CN110438858A - A kind of hard and soft is seamless Pavement Base Structure and its construction method - Google Patents

A kind of hard and soft is seamless Pavement Base Structure and its construction method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110438858A
CN110438858A CN201910702547.9A CN201910702547A CN110438858A CN 110438858 A CN110438858 A CN 110438858A CN 201910702547 A CN201910702547 A CN 201910702547A CN 110438858 A CN110438858 A CN 110438858A
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China
Prior art keywords
concrete
hard
geotechnical grid
underlayment
soft
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CN201910702547.9A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
韩森
张东省
姚杨宜
王�锋
张威
高巍
张�浩
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Changan University
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Changan University
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Priority to CN201910702547.9A priority Critical patent/CN110438858A/en
Publication of CN110438858A publication Critical patent/CN110438858A/en
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01CCONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C3/00Foundations for pavings
    • E01C3/006Foundations for pavings made of prefabricated single units
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01CCONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C3/00Foundations for pavings
    • E01C3/04Foundations produced by soil stabilisation
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/005Soil-conditioning by mixing with fibrous materials, filaments, open mesh or the like
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00Materials
    • E02D2300/0084Geogrids

Abstract

A kind of seamless Pavement Base Structure of hard and soft, bed course is set on roadbed, underlayment is provided on bed course, hard and soft composite base is set on underlayment, direction earthwork grille is provided between underlayment and hard and soft composite base, geotechnical grid is fixed on underlayment by anchoring drill rod, it is connected with TGXG binding, regeneration concrete is filled in geotechnical grid, concrete cover is provided on hard and soft composite base, top course is provided on concrete cover, one aspect of the present invention improves pavement durability, solve semi-rigid asphalt pavement crack problem, it on the other hand is building waste, crushing gravel, the recyclable material such as drift-sand provides new application approach, it solves in sub-surface using intensity low difficult point when the materials such as renewable material of building waste.

Description

A kind of hard and soft is seamless Pavement Base Structure and its construction method
Technical field
The invention belongs to high road pavement construction technical fields, and in particular to a kind of seamless Pavement Base Structure of hard and soft and Its construction method.
Background technique
It is influenced by traditional " strong basis sake " Pavement Design thought, frequently with semi-rigid in China's conventional high rate highway construction Base's pavement structure, i.e. water stability detritus semirigid structure be base, making asphalt concrete pavement above, this structure have compared with High intensity and bearing capacity.But the warm plastic forming and desciccation crack due to semi-rigid sub-base material not can avoid, basic crack The concentrated stress on top leads to Reflection Cracks Produced in Asphalt Pavement.Reflection crack is the principal mode of asphalt pavement crack, it In the presence of destroying pavement structure globality and continuity, and-determine the weakening that structural strength is resulted in degree.And with The immersion of rainwater or snow-broth, base soften, and cause pavement strength to substantially reduce under a large amount of traffic load repeated actions, generate punching The diseases such as brush and purt mud.
In recent years, to develop a circular economy, many people substitute the obsolete materials such as building waste, weak gravel, drift-sand Rubble is applied to Pavement Base Structure, can alleviate the problem of natural aggregate shortage, but due to the crush values of these materials, suction The disadvantages of water rate is excessively high causes every pavement performance of sub-surface to be difficult to meet code requirement.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by the present invention lies in above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art are overcome, a kind of structure is on the one hand provided Simply, the applicability for improving pavement durability, solving semi-rigid asphalt pavement crack problem, improving renewable Load materials The seamless Pavement Base Structure of hard and soft.
On the other hand a kind of new application is provided for the recyclable material such as building waste, crushing gravel, drift-sand Diameter solves both to have reduced using intensity low difficult point when the materials such as renewable material of building waste to natural aggregate in sub-surface The exploitation of demand, reduction to massif, while guaranteeing its application quality in highway engineering.There is provided one kind simultaneously can guarantee to make With the stability of reworked material Base Asphalt Pavement and the composite base construction method of durability
Solve above-mentioned technical problem the technical solution adopted is that: bed course is set on roadbed, underlayment, bottom are provided on bed course Hard and soft composite base is set in base, direction earthwork grille, Tu Gongge are provided between underlayment and hard and soft composite base Room binding is provided with concrete on hard and soft composite base on direction earthwork grille, filling regeneration concrete in geotechnical grid Protective layer is provided with top course on concrete cover.
Geotechnical grid of the invention is welded by multiple cell compartments by ultrasonic wave pin type, and welding torch 40cm is highly 20cm。
The commissure of geotechnical grid of the invention is provided with anchoring drill rod every 0.5~1m, and anchoring drill rod is inserted into underlayment Depth is 5~10cm.
Anchoring drill rod of the invention is by bar bending at U-shaped structure.
Grain formula intensively matches bituminous concrete in top course use of the invention;Concrete cover is using regeneration coagulation Soil;What filling drift-sand and cement were formed in hard and soft composite base is made without aggregate concrete or using renewable material of building waste For the regeneration concrete of coarse aggregate;Underlayment uses cement stabilizing waste and old concrete reworked material or cement stabilizing drift-sand material Or cement stabilizing renewable material of building waste;Bed course uses recycled fine aggregate or drift-sand making.
Construction method of the present invention comprises the steps of:
S1, unwrapping wire is measured according to construction design drawing, marks the sideline of route, fills range, carry out permanent and faced When drainage works;
S2, roadbed is rolled to designed elevation;
S3, the making bed course on roadbed, bed course use regeneration concrete fine aggregate, and clay content is not more than 5%, are laid with partial size Recycled fine aggregate no more than 5mm forms the bed course with a thickness of 50mm, and bed course is densified to designed elevation;
S4, making underlayment gather materials using cement stabilizing is construction refuse regenerated;
S5, direction earthwork grille is laid on underlayment;
S6, it is laid with geotechnical grid, geotechnical grid is sufficiently opened into cell compartment group along expansion in direction earthwork grille upper flat Part, every place 0.5m~1m is punched in advance using drilling machine at the top of the cell compartment, is fixed anchoring drill rod using iron hammer, and by two-way soil Work grid is connected with geotechnical grid binding;
S7, construction refuse regenerated concrete is poured;The reworked material building refuse concrete intensity configured must not be lower than C10, and ensure that the workability of concrete meets code requirement, concrete is inserted in geotechnical grid using paver, and preliminary Leveling, geotechnical grid filler void fill out thickness control in 20~30cm, are higher than 5~10cm of geotechnical grid upper surface, form concrete Protective layer before the non-filler of geotechnical grid, forbids mechanical equipment to travel on it, and artificial hanging wire is used after the completion of filler, carries out essence Really leveling.
S8, surfacing surface layer, grassroots conservation are completed, can making after carrying out hair pulling treatment to concrete protective layer surface Top course.
The present invention has the advantage that compared with the prior art
1, the present invention proposes a kind of seamless Pavement Base Structure of hard and soft for base, in regeneration concrete rigid base The flexible geotechnical grid of middle addition, geotechnical grid is a kind of three-dimensional grid, in addition to having the function of general Earthworking reinforced bar material, cell compartment It also can produce the frictional resistance for laterally limiting power and mesh walls, geotechnical grid and regeneration concrete may make up powerful laterally limiting big Stiffness structure body, regeneration concrete play carrying, the pulling force and flexibility of geotechnical grid can effective anticracking, and can produce a kind of viscous Gu and the bridging action of elasticity, this big hardened structure of rigidity can prevent composite base because load-carrying deforms, solve regrown material work For the insufficient problem of foundation base intension of coarse aggregate.
2, geotechnical grid forms nature joint inside rigid base, when larger contraction occurs, utilizes geotechnical grid The extension of pulling force and flexible constraint inner concrete microcrack avoids base that irregular drying shrinkage temperature contracting cracking occurs.
3, the present invention avoids the stress concentration of base's seam crossing generation using the seam of preset joint substitution rigid base Caused by reflection crack.
4, the present invention is laid with direction earthwork grille in composite base bottom, and geotechnical grid and TGXG binding are got up can shape , can be constrained each other at three-dimensional structure, the advantage of two kinds of geotechnological muscle materials is given full play to, improves base's bearing capacity well, is delayed The destruction that solution occurs by large subsoil distortion and differential settlement.
5, the present invention can reasonably be separated underlayment and base using direction earthwork grille, improve the shearing resistance of base Intensity, can prevent the crack of underlayment from extending up, and effectively prevent the formation of reflection crack.
6, the present invention is using geotechnical grid and direction earthwork grille as reinforcement base material, using regeneration concrete as filling out Material is realized using obsolete materials such as renewable material of building waste, crushing gravel, sandstone, drift-sands as gathering materials to renewable Material recycles, and is not only able to alleviate natural aggregate situation in short supply, while also contributing to solution building waste etc. discarded The processing problem of object, the present invention are not limited by material, and applicability is wide, and it is resistance to improve road surface to be not limited to raising aggregate material performance Long property.
7, the present invention is a kind of active resistance Asphalt Pavement Cracking preventive maintenance method, maintenance road that can be lasting Cracking destruction does not occur for face structure, extends the service life of bituminous pavement, reduces maintenance cost, improves quality, and this hair Bright structure is simple, economizes on resources, economical and practical convenient for construction.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is cross-sectional profile structural schematic diagram in road surface involved in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is anchoring drill rod 3-4 arrangement schematic diagram involved in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the connection schematic diagram of geotechnical grid 3-2 involved in the embodiment of the present invention and anchoring drill rod 3-4;
Fig. 4 is geotechnical grid regeneration concrete composite base construction process figure involved in the embodiment of the present invention.
In figure: 1, top course;2, concrete cover;3, hard and soft composite base;3-1, regeneration concrete;3-2, soil Work cell compartment;3-3, direction earthwork grille;3-4, anchoring drill rod;4, underlayment;5, bed course;6, roadbed.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described in further details with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, but the present invention is not restricted to these implement Example.
Embodiment 1
The old road of Class II highway " white change black " section, coarse aggregate using live break process old pavement layer cement concrete again Raw material, in order to guarantee aggregate quality, it is specified that being crushed using movable crusher, level-one jaw is broken, second level counterattack is broken, and level-one is inhaled Attached dust removal installation produces regenerated aggregate, and reclaimed concrete aggregate maximum particle diameter must not exceed 31.5mm after processing.
In figs. 1 to 3, a kind of seamless Pavement Base Structure of hard and soft of the present invention, making bed course 5, this implementation on roadbed 6 The bed course 5 of example uses recycled fine aggregate bed course, and partial size is not greater than 5mm, and clay content is no more than 5%, with a thickness of 5cm, pad Making has underlayment 4 on layer 5, and underlayment 4 uses cement stabilizing waste and old concrete reworked material, with a thickness of 20cm, 4 upper berth of underlayment Build hard and soft composite base 3, the hard and soft composite base 3 of the present embodiment with a thickness of 20cm, underlayment 4 and hard and soft composite base Direction earthwork grille 3-3 is placed between layer 3, the material of double TGXG 3-3 is glass fibers alkali-free roving, grid ruler Very little to be not greater than maximum particle diameter of gathering materials, on direction earthwork grille 3-3, the material of geotechnical grid 3-2 is for geotechnical grid 3-2 binding High density polyethylene (HDPE), geotechnical grid 3-2 is interior to fill regeneration concrete 3-1, and regeneration concrete 3-1 is by old pavement layer cement concrete Reworked material is formed as coarse aggregate mixing, and geotechnical grid 3-2 is welded by multiple cell compartments by ultrasonic wave pin type, and welding torch is 40cm is highly 20cm, and the commissure of geotechnical grid 3-2 is provided with anchoring drill rod 3-4 every 0.5~1m, and anchoring drill rod 3-4 is inserted Entering base layer depth is 5~10cmm, and the characteristic of its 3 D stereo, anchor are given full play to its role is to fixed geotechnical grid 3-2 Gu drill rod 3-4 is using the R235 bar bending of diameter 18mm length 30mm at U-shaped structure.There is making on hard and soft composite base 3 Concrete cover 2, concrete cover 2 is by regeneration concrete 3-1 making, and making has top course on concrete cover 2 1, top course 1 use in grain formula intensively match bituminous concrete, with a thickness of 9cm.
Embodiment 2
In above-described embodiment 1, the present embodiment is suitable in desert section, can reasonable development and to efficiently use local spy thin Sand resource, concrete cover 2 uses drift-sand without aggregate concrete, with a thickness of 5cm;Hard and soft composite base 3 utilizes aeolian accumulation It is husky to be formed in geotechnical grid 3-2 with what cement was formed without aggregate Concrete Filled, with a thickness of 25cm;Underlayment 4 uses water Mud stablizes drift-sand material, with a thickness of 15cm;Bed course 5 uses drift-sand making, with a thickness of 5cm.Remaining each components and zero The connection relationship of component is identical with embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3
In above-described embodiment 1, the present embodiment, as gathering materials applied in base layer structure, is helped using renewable material of building waste In the processing for solving the problems, such as the wastes such as building waste, hard and soft composite base 3 is using renewable material of building waste as coarse aggregate Regeneration concrete, underlayment 4 use cement stabilizing renewable material of building waste, the construction refuse regenerated Ying Jie that gathers materials of cement stabilizing Only, uniformly, it is nontoxic, pollution-free, wherein the mass values of brick and discarded concrete are not greater than 6:4, and partial size is not greater than 31.5mm, crush values are not greater than 50%.The connection relationship of remaining each components and components is identical with embodiment 1.
A kind of construction method of the seamless Pavement Base Structure of hard and soft of the present invention, comprises the steps of:
S1, unwrapping wire is measured according to construction design drawing, marks the sideline of route, fills range, carry out permanent and faced When drainage works;
S2, roadbed 6 is rolled to designed elevation;
S3, the making bed course 5 on roadbed 6, bed course use regeneration concrete fine aggregate, and clay content is not more than 5%, are laid with grain Recycled fine aggregate of the diameter no more than 5mm forms the bed course with a thickness of 50mm, and bed course is densified to designed elevation;
S4, making underlayment 4 gather materials using cement stabilizing is construction refuse regenerated, the maximum dry of cement stabilized recycled concrete aggregate Density and optimum moisture content are determining using the vertical vibration forming method in DB61/T529, cement stabilizing renewable material of building waste 7d unconfined compressive strength should meet bituminous pavement design for highway specification (JTG D50-2017) requirement, when construction in strict accordance with The determining match ratio of test is mixed and stirred, and underlayment is rolled to design height.
S5, direction earthwork grille 3-3 is laid on underlayment 4;It is handled, is spilt on 4 surface of underlayment of acceptance(check) Water-wet profit, thoroughly removes the loose place in 4 top surface of underlayment, avoids generating interlayer weak intercalated layer, to base, 4 surfaces into The processing of row dabbing dispenses cement (generally 1~2kg/m according to unit area2), it will be geotechnological according to design drawing after the completion of processing In 4 upper flat of underlayment along expansion, TGXG 3-3 size of mesh opening used should gather materials grid 3-3 no more than construction refuse regenerated Maximum particle diameter, when laying will make every effort to smooth, corrugationless, be tensioned as far as possible.
S6, it is laid with geotechnical grid 3-2, geotechnical grid 3-2 is sufficiently opened in direction earthwork grille 3-3 upper flat along expansion Cell compartment component is opened, is punched in advance at every 0.5m~1m using drilling machine at the top of cell compartment, is consolidated using iron hammer by drill rod 3-4 is anchored It is fixed, and direction earthwork grille 3-3 is connected with geotechnical grid 3-2 binding;It is to use high tensile steel wire by two-way soil in the present embodiment It binds and connects at work grid 3-3 infall and geotechnical grid 3-2 perforation, reinforced structure is in good stress after guaranteeing load application State makes muscle material preferably play a role, and after geotechnical grid 3-2 opens completely, also needs to fix surrounding with anchoring drill rod 3-4, in Between by quincunx (2m*2m) using anchoring drill rod 3-4 fix, anchor drill rod 3-4 at hole site, it is necessary to be located at geotechnical grid 3-2 It diagonal top must be complete between geotechnical grid 3-2 and geotechnical grid 3-2 to guarantee that geotechnical grid 3-2 weight can pass on drill rod Full connection, to form piece, is linked to be an entirety, after arranging geotechnical grid 3-2 and anchoring drill rod 3-4, inserts in mixture Before, it copes with position and size is tested, according to the requirement of design drawing, examine position, spacing, anchored in net Drill rod 3-4 arranges spacing and fixed effect.
S7, construction refuse regenerated concrete 3-1 is poured;The reworked material building refuse concrete intensity configured must not be lower than C10, and ensure that the workability of concrete meets code requirement, concrete is inserted in geotechnical grid 3-2 using paver, and just Step leveling, geotechnical grid 3-2 filler void fill out thickness control in 20~30cm, are higher than geotechnical grid 3-2 5~10cm of upper surface, shape At concrete cover 2, before the non-filler of geotechnical grid 3-2, mechanical equipment is forbidden to travel on it, using artificial after the completion of filler Hanging wire is accurately flattened.
The compacting of geotechnical grid 3-2 renewable material of building waste uses heavy vibration roller, behind linear section elder generation two sides in Between, outside behind the first inside of curved section is rolled repeatedly, and number of rolling is no less than 6~8 times, between the lengthwise rows rolled and row It is overlapped 0.5m, front and back adjacent sections are overlapped 2m or more, and compacting uniformly should control compactness by design requirement, guarantee its flatness And stability.
S8, surfacing surface layer 1, grassroots conservation are completed, and can be spread after carrying out hair pulling treatment to 2 surface of concrete cover Build top course 1.
The present invention is by above-mentioned construction method making 1km test section, after construction is completed 1 year, test section asphalt surface course table Face does not generate reflection crack, and the same road segment of the semi-rigid base asphalt pavement structure 1km that is averaged is used to occur 10~15 Reflection crack.
Construction method of the present invention forms cement stabilized type underlayment using renewable material of building waste substitution rubble and regeneration is mixed Solidifying soil matrix layer filler, the construction method of the materials such as other recyclable materials such as crushing gravel, sandstone, drift-sand is similar with its, only The different from the regeneration treatment measure of material.
The above, only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, are not intended to limit the invention, patent protection model of the invention It encloses and is subject to claims, it is all to change with equivalent structure made by specification and accompanying drawing content of the invention, similarly It should be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of seamless Pavement Base Structure of hard and soft, it is characterised in that: bed course (5) are arranged on roadbed (6), bed course is set on (5) Be equipped with underlayment (4), hard and soft composite base (3) be set on underlayment (4), underlayment (4) and hard and soft composite base (3) it Between be provided with direction earthwork grille (3-3), geotechnical grid (3-2) binding is on direction earthwork grille (3-3), geotechnical grid (3- 2) regeneration concrete (3-1) is filled in, is provided with concrete cover (2), concrete cover on hard and soft composite base (3) (2) top course (1) is provided on.
2. the seamless Pavement Base Structure of a kind of hard and soft according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the geotechnical grid (3-2) is welded by multiple cell compartments by ultrasonic wave pin type, welding torch 40cm, is highly 20cm.
3. the seamless Pavement Base Structure of a kind of hard and soft according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: the geotechnical grid The commissure of (3-2) every 0.5~1m be provided with anchoring drill rod (3-4), anchoring drill rod (3-4) insertion base layer depth be 5~ 10cm。
4. the seamless Pavement Base Structure of a kind of hard and soft according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the anchoring drill rod (3-4) is by bar bending at U-shaped structure.
5. the seamless Pavement Base Structure of a kind of hard and soft according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the top course (1) grain formula intensively matches bituminous concrete in using;Concrete cover (2) uses regeneration concrete (3-1);Hard and soft composite base Layer (3) in filling drift-sand and cement formed without aggregate concrete or using renewable material of building waste as coarse aggregate again Growing concrete;Underlayment (4) is using cement stabilizing waste and old concrete reworked material or cement stabilizing drift-sand material or cement Stablize renewable material of building waste;Bed course (5) is using using recycled fine aggregate or drift-sand making.
6. a kind of construction method of the seamless Pavement Base Structure of hard and soft described in any one according to claim 1~5, special Sign is to comprise the steps of:
S1, unwrapping wire is measured according to construction design drawing, marks the sideline of route, fills range, carried out permanent and interim Drainage works;
S2, roadbed (6) is rolled to designed elevation;
S3, the making bed course (5) on roadbed (6), bed course (5) use regeneration concrete fine aggregate, and clay content is not more than 5%, paving If recycled fine aggregate of the partial size no more than 5mm forms the bed course (5) with a thickness of 50mm, bed course (5) is densified to designed elevation;
S4, making underlayment (4), gather materials using cement stabilizing is construction refuse regenerated;
S5, direction earthwork grille (3-3) is laid on underlayment (4);
S6, it is laid with geotechnical grid (3-2), by geotechnical grid (3-2) in direction earthwork grille (3-3) upper flat along expansion, sufficiently Cell compartment component is opened, is punched in advance at every 0.5m~1m using drilling machine at the top of cell compartment, drill rod (3-4) will be anchored using iron hammer It is fixed, and direction earthwork grille (3-3) is connected with geotechnical grid (3-2) binding;
S7, construction refuse regenerated concrete (3-1) is poured;The reworked material building refuse concrete intensity configured must not be lower than C10, and ensure that the workability of concrete meets code requirement, concrete is inserted in geotechnical grid (3-2) using paver, and Preliminary leveling, geotechnical grid (3-2) filler void fill out thickness control in 20~30cm, be higher than upper surface geotechnical grid (3-2) 5~ 10cm is formed concrete cover (2), before geotechnical grid (3-2) non-filler, forbids mechanical equipment to travel on it, filler is complete Artificial hanging wire is used at rear, is accurately flattened.
S8, surfacing surface layer (1), grassroots conservation are completed, and can be spread after carrying out hair pulling treatment to concrete cover (2) surface Build top course (1).
CN201910702547.9A 2019-07-31 2019-07-31 A kind of hard and soft is seamless Pavement Base Structure and its construction method Pending CN110438858A (en)

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CN111021388A (en) * 2019-12-14 2020-04-17 中冶天工集团有限公司 Construction waste house-dismantling soil treatment soft foundation structure and construction method thereof
CN111074720A (en) * 2020-01-20 2020-04-28 湖南科技学院 Water-permeable anti-cracking road structure and construction method thereof
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CN114481730A (en) * 2021-12-28 2022-05-13 山东高速股份有限公司 Construction method of full-thickness type road subgrade connecting layer structure

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CN111021388A (en) * 2019-12-14 2020-04-17 中冶天工集团有限公司 Construction waste house-dismantling soil treatment soft foundation structure and construction method thereof
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CN112746540A (en) * 2020-12-24 2021-05-04 龙建路桥股份有限公司 Construction method for reinforcing aeolian sand to pass through roadbed in geocell
CN113279297A (en) * 2021-05-26 2021-08-20 河北建筑工程学院 Construction method for improving roadbed seismic resistance
CN114481730A (en) * 2021-12-28 2022-05-13 山东高速股份有限公司 Construction method of full-thickness type road subgrade connecting layer structure

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