2和PZ＝1-PX≤1/2决定，选择不匹配基的方式是为了提高协议的效率。S独立选择光强强度和制备的量子态，以避免强度和信息编码之间的相关性。A也以概率PX和PZ独立的选择X基或Z基进行测量，测量结果为以下四种结果之一，
Figure GDA0003494775810000105
其中0、1表示比特值，
Figure GDA0003494775810000106
表示没有探测到，d是一个双探测器响应事件。当结果为d时，A随机选择一个bit值，然后A与S之间通过一个经过认证的经典信道公布他们的基和强度选择，若态制备与测量基不同，或者A探测器无响应，则丢弃相应位置的初始码，这一过程也称为筛选。该过程一直持续执行，直到为每个基和强度选择获得足够数量的测量结果。通过从X基的测量结果中随机选择L+k大小的样本生成一份原始密钥。S生成的比特串分为四部分(VS，ZS，XS,keep，XS,forward)，A手中也有相应的密钥串，只需将下标S换成A。其中V字符串的长度为k，由X基测量生成。它们用于估计由X基测量生成的A比特串和S比特串之间的相关性，然后丢弃。Z字符串由Z基测量生成。它们将用于量化Eve窃听所获得的信息。两个长度为L/2的XS,keep，XS,forward比特串共同组成了S的密钥，
Figure GDA0003494775810000107
于是就有了实施步骤中所提到的与客户B互换密钥的过程。简单来说，正是由于X和Z基的互补性，窃听者的扰动会影响A与S之间的相干性，因此只要界定出窃听者能够获得的关于S的X字符串的最小熵。
在有限长的情况下，即发送和测量有限数量的量子态并允许Eve可以对通过量子通道发送的任何量子态执行纠缠操作，并且在以后的任何时候对保存在量子存储器这一辅助系统的状态进行任意测量。上述过程A与S均是不诚实的，他们也不会从KGP中有任何收益，因此假设KGP行为是可信的。为了获取最小熵，从本质上讲基于ZS和ZA之间的相关程度，利用熵不确定性关系可以求出Eve的平滑最小熵。为了便于表示，后面将用X表示XS,keep，用n表示其长度。Eve从A和S之间的经典通信中获取信息的通信时公开的并经过认证的。经典随机变量V，Θn以及XS,forward表示Eve从参数估计、筛选步骤中的选基声明中获得的信息，如果Eve是客户B，则表示S对XS,forward的转发。把Eve的所有信息收集到包含了Eve相干攻击后的附加量子系统
Figure GDA0003494775810000111
以及包含了假设Eve已知的编码字符串V，Θn以及XS,forward的状态的空间。而的平滑最小熵如下：
Figure GDA0003494775810000112
其中不等式包含一个与log2(1/∈)成比例的小加法项，这里的
Figure GDA0003494775810000113
和
Figure GDA0003494775810000114
分别表示0，1光子脉冲到达A的脉冲数，它们构成了字符串X的全部，
Figure GDA0003494775810000115
是X基测量中来自单光子脉冲的相位误码率。上标U和L表示最坏情况下的情景估计。
接着，在给定Eve的平滑最小熵的条件下去寻找一种限定他在猜测B的密钥时可能犯的错误数量的方法。假设B和Eve共享状态ρXE，其中X是表示B密钥中未转发给Eve的那部分n位字符串，E是Eve持有的相关量子系统，包括从经典通信中获得的所有信息。对于任何窃听策略，当猜测X时，Eve犯最多r个错误的平均概率可以被限定为：
Figure GDA0003494775810000121
对于任意的a>0可以进一步利用马尔可夫不等式来证明：
Prob(Eve犯的错误少于r)：＝Pr≤a (3)
可忽略的概率最多为：
Figure GDA0003494775810000122
其中
Figure GDA0003494775810000123
当n很大时，有
Figure GDA0003494775810000124
因此，得到了一个关于Eve在平滑最小熵方面犯小于r个错误的概率的界限。对于最小熵而言，有：
Figure GDA0003494775810000125
其中
Figure GDA0003494775810000126
包含i光子的X基脉冲计数率的下限。为了简单起见，对上式进行了一些处理，便使得条件：
Figure GDA0003494775810000127
决定了Eve是否能够以不可忽略的概率产生小于r的误差。如果条件成立，可以通过增加n使Eve的误差小于r的概率任意小。对于Eve产生错误的最小概率PE(概率可忽略不计的情况除外)可以用下面的式子定义：
Figure GDA0003494775810000128
假设A和S之间X基测量下的误差率的上限是
Figure GDA0003494775810000129
只要
Figure GDA00034947758100001210
就存在参数选择和足够大的签名长度。也就是说只要满足如下式子，的量子数字签名便可以实现了。
Figure GDA0003494775810000131
基于上述理论的支持，便有了基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的实现，在实施步骤中提到的服务器的误码率门限可以进行自行设置，设置的越低则说明经过服务器转发之后的消息更为可靠。因此，可以通过服务器设置的误码率来衡量服务器的可信程度。接受者的误码率也可以自主进行设置，设置的误码率门限越低说明接收方对消息的可信度要求越高。同时，越低的误码率门限可以帮接收方过滤掉更多的不可信消息。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施方式，本发明的保护范围并不以上述实施方式为限，但凡本领域普通技术人员根据本发明所揭示内容所作的等效修饰或变化，皆应纳入权利要求书中记载的保护范围内。

Claims (1)

1.基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法，其特征在于：
所述邮件系统采用三层结构：物理层、密钥层、应用层；所述物理层为密钥产生终端，负责实时产生用来进行签名的密钥串；所述密钥层用来存储物理层产生的密钥串，并在需要的时候向上层应用层提供所需要的密钥；所述应用层是邮件系统收发的软件部分，通过从密钥层中提取物理层生成的密钥来对所需要发送的信息进行加密；
所述应用层对应的使用终端包括客户端A、B以及服务器S，客户端A作为发送端，客户端B作为接收端；所述邮件收发方法包括量子密钥分发阶段、邮件签名阶段、签名验证阶段；
在量子密钥分发阶段，发送端A需要获取服务器S，以及接收端B各两份密钥，分别用来加密比特1与比特0；其中密钥是物理层生成的，并存放在密钥层中，当应用层需要的时候随时从密钥层中取出相应的密钥，包括步骤：
步骤1-1：假设客户端A需要向B发送消息，A与B之间使用密钥生成协议生成对应的长度分别为L的密钥
Figure FDA0003494775800000011
与
Figure FDA0003494775800000012
其中
Figure FDA0003494775800000013
用来签名比特1，
Figure FDA0003494775800000014
用来签名比特0；此时B方手中也有两份长度为L比特的密钥
Figure FDA0003494775800000015
这里的上标表示密钥是B手中的，下标表示将来需要被验证的消息；
步骤1-2：客户端A与服务器S通过密钥生成协议产生对应的长度分别为L的两份密钥
Figure FDA0003494775800000016
与
Figure FDA0003494775800000017
其中
Figure FDA0003494775800000018
用来加密比特1，
Figure FDA0003494775800000019
用来加密比特0；此时，服务器S手中也有两份长度为L的密钥
Figure FDA00034947758000000110
这里的上标表示密钥是S手中的，下标表示将来需要被验证的消息；
步骤1-3：经过上述过程发送端A端手中持有四份长度为L比特的密钥
Figure FDA0003494775800000021
随后B和S各自随机选取手中一半的密钥与对方交换，并告知对方交换的密钥再全部密钥中所处的位置；对称交换操作完成之后，S将手中的密钥
Figure FDA0003494775800000022
与B发来的密钥
Figure FDA0003494775800000023
组合成
Figure FDA0003494775800000024
用于验证消息比特0，
Figure FDA0003494775800000025
Figure FDA0003494775800000026
用于验证消息比特1；同样，B也使用相同的策略；B与S交换的时候使用安全的经典加密信道，以防止发送端A抵赖签名；
在邮件签名阶段，客户端负责用手中的密钥对消息进行签名，具体步骤包括：
步骤2-1：客户端A在输入需要发送的消息之后，利用特定的编码方案或者算法将需要发送的消息转成二进制流，其中比特0就用
Figure FDA0003494775800000027
与
Figure FDA0003494775800000028
共同签名，比特1就用
Figure FDA0003494775800000029
与
Figure FDA00034947758000000210
共同签名；
步骤2-2：根据量子数字签名协议的要求，每个比特需要用L比特长度的初始密钥进行签名，L越长签名后的消息安全性越高，采用3000比特签名每个比特的签名方式；由于每个比特要用三千个密钥串进行签名，因此每个比特后面将使用1500个与B协议产生的密钥，1500个与S协议产生的密钥；
步骤2-3：每个比特都用相同的方法进行签名，签名完成后就发送给服务器；如果发送者A发送一个比特0信息，则发送的消息加签名合起来表示为
Figure FDA00034947758000000213
的形式；同理发送比特1时表示为
Figure FDA00034947758000000212
的形式；
步骤2-4：上述签名过程之后，将对应位置上未使用的密钥删除，满足一次一密加密方式的要求；
签名验证阶段包括两次验证过程，第一次是服务器对消息签名进行验证，第二次是接收端B对消息签名进行验证，具体步骤包括：
步骤3-1：假如发送者发送到服务器的消息为
Figure FDA0003494775800000038
服务器在接收到消息之后会提取长度为3000的密钥串
Figure FDA0003494775800000032
因为
Figure FDA0003494775800000033
只是服务器端密钥的一半，所以在提取的密钥
Figure FDA0003494775800000034
与原本服务器端的密钥进行与运算操作之后，相应位置上结果为0的即为误码；在计算完整个1500个密钥串之后得到相应的误码率；
步骤3-2：如果误码大于服务器设置的误码率门限，则服务器就丢弃整条消息，并通知发送端消息发送失败需要重新发送；否则，则将接收到的整个消息转发给接收端B；此时服务器不仅起到以此密钥验证的作用，同时还肩负着转发消息的功能；
步骤3-3：B在接收到消息之后同样提取长度为3000的密钥串
Figure FDA0003494775800000035
因为
Figure FDA0003494775800000036
只是自己原来密钥的一半，所以在提取的密钥
Figure FDA0003494775800000037
与原本自己的密钥进行与运算操作之后，相应位置上结果为0的即为误码；在计算完整个1500个密钥串之后得到相应的误码率；
步骤3-4：如果误码大于自己接受消息设置的最低误码率门限，那么B就不予接受，并通知服务器自己没有接受，服务器在收到B的通知之后将告诉发送者A消息可能已经遭到篡改，需要重新发送；如果误码率满足自己的安全要求那么B将接受消息，并通知服务器自己已经收到消息，相应的服务器子收到B的通知之后同样的会通知发送端A消息已经安全发送到目的地并被接收。
CN201910904251.5A 2019-09-24 2019-09-24 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法 Active CN110493010B (zh)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201910904251.5A CN110493010B (zh) 2019-09-24 2019-09-24 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法
PCT/CN2020/070400 WO2021056926A1 (zh) 2019-09-24 2020-01-06 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统及收发方法
US17/253,125 US11489677B2 (en) 2019-09-24 2020-01-06 QDS-based mail system and transceiving method

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201910904251.5A CN110493010B (zh) 2019-09-24 2019-09-24 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN110493010A CN110493010A (zh) 2019-11-22
CN110493010B true CN110493010B (zh) 2022-03-15

Family

ID=68557531

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201910904251.5A Active CN110493010B (zh) 2019-09-24 2019-09-24 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US11489677B2 (zh)
CN (1) CN110493010B (zh)
WO (1) WO2021056926A1 (zh)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110493010B (zh) 2019-09-24 2022-03-15 南京邮电大学 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法
CN111541544B (zh) * 2020-03-20 2023-06-02 南京邮电大学 一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法
CN112468292B (zh) * 2020-11-16 2022-09-23 南京大学 一种量子数字签名方法及系统
CN113438074B (zh) * 2021-06-24 2022-11-11 中电信量子科技有限公司 基于量子安全密钥的接收邮件的解密方法
CN113346995B (zh) * 2021-06-24 2022-12-09 中电信量子科技有限公司 基于量子安全密钥的邮件传输过程中防篡改的方法和系统
CN113645038B (zh) * 2021-07-30 2023-07-11 矩阵时光数字科技有限公司 一种测量设备无关的量子数字签名系统及方法
CN114205084B (zh) * 2022-02-16 2022-05-17 国网浙江省电力有限公司金华供电公司 基于量子密钥的电子邮件多操作加密方法及装置

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1665188A (zh) * 2005-03-03 2005-09-07 武汉大学 具有收发双向不可否认机制的安全电子邮件系统实现方法
US7246240B2 (en) * 2001-04-26 2007-07-17 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Quantum digital signatures
EP1833009A1 (en) * 2006-03-09 2007-09-12 First Data Corporation Secure transaction computer network
CN101043512A (zh) * 2006-03-21 2007-09-26 环达电脑(上海)有限公司 一种电子邮件系统
JP2008048102A (ja) * 2006-08-14 2008-02-28 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> 再認証不可能な量子電子署名システム、その処理方法、その署名者装置及びその検証者装置
CN102196425A (zh) * 2011-07-01 2011-09-21 安徽量子通信技术有限公司 基于量子密钥分配网络的移动加密系统及其通信方法
CN105007160A (zh) * 2015-07-27 2015-10-28 洛阳师范学院 量子数字签名中消息完整性保护方法
CN106452791A (zh) * 2016-11-11 2017-02-22 浙江神州量子网络科技有限公司 一种无信任中心的量子数字签名方法
CN110176989A (zh) * 2019-05-15 2019-08-27 如般量子科技有限公司 基于非对称密钥池的量子通信服务站身份认证方法和系统

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8483394B2 (en) * 2010-06-15 2013-07-09 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Secure multi-party communication with quantum key distribution managed by trusted authority
US9509506B2 (en) * 2011-09-30 2016-11-29 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Quantum key management
KR101610747B1 (ko) * 2014-08-19 2016-04-08 한국과학기술연구원 양자 암호 통신 장치 및 방법
US20170250796A1 (en) * 2016-02-18 2017-08-31 Gideon Samid Trans Vernam Cryptography: Round One
CN109787751A (zh) * 2017-11-14 2019-05-21 阿里巴巴集团控股有限公司 量子密钥的分发系统及其分发方法和数据处理方法
CN108923914B (zh) 2018-06-21 2020-05-08 西北大学 一种基于4粒子簇态的量子密钥分发方法
CN110493010B (zh) 2019-09-24 2022-03-15 南京邮电大学 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7246240B2 (en) * 2001-04-26 2007-07-17 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Quantum digital signatures
CN1665188A (zh) * 2005-03-03 2005-09-07 武汉大学 具有收发双向不可否认机制的安全电子邮件系统实现方法
EP1833009A1 (en) * 2006-03-09 2007-09-12 First Data Corporation Secure transaction computer network
CN101043512A (zh) * 2006-03-21 2007-09-26 环达电脑(上海)有限公司 一种电子邮件系统
JP2008048102A (ja) * 2006-08-14 2008-02-28 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> 再認証不可能な量子電子署名システム、その処理方法、その署名者装置及びその検証者装置
CN102196425A (zh) * 2011-07-01 2011-09-21 安徽量子通信技术有限公司 基于量子密钥分配网络的移动加密系统及其通信方法
CN105007160A (zh) * 2015-07-27 2015-10-28 洛阳师范学院 量子数字签名中消息完整性保护方法
CN106452791A (zh) * 2016-11-11 2017-02-22 浙江神州量子网络科技有限公司 一种无信任中心的量子数字签名方法
CN110176989A (zh) * 2019-05-15 2019-08-27 如般量子科技有限公司 基于非对称密钥池的量子通信服务站身份认证方法和系统

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Practical quantum digital signature with a gigahertz BB84 quantum key distribution system";Xue-Bi An, Hao Zhang, Chun-Mei Zhang;《Optics Letters》;20190301;全文 *
"Quantum digital signatures with quantum-key-distribution components";Petros Wallden,Vedran Dunjko;《Phys. Rev. A》;20150407;全文 *
"实际量子密钥分发系统安全性研究";杨秀清;《中国博士学位论文全文数据库 信息科技辑》;20181115;全文 *
"量子密钥在经典安全体制中的应用研究";徐凌生;《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 基础科学辑》;20150315;全文 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US11489677B2 (en) 2022-11-01
WO2021056926A1 (zh) 2021-04-01
CN110493010A (zh) 2019-11-22
US20210351936A1 (en) 2021-11-11

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN110493010B (zh) 基于量子数字签名的邮件系统的邮件收发方法
Tseng et al. New quantum private comparison protocol using EPR pairs
Lee et al. Quantum direct communication with authentication
Zhu et al. Secure direct communication based on secret transmitting order of particles
US9887976B2 (en) Multi-factor authentication using quantum communication
Damgård et al. A tight high-order entropic quantum uncertainty relation with applications
Xue et al. Conditional efficient multiuser quantum cryptography network
Hwang et al. Provably secure three-party authenticated quantum key distribution protocols
JP2006514512A (ja) Ｑｋｄのための鍵拡張処理
US20130083926A1 (en) Quantum key management
KR102619383B1 (ko) 에폭 키 교환을 이용한 종단간 이중 래칫 암호화
CN107493168B (zh) 量子身份认证方法及其在量子密钥分发过程中的应用方法
Zhou et al. Quantum deterministic key distribution protocols based on the authenticated entanglement channel
WO2021213631A1 (en) Improved cryptographic method and system
Yan et al. Quantum secure direct communication protocol with mutual authentication based on single photons and bell states
Caforio et al. Beyond security and efficiency: On-demand ratcheting with security awareness
Hajomer et al. Post-processing protocol for physical-layer key generation and distribution in fiber networks
Wen-Jie et al. Efficient quantum secure direct communication with authentication
CN109660329B (zh) 一种可抵抗外部攻击的两方量子保密通信方法
Sharma et al. A new secure model for quantum key distribution protocol
Thangavel et al. Performance of integrated quantum and classical cryptographic model for password authentication
Li et al. The improvement of QKD scheme based on BB84 protocol
Amerimehr et al. Quantum Symmetric Cryptosystem Based on Algebraic Codes
Li et al. Deterministic Quantum Secure Direct Communication and Authentication Protocol Based on W‐Class State
Sarath et al. Dual channel authentication in cryptography using quantum stratagem

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
GR01 Patent grant
GR01 Patent grant
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Zhangjiagang Meimei Intelligent Sensing Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980046621

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231113

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Zhangjiagang Xinliwei Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980046619

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231114

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Erxin Electronic Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980046617

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231113

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING YUANGAN MICROELECTRONIC CO.,LTD.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048124

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231127

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Aiqi Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048488

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Haihe Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048485

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Xiaojiang Jiahu (Nanjing) Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048562

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231130

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Xiaosu Accompanying Clinic (Nanjing) Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048561

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231130

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Youxin Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048560

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231130

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Zhimeng Rehabilitation Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048559

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231130

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Qihe Technology (Nanjing) Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048558

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231129

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Shuangqing Doctor Group (Hainan) Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048557

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231129

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Shuangxin Internet Hospital (Hainan) Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048554

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231129

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Xixiayuan (Ningxia) Agricultural Development Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048553

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Tongyou Engineering Services Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048552

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing xinwindows Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048550

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Yangbang Enterprise Management Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048549

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Yixuntong Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048547

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Youda Medical Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048545

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Youda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048541

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Hancai Electronics Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048538

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Hancai Optoelectronic Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048534

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Jianhai Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048527

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Qingyou Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048525

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Shuangzi Zhitong Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048523

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING PENGYUDA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048517

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Edge Intelligent Security Technology (Zhenjiang) Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048515

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Edge Intelligence Research Institute Nanjing Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048511

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Huiyi IoT Technology (Zhenjiang) Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048504

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Jiangsu Hongyi Medical Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048500

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231128

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Deloitte (Jiangsu) Education Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049533

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Youqi Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049531

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Tuanyuan Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049522

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing fandilang Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049497

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Dingshan Technology Incubation (Nanjing) Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049483

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Jinxiang Experimental Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049478

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Baoxing Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049437

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Jiangsu Anbo Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049425

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Shihong Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049398

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Self Postal Transfer Technology Transfer Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049391

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Lvran Agricultural Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049370

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Huijue Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049366

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing jinshuxin Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049360

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Jingliheng Electronic Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049351

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Jiangsu Dixin Metrology Testing Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980049330

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231203

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Xinjia Network Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980048653

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231130

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing yist Packaging Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980050260

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231207

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Sundeli Material Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980051075

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231209

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Kaishenghui Construction Engineering Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980051074

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231209

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Jiangsu Liebao Network Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052022

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231212

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Jiangsu Chaoxin Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052021

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231212

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Speed Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980051704

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231212

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Zouma Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980051703

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231212

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Heyue Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980051698

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231212

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Jiangsu Zhongye Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052151

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231215

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Hangzhou Yicui Information Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052106

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231215

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING HAIWANG AUTO PARTS CO.,LTD.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052100

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231215

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING CHANGJIANG INDUSTRIAL FURNACE TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052086

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231214

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: ZIJIANG FURNACE INDUSTRY NANJING CO.,LTD.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052079

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231214

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Shuhui Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052024

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231213

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Qinghong Network Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980052023

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231213

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Nanjing Jianwu Electronic Technology Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980051905

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231213

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING TIANHUA ZHONGAN COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980051887

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231213

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract
EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING HUADONG ELECTRONICS VACUUM MATERIAL Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980053414

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231222

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING DIXIN COORDINATE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980053374

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231222

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING CREATCOMM TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980054276

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231227

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: Jiangsu Quanyijia Electronic Commerce Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980054141

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231227

Application publication date: 20191122

Assignee: NANJING YIZHIHENG SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd.

Assignor: NANJING University OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contract record no.: X2023980054071

Denomination of invention: Email sending and receiving method based on quantum digital signature in email system

Granted publication date: 20220315

License type: Common License

Record date: 20231227

EE01 Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract