CN110444888B - Photoconductive antenna array and method for improving radiation power of photoconductive antenna array - Google Patents
Photoconductive antenna array and method for improving radiation power of photoconductive antenna array Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
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- H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
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- H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
- H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of terahertz, and relates to a photoconductive antenna array and a method for improving the radiation power of the photoconductive antenna array. According to the invention, according to a required modulation phase image, a spatial light modulator is used for carrying out phase modulation on a pump laser beam, the modulated pump laser beam is focused on a plane where each array element of a photoconductive antenna array is located by a converging lens, and a converged pump laser spot image is formed, a pump laser spot point is accurately located at the position of each array element gap, the pump laser spot is excited to generate a photon-generated carrier, and generates a variable current under the action of an electrode, so that terahertz waves radiated outwards are generated. The invention greatly improves the light intensity utilization rate of the pumping laser of the photoconductive antenna array, further improves the radiation power of the photoconductive antenna array, and realizes the real-time optimization and adjustment of the terahertz output characteristic of the antenna through the feedback module.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of terahertz, and relates to a photoconductive antenna array and a method for improving the radiation power of the photoconductive antenna array.
Background
Terahertz (THz) waves refer to electromagnetic waves having a frequency of 0.1 to 10THz (wavelength range of 30 μm to 3mm), and the spectrum range of the electromagnetic waves is between that of infrared light and microwaves. Compared with other electromagnetic wave bands, the terahertz wave has unique spectral characteristics, such as low single photon energy, no ionization effect, good penetrability on non-polar substances, higher spectral resolution, higher fingerprint spectral characteristics and the like. Therefore, terahertz waves are widely applied to the fields of astrophysics, communication, materials science, chemistry, biomedicine, national defense safety and the like.
The terahertz photoconductive antenna is the most common means for generating pulse broadband terahertz radiation, is small in size, compact in mechanism and high in stability, is integrated with a fiber laser, and is widely applied to commercial terahertz sources and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy systems. The photoconductive antenna utilizes femtosecond laser pulses to excite and generate carriers on a semiconductor material between electrodes, the carriers move in an accelerating mode under the action of an external bias electric field and a built-in electric field to form transient photocurrent, and the changed current generates a terahertz electric field and radiates outwards in a pulse mode.
One of the main factors limiting the output power of the terahertz photoconductive antenna is its low conversion efficiency. One method of increasing the radiation power and conversion efficiency of photoconductive antennas is to use multiple antenna elements to form an antenna array. In the traditional photoconductive antenna array, a beam of Gaussian light spot covers the whole array antenna area, however, the array element gap area capable of effectively receiving the light intensity of the pump laser only occupies a small part of the total receiving surface of the antenna, so that the effective utilization rate of exciting light is low. Secondly, when all antenna array elements are connected to the same power supply electrode, because the distribution of pump laser convergence light spots is uneven, and because the array elements in different areas are subjected to different irradiation light intensities, the generated photon-generated carriers and the amplitude, the phase, the frequency and the like of corresponding terahertz radiation can be different, and further, the radiation among the array elements cannot be effectively synthesized and optimized.
One solution to the problem of low radiation efficiency of photoconductive antenna arrays is to use a self-focusing lens[1]Most of the light intensity of the pump laser is converged in the gaps of each array element, and the method can effectively improve the light energy utilization rate and the radiation power of the antenna. However, since the microlens structure is relatively fixed, the radiation characteristic of the antenna cannot be effectively adjusted in real time. And the number of the self-focusing lenses is increased along with the increase of the number of the array elements, so that the manufacturing process is increasedThe difficulty of (2).
[1] Shiwei, Dongcheng, Hou Lei, etc., patent "from focusing microlens photoconductive array antenna", application No.: 201710456717.0. publication (bulletin) No.: 107394398A
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the terahertz photoconductive antenna array utilizing the spatial light modulation, and the light intensity utilization rate and the radiation power of the pumping laser of the photoconductive antenna array are improved.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a terahertz photoconduction antenna array system comprises a spatial light modulator, a converging lens and a photoconduction antenna array, wherein according to a required modulation phase image, a pump laser beam is subjected to phase modulation by the spatial light modulator, the modulated pump laser beam is focused on a plane where each array element of the photoconduction antenna array is located by the converging lens, a multi-focus converged pump laser spot image is formed, pump laser spot points are accurately located at the positions of gaps of the array elements respectively, and the pump laser spots are excited to generate photon-generated carriers and generate variable current under the action of electrodes, so that outward radiation terahertz waves are generated.
Further, the photoconductive antenna array is composed of a plurality of antenna elements, and each element comprises an electrode pad and an electrode.
Furthermore, the system also comprises a detection module and a feedback optimization module, wherein the detection module comprises a terahertz lens and a terahertz detector, and the feedback optimization module comprises a CMOS/CCD detector and a control unit. The terahertz detector feeds back terahertz wave radiation characteristic information to the control unit, and the control unit adjusts a modulation phase image on the spatial light modulator to control the light field distribution of the pump laser at the photoconductive antenna array so as to regulate and optimize the output of the antenna; or a CMOS/CCD detector is placed on a focal plane of the terahertz converging lens, a pump laser beam after phase modulation is directly observed to form a discrete converging light spot image at the focal plane, and the required modulation phase image is optimally adjusted and loaded on the spatial light modulator through comparison with the required light field image.
A method for increasing the radiation power of a photoconductive antenna array, comprising the steps of:
step one, setting a converged light spot image which is expected to be generated on a plane where each array element of the photoconductive antenna array is located according to the position of each array element in the photoconductive antenna array, wherein the light spot image is a separated light spot lattice, and each light spot is accurately located at the gap of each array element;
step two, optimizing and adjusting the required modulation phase image, and loading the phase image to the spatial light modulator 4;
2.1 optical field distribution A of the pump laser assumed to be incident0Increasing the random phase phi0Calculating the complex amplitude distribution E of the incident light fieldk＝A0exp(iΦ0)；
2.2 Complex amplitude distribution E to the incident light fieldkPerforming fast Fourier transform to obtain spatial frequency domain distribution Fk＝Bkexp(iΘk)；
2.3, comparative FkThe distribution of the light spot image and the expected light spot image on the plane where each array element of the photoconductive antenna array is positioned are different, and whether the difference is within an allowable range is judged:
if so, consider FkThe value of the phase term phi of the complex amplitude of the light field at the time is in accordance with the target expectationkOutputting and using the spatial two-dimensional distribution of the phase terms as a phase image loaded on a spatial light modulator;
if not, entering an iteration loop and entering the step 2.4;
2.4, calculating a new frequency domain amplitude Bk+1The frequency domain distribution of the changed light field is Fk+1＝Bk+1exp(iΘk) Then, steps 2.2 to 2.3 are repeated until the phase term Φ corresponding to the desired complex amplitude of the light field is outputkAnd the distribution of the phase images is loaded on a spatial light modulator as phase images;
step three, modulating the pump laser beam by loading a phase image on the spatial light modulator; the modulated pump laser beam is focused on a plane where each array element on the photoconductive antenna array is located by a converging lens, a converged light spot image is formed, and each light spot is accurately located at the position of each array element gap; the pump laser light spot is excited to generate a photon-generated carrier, and a variable current is generated under the action of the electrode, so that an outward radiation terahertz wave is generated;
step four, optimizing and enhancing the terahertz wave output power of the antenna system by adopting the following two modes:
the first method is as follows: replacing the photoconductive antenna array with a CMOS/CCD detector, directly observing a pump laser beam modulated by the phase image to form a converged light spot image on a focal plane of the terahertz converging lens, acquiring the position of the pump laser spot, light field distribution information and the like, and repeating the step two to further adjust the phase image loaded on the spatial light modulator;
the second method comprises the following steps: the terahertz detector is used for directly measuring terahertz wave radiation output of the photoconductive antenna, radiation characteristic information is fed back to the control unit, and a phase image on the spatial light modulator is adjusted by using a self-adaptive optical method to control the light field distribution of the pump laser beam at the photoconductive antenna array, so that the output of the antenna is regulated, controlled and optimized.
The invention achieves the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, the pump laser is converged to form the pump laser spot image through the spatial light modulator and the collecting lens, and each spot point is accurately positioned at the gap position of each array element of the photoconductive antenna, so that the light intensity utilization rate and the radiation power of the pump laser of the photoconductive antenna array are greatly improved. Meanwhile, the output characteristics of the photoconductive antenna can be effectively modulated by changing the spatial distribution of the optical field of the pump light. Moreover, the system has simple structural design and does not need complex processing technology. And the antenna system can optimize and adjust the terahertz output characteristics of the antenna in real time through the feedback module.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a terahertz photoconductive antenna array system using spatial light modulation according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be noted that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The photoconductive antenna array system provided by the invention enables femtosecond pulse laser to be converged through the spatial light modulator to form a pump laser spot image, and each light spot is positioned at the gap position of each array element of the photoconductive antenna. In addition, the position of each converging light spot is accurately adjusted by using the feedback module, so that the converging light spots are accurately superposed with the electrode gap of the antenna array element, and the output efficiency of the antenna is further optimized. The specific implementation and principle is shown in fig. 1.
The femtosecond laser 1 outputs laser as pumping laser through a coupling fiber 2, the light beam is transmitted in parallel after passing through a collimation and beam expansion lens 3, and the phase modulation is carried out on the pumping laser light beam through a spatial light modulator 4 according to a required modulation phase image. The modulated pump laser beam is focused on a plane where each array element on the photoconductive antenna array 6 is located by the converging lens 5 to form a converged light spot image, and the plane is located in a fourier plane, namely a focal plane, of the lens 5. The light field distribution of the converged light spot image can be accurately controlled by the spatial light modulator through changing the wave front phase of the pump laser beam, the converged light spot image of the pump laser is a separated light spot lattice, namely, the light beam is converged at a plurality of focuses, each light spot is accurately positioned at the position of each array element gap, the pump laser light spot is excited to generate a photon-generated carrier, and a changed current is generated under the action of the electrode, so that outward radiation terahertz waves are generated. The phase image 11 loaded on the spatial light modulator 4 is changed, and the wavefront phase of the incident femtosecond pump laser is changed by an amount corresponding one-to-one to the phase image. The converged pump laser forms a desired pattern 9, i.e. a converged spot, at the focal plane, which corresponds to the spatial distribution 10 of the individual elements of the antenna: the number of light spots is equal to that of the array elements, the size of each light spot is matched with the size of the electrode gap of each antenna array element and is accurately positioned at the position of each electrode gap, and the light intensity of the light spots in different areas is kept the same through algorithm optimization or is adjusted according to the output characteristic requirements of actual antennas. 10 is a distribution schematic diagram of each array element of the array antenna, as shown in the figure, the array elements are distributed in a honeycomb mode, and a single array element adopts an H-shaped electrode. And 15 is a structural schematic diagram of a single array element, and comprises an electrode pad 16 and an electrode gap area 17.
The photo-generated carriers generated at the photoconductive antenna array 6 generate a varying current under the action of the electrodes, thereby generating outward radiation terahertz waves. The radiation power and the radiation direction of the generated terahertz waves are detected by the detection module 13. Specifically, the terahertz radiation is converged by the terahertz lens 7 and detected by the terahertz detector 8.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a feedback optimization module 14 is further included, said feedback optimization module 14 comprising a CMOS/CCD detector and a control unit. The terahertz detector 8 feeds the radiation characteristic information of the terahertz waves back to the control unit, and the control unit adjusts the modulation phase image on the spatial light modulator 4 to control the light field distribution of the pump laser at the photoconductive antenna array, so as to regulate and optimize the output of the antenna; or a CMOS/CCD detector is placed on a focal plane of the terahertz converging lens 5, a pump laser beam after phase modulation is directly observed to form a discrete converging light spot image at the focal plane, and the phase image to be modulated is optimally adjusted and loaded on the spatial light modulator 4 by comparing with the required light field image and utilizing an algorithm.
The femtosecond laser 1 in the system is used as pumping laser, and the wavelength can be selected according to actual requirements. The coupling fiber 2 is directly connected with the output end of the pump laser, the fiber is a single-mode polarization-maintaining fiber, and the output polarization direction of the fiber is consistent with the electric field response direction of the spatial light modulator. The collimating and beam expanding lens 3 can be a single lens or a lens combination, and can also be a 2-microscope objective with a large numerical aperture. The spatial light modulation device 4 may be a transmissive or reflective liquid crystal modulator, and has a response to wavelength in the spectral range region of the pump laser light. The converging lens 5 can be a single lens or a lens combination, and can also be a microscope objective with a large numerical aperture. Each array element in the photoconductive antenna array 6 can be powered by the same power supply, and because the system can effectively regulate and control the light intensity distribution of the light field, the influence of different conductivities of different positions of an antenna substrate caused by uneven light energy distribution in different areas when the same power supply is powered in the traditional photoconductive antenna array can be effectively reduced. The photoconductive antenna array 6 can be distributed in a honeycomb structure or a matrix structure, and the number of the array elements in the array and the shape structure parameters of each array element electrode can be selected according to actual requirements. The position of the electrode gap of each array element determines the expected position of the converged light spot, so that the modulation phase image required by the spatial modulator 4 is calculated by inversion.
Based on the terahertz photoconductive antenna array system, the invention also provides a method for improving the radiation power of the photoconductive antenna array, which comprises the following steps:
step one, setting a converged light spot image which is expected to be generated on a plane where each array element of the photoconductive array antenna array 6 is located according to the position of each array element in the photoconductive array antenna array, wherein the converged light spot image is a discrete light spot lattice, and each light spot is accurately located at the gap of each array element.
Step two, optimizing and adjusting the required modulation phase image, and loading the phase image to the spatial light modulator 4;
2.1 optical field distribution A of the pump laser assumed to be incident0Increasing the random phase phi0And further calculating to obtain the complex amplitude distribution E of the incident light fieldk＝A0exp(iΦ0)；
2.2 Complex amplitude distribution to the incident light field EkPerforming fast Fourier transform to obtain spatial frequency domain distribution F thereofk＝Bkexp(iΘk)；
2.3, comparative FkThe distribution of the light spot and the expected light spot image on the plane where each array element of the photoconductive antenna array 6 is located, and whether the difference is within an allowable range is judged:
if so, consider FkThe value of the phase term phi of the complex amplitude of the light field at the time is in accordance with the target expectationkOutputting and distributing the phase term in two dimensionsAs a phase image loaded onto the spatial light modulator;
if not, entering an iteration loop and entering the step 2.4;
2.4, calculating a new frequency domain amplitude Bk+1The frequency domain distribution of the changed light field is Fk+1＝Bk+！exp(iΘk) Then, steps 2.2 to 2.3 are repeated until the phase term Φ corresponding to the desired complex amplitude of the light field is outputkAnd the distribution of the phase images is loaded on a spatial light modulator as phase images;
modulating the pump laser beam through the phase image loaded on the spatial light modulator; the modulated pump laser beam is focused on the plane where each array element is positioned on the photoconductive antenna array 6 by the convergent lens 5, and a converged light spot image is formed, the converged light spot image is a separated light spot lattice, namely, the light beam is converged at a plurality of focuses, and each light spot is accurately positioned at the position of each array element gap; the pump laser light spot is excited to generate a photon-generated carrier, and a variable current is generated under the action of the electrode, so that an outward radiation terahertz wave is generated;
step four, optimizing and enhancing the terahertz wave output power of the antenna system by adopting the following two modes:
the first method is as follows: replacing the photoconductive antenna array 6 with a CMOS/CCD detector, directly observing the positions of the pump laser beams modulated by the phase images at the gaps of each array element on the photoconductive antenna array 6 to form converged light spot images, acquiring the positions of the pump laser light spots and light field distribution information, and repeating the step two to further adjust the phase images loaded on the spatial light modulator;
the second method comprises the following steps: the terahertz detector is used for directly measuring the terahertz wave radiation output of the photoconductive antenna, the radiation characteristic information is fed back to the control unit, and the phase image on the spatial light modulator 4 is adjusted by using a self-adaptive optical method to control the optical field distribution of the pump laser beam at the photoconductive antenna array, so that the output of the antenna is regulated, controlled and optimized.
The actual process can be realized by adjusting the judgment condition, namely FkAllowable range of difference from expected imageAnd the number of iterations is reduced or the loop is prevented from being incapable of converging, but the excessive difference allowable range influences the image imaging precision at the focal plane.
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the invention and not for limiting the invention, and those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, so that all equivalent technical solutions also belong to the scope of the invention, and the scope of the invention should be defined by the claims.
Claims (3)
1. A terahertz photoconduction antenna array system is characterized by comprising a spatial light modulator (4), a converging lens (5) and a photoconduction antenna array (6), wherein according to a required modulation phase image, a pump laser beam is subjected to phase modulation by the spatial light modulator (4), the modulated pump laser beam is focused on a plane where each array element of the photoconduction antenna array (6) is located by the converging lens (5) to form a multi-focus converging light spot image, each light spot is accurately located at the position of each array element gap, the pump laser light spot is excited to generate a photo-generated carrier, and a variable current is generated under the action of an electrode to generate an outward radiation terahertz wave;
the system further comprises a detection module (13) and a feedback optimization module (14), wherein the detection module (13) comprises a terahertz lens (7) and a terahertz detector (8), the feedback optimization module (14) comprises a CMOS/CCD detector and a control unit, the terahertz detector (8) feeds terahertz wave radiation characteristic information back to the control unit, and the control unit adjusts a modulation phase image on the spatial light modulator (4) to control the optical field distribution of the pump laser at the photoconductive antenna array, so as to regulate and optimize the output of the antenna; or a CMOS/CCD detector is placed on a focal plane of the terahertz converging lens (5), a pump laser beam after phase modulation is directly observed to form a discrete converging light spot image at the focal plane, and the required modulation phase image is optimally adjusted and loaded on the spatial light modulator (4) through comparison with the required light field image.
2. The terahertz photoconductive antenna array system of claim 1, wherein the photoconductive antenna array is comprised of a plurality of antenna elements (15), a single element including an electrode pad (16) and an electrode.
3. A method for increasing the radiation power of a photoconductive antenna array, comprising the steps of:
step one, setting a converged light spot image which is expected to be generated on a plane where each array element of a photoconductive antenna array (6) is located according to the position of each array element in the photoconductive antenna array, wherein the light spot image is a separated light spot lattice, and each light spot is accurately located at the gap of each array element;
optimizing and adjusting a required modulation phase image, and loading the phase image to a spatial light modulator (4);
2.1 optical field distribution A of the pump laser assumed to be incident0Increasing the random phase phi0Calculating the complex amplitude distribution E of the incident light fieldk＝A0exp(iΦ0)；
2.2 Complex amplitude distribution E to the incident light fieldkPerforming fast Fourier transform to obtain spatial frequency domain distribution Fk＝Bkexp(iΘk)；
2.3, comparative FkThe distribution of the light spot and the expected light spot image on the plane where each array element of the photoconductive antenna array (6) is positioned, and whether the difference is within an allowable range is judged:
if so, consider FkThe value of the phase term phi of the complex amplitude of the light field at the time is in accordance with the target expectationkOutputting and using the spatial two-dimensional distribution of the phase terms as a phase image loaded on a spatial light modulator;
if not, entering an iteration loop and entering the step 2.4;
2.4, calculating a new frequency domain amplitude Bk+1The frequency domain distribution of the changed light field is Fk+1＝Bk+1exp(iΘk) Then, steps 2.2 to 2.3 are repeated until the phase term Φ corresponding to the desired complex amplitude of the light field is outputkAnd the distribution of the phase images is loaded on a spatial light modulator as phase images;
step three, modulating the pump laser beam by loading a phase image on the spatial light modulator; the modulated pump laser beam is focused on a plane where each array element is positioned on the photoconductive antenna array (6) by a converging lens (5) to form a converged light spot image, and each light spot is accurately positioned at the position of each array element gap; the pump laser light spot is excited to generate a photon-generated carrier, and a variable current is generated under the action of the electrode, so that an outward radiation terahertz wave is generated;
step four, optimizing and enhancing the terahertz wave output power of the photoconductive antenna array by adopting the following two modes:
the first method is as follows: replacing the photoconductive antenna array (6) with a CMOS/CCD detector, directly observing a pump laser beam modulated by the phase image to form a converged light spot image on a focal plane of the terahertz converging lens (5), acquiring the position and light field distribution information of the pump laser light spot, and repeating the step two to further adjust the phase image loaded on the spatial light modulator;
the second method comprises the following steps: the terahertz detector is used for directly measuring terahertz wave radiation output of the photoconductive antenna, radiation characteristic information is fed back to the control unit, and a phase image on the spatial light modulator (4) is adjusted by using a self-adaptive optical method to control the optical field distribution of the pump laser beam at the photoconductive antenna array, so that the output of the antenna is regulated, controlled and optimized.
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| CN108490603A (en) * | 2018-03-09 | 2018-09-04 | 北京理工大学 | The method for generating vector beam based on the super clever surface of transmissive medium |
| CN109459870A (en) * | 2018-07-04 | 2019-03-12 | 北京理工大学 | Multichannel vector holographic palarization multiplexing method based on the super clever surface of birefringent medium |
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| CN108490603A (en) * | 2018-03-09 | 2018-09-04 | 北京理工大学 | The method for generating vector beam based on the super clever surface of transmissive medium |
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