CN110414046A - The temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete - Google Patents
The temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete Download PDFInfo
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- CN110414046A CN110414046A CN201910541613.9A CN201910541613A CN110414046A CN 110414046 A CN110414046 A CN 110414046A CN 201910541613 A CN201910541613 A CN 201910541613A CN 110414046 A CN110414046 A CN 110414046A
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete, characterized by comprising: step 1. collects liner structure low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control data；Step 2. calculates liner structure low-heat cement inside concrete maximum temperature and age d occurstm: dtm=1.42 × H-0.0049 × C-0.0009 × T0+ 0.0183 × Tg+0.65, H are concrete thickness；C is strength grade of concrete；T0For temperature of concrete during construction；TgFor the cooling equivalent water temperature value of water flowing, Tg=35-Tw, TwFor water flowing coolant water temperature；Step 3. is based on dtmDetermine water flowing d cooling timej, then according to water flowing d cooling timejWater flowing cooling is carried out to liner structure low-heat cement concrete, realizes temperature controlled anticracking.Temperature controlled anticracking is carried out to liner structure low-heat cement concrete by this method, durability and the service life of liner structure can be effectively improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Concrete Temperature Control crack prevention technique fields, and in particular to a kind of liner structure low-heat cement concrete
Temperature controlled anticracking method.
Background technique
Lining cutting is a kind of structure that civil engineering is widely used.The heat of hydration of the lining concrete due to cementitious materials such as cement
Effect can heat up and generate very high internal temperature, as in shiplock area of Three Gorses Project inside conveyance tunnel lining concrete most
High-temperature reaches nearly 60 DEG C, and maximum temperature reaches more than 70 DEG C inside Chamber in Xiaolangdi Hydropower Stations conveyance tunnel lining concrete.Liner structure
Thickness it is small, most intensity is high (such as large hydropower station flood discharging tunnel intensity reaches C50, C60), and internal temperature is high, and temperature drop amplitude is big,
Temperature rise temperature drop speed is fast, by the thin-walled lining cutting of the extremely strong constraint such as country rock and supporting construction, is easy to happen temperature in the construction time and splits
Seam, and being through property endangers crack mostly.Internal maximum temperature value is big, and morning age occurs, and morning also occurs for meaning temperature drop, and
Temperature drop amplitude is big, is easy to happen early stage thermal cracking.Therefore, internal maximum temperature generation age is also evaluation liner structure temperature control
The important indicator of anti crack performance.
The processing of early crack seriously affects progress duration and the cost of engineering, fails to repair perfect crosscutting concern
Durability and the service life that (being generally all difficult to reach former xoncrete structure performance) seriously affects liner structure, even result in leakage and
Threaten engineering safety.The leak (east depth water supply wild goose field tunnel) of spray regime also directly endangers the health and comfort level of people.Such as Fig. 1
It is third stock market flood discharging tunnel lining concrete early crack situation.
Age occurs for the internal maximum temperature of lining concrete (including the cement such as middle heat, low-heat, normal silicate), generally all
It is to carry out the brief introduction that age occurs for internal maximum temperature in passing, not in the calculating analysis for carrying out temperature, temperature stress
Have and is paid attention to.
In summary situation illustrates, maximum temperature generation age is to be related to lining cutting knot inside liner structure low-heat concrete
The important indicator of structure temperature controlled anticracking performance, but so far still without relevant calculation method, it accordingly also can not be according to the index
To carry out effectively temperature controlled anticracking.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is to carry out to solve the above-mentioned problems, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a kind of liner structure low-heat cement coagulation
The temperature controlled anticracking method of soil can be obtained liner structure low-heat cement inside concrete maximum temperature and age occur, and right based on this
Liner structure low-heat cement concrete carries out temperature controlled anticracking, to improve durability and the service life of liner structure.
As shown in Fig. 2, the present invention is to achieve the goals above, following scheme is used:
The present invention provides a kind of temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete, which is characterized in that including with
Lower step:
Step 1. collects liner structure low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control data；
Step 2. calculates liner structure low-heat cement inside concrete maximum temperature and age d occurstm:
dtm=1.42 × H-0.0049 × C-0.0009 × T0+ 0.0183 × Tg+0.65 (formula 1)
In above formula: dtmAge (d) occurs for liner structure low-heat cement inside concrete maximum temperature；H is liner structure
Low-heat cement concrete thickness (m)；C is liner structure low-heat cement strength grade of concrete (MPa)；T0For liner structure low-heat
Cement concrete placing temperature (DEG C)；TgFor the cooling equivalent water temperature value (DEG C) of water flowing, Tg=35-Tw, TwFor water flowing coolant water temperature
(℃)；
Step 3. is based on dtmDetermine water flowing d cooling timej, then according to water flowing d cooling timejTo liner structure low-heat water
Cement concrete carries out water flowing cooling, realizes temperature controlled anticracking.
Preferably, the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete provided by the invention, can also have with
Lower feature: in step 2, when not carrying out water flowing cooling, T is takenw=35 DEG C.
Preferably, the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete provided by the invention, can also have with
Lower feature: in step 3, dj=dtm+dx(formula 2), dx=1~4.dxIt is according to a large amount of live water flowing cooling experiences and calculating
Achievement and determination, age d occurs in internal maximum temperaturetmOn the basis of plus dxIt, can send out to avoid concrete internal temperature
Raw rise, and effective temperature controlled anticracking effect can be obtained.
Preferably, the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete provided by the invention, can also have with
Lower feature: in step 3, dxOptimum value is 2, can achieve economical and effective temperature controlled anticracking effect the most.
Preferably, the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete provided by the invention, can also have with
Lower feature: in step 3, d is based on by control processing unittmDetermine water flowing d cooling timej, and according to water flowing cooling time
djIt controls water flowing cooling system and water flowing cooling is carried out to liner structure low-heat cement concrete.In addition, control can also be passed through in step 2
Processing unit processed is realized.Temperature control material computation is based on using control processing unit and goes out dtmAnd then calculate dj, then further according to
djIt controls water flowing cooling system and water flowing cooling is carried out to concrete, realize temperature control and anticracking.Water flowing cooling system should be laid in advance
Be mounted on liner structure low-heat cement concrete.Water flowing cooling tube in water flowing cooling system uses snakelike method for arranging,
It arranges from bottom to up, center should suitably increase its layout density.
In addition, the formula 1 that above-mentioned steps 2 are proposed is with white crane beach, Wu Dongde Huge Power Station flood discharging tunnel, power tunnel work
For journey low-heat cement concrete lining, using three-dimensional finite element method carry out different section form and size, different lining thicknesses,
251 scheme simulation calculations such as different intensity grades, different placing temperatures, different water flowing coolant water temperatures, it is mixed to obtain low-heat cement
Age (see the table below 1) occurs for the solidifying internal maximum temperature of soil, then carries out creative analysis and research to these data and obtains.
Age occurs for 1 white crane beach of table, the power station Wu Dongde flood discharging tunnel, power tunnel lining cutting low-heat cement concrete maximum temperature
The action and effect of invention
The temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete provided by the present invention, can be adapted for any lining cutting
Structure (including different civil engineering types, different structure form, different-thickness, varying strength etc.) carries out in lining concrete
Age calculating and temperature rise in early age temperature drop specificity analysis occur for portion's maximum temperature, and scientific strong, temperature controlled anticracking effect is good.Lining cutting coagulation
Age d occurs for native internal maximum temperaturetmCalculation formula 1, concentrated expression lining concrete structural thickness, pour strength grade
The influence of temperature and the major parameters such as water flowing cooling and its water temperature, calculates according to formula 2 and recommends water flowing cooling time, optimization conjunction
Reason, science guarantee that lining concrete internal temperature will not go up, can effectively realize temperature controlled anticracking.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is third stock market flood discharging tunnel lining concrete situation map involved in background technique, wherein (a) is
Overall diagram (b) is partial enlarged view；
Fig. 2 is the process of the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete involved in the embodiment of the present invention
Figure；
Fig. 3 is white crane beach power station 2 involved in the embodiment of the present invention#139 unit lining section figure of flood discharging tunnel；
Fig. 4 is white crane beach 2 involved in the embodiment of the present invention#The 139th unit lining concrete temperature of flood discharging tunnel side wall lining
Spend duration curve figure；
Fig. 5 is flat the 4th unit cross-section diagram of section on white crane beach power station flood discharging tunnel involved in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 6 is flat section 2 on white crane beach flood discharging tunnel involved in the embodiment of the present invention#The 4th unit lining concrete of flood discharging tunnel
Internal temperature measured curve figure.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with attached drawing, by taking the flood Discharge tunnel Project lining concrete of white crane beach power station as an example, to lining of the present invention
The temperature controlled anticracking method specific embodiment for building structure low-heat cement concrete is described in detail.
<white crane beach power station flood Discharge tunnel Project lining concrete temperature control basic document>
White crane beach power station is located at Jinsha jiang River downstream Ningnan County, Sichuan Province and Yunnan Province Qiaojia County is domestic, is that development of Yangtze River is controlled
The main projects of reason.Installed capacity of power station 14004MW, 602.41 hundred million kWh of Mean annual energy production are that the whole world the 2nd is big
Power station (is only second to Three Gorges).Multi-purpose project is by key constructions such as barrage, flood-discharge energy-dissipating building and generating system by piloting water
Composition.Barrage is concrete hyperboloid arched dam, maximum height of dam 289.0m.Release floodwatering facility includes 6 table holes of dam, 7 deep holes
With 3 flood-discharge tunnels of left bank.Underground chamber system uses stem development plan, is symmetrically arranged at left and right two sides, workshop
8 turbine-generator units of interior each installation.
Underground engineering includes diversion tunnel, flood discharging tunnel, power water passages etc..Diversion culvert engineering has been subjected to water running.3
Flood discharging tunnel is arranged in left bank, using without pressure flood discharging tunnel pattern, by water inlet (gate chamber), without pressure gentle slope section, dragon fall endpiece and
It exports defrlector bucket to form, 1#、2#Flood discharging tunnel dragon falls the anti-arc of tail and directly connects defrlector bucket, and 3#Hole is because orographic condition limits, anti-arc end
Terminate the lower flat section that one section of gradient is 8%, then exit defrlector bucket.
Flood discharging tunnel barrel section, which includes flood discharging tunnel, falls endpiece without pressure section and flood discharging tunnel dragon, be for city-gate section, according to
The features such as lining thickness is different with country rock are divided into tetra- kinds of basic lining styles of thickness of 1.0m, 1.2m, 1.5m, 2.5m.
Flood discharging tunnel lining concrete, all using low-heat cement concrete, design allows maximum temperature to see the table below 2.
The 2 flood discharging tunnel lining cutting low-heat concrete construction time of table allows maximum temperature unit: DEG C
Temperature control is carried out to concrete in the overall process for pouring and conserving, avoids concrete cracking, adoptable measure
Including but not limited to:
(1) optimised coagulation soil match ratio, raising concrete capacity against cracking.Mix Design and concrete construction
When, in addition to meeting the major designs index such as concrete grade and freeze proof, impervious, limit stretch value value, it is homogeneous should also to meet construction
Property index and the strength factor of assurance.It should reinforce construction management simultaneously, improve construction technology, improve concrete performance, improve concrete
Anti-crack ability.
(2) reasonable arrangement concrete construction program and construction speed.Answer reasonable arrangement concrete construction program and construct into
Degree, and make great efforts to improve construction management level.
(3) inside concrete maximum temperature is controlled.Its effective measures includes reducing temperature of concrete during construction, reducing gelling material
Expect heat of hydration temperature rise, initial stage water flowing etc..Lining concrete placing temperature is controlled, 4~September is 20 DEG C；October~March next year is 18
℃.Transport concrete tool should have thermal insulation, sun-shade measure, shorten concrete and be exposed to the sun the time, reduce in concrete transportation casting process
Temperature recovery.High temperature period casting concrete is avoided as far as possible, and low temperature season and morning and evening and nighttime temperature should be made full use of low
Period pours.When each position concreting, if the temperature of concrete during construction to have put in storage is not able to satisfy related when requiring, Ying Li
It notifies supervisor, is handled according to supervisor's instruction, and adopt an effective measure control temperature of concrete during construction immediately.
<embodiment one>white crane beach power station 2#139 unit liner structure low-heat cement concrete of flood discharging tunnel
2#Flood discharging tunnel barrel Unit the 139th, gateway opening shape lining cutting, side wall lining thickness 1.5m, along flood discharging tunnel axis direction
Circumferential construction parting is set every 12m, IV class surrounding rock, the bottom plate and abutment wall of liner structure are C9040 low-heat cement concrete, top
Arch is C9030 low-heat cement concrete, as shown in Figure 3.18 DEG C of temperature of concrete during construction of design, side wall lining inside concrete is set
Meter allows maximum temperature to be 41 DEG C.Using tap water at normal temperature moisture-keeping maintaining 90d, the cooling control concrete internal temperature of water flowing.Lining
3 phases of building concrete point pour, and first pour abutment wall (12m+2.5m), crown is poured after 30 days, then pour bottom plate (15m).
2#Flood discharging tunnel barrel Unit the 139th, side wall lining concrete water flowing is cooling to use automation control.
Environment temperature, concrete warehousing temperature and placing temperature when unit in charge of construction's overall process is to concreting carry out
Monitoring, is as a result listed in the table below 3.Ambient air temperature average value is 15.9 DEG C, and concrete warehousing temperature averages are 12.8 DEG C, concrete
Placing temperature average value is 14.6 DEG C.Water flowing is cooling to use normal-temperature water.
3 white crane beach power station 2 of table#The 139th cell temperature statistical form of flood discharging tunnel barrel side wall lining
On November 9th, 2018,07:50 started casting concrete, and concrete starts to flood temperature when 9 days 9 November in 2018
Meter, intelligent controller starts real-time measurement concrete temperature data at this time, and starts intelligent control solenoid valve and carry out water flowing cooling.
Actual measurement and control concrete internal temperature duration curve such as Fig. 4 solid line, manual measurement concrete internal temperature duration curve
As Fig. 4 dotted line automation controller passes through the chain-dotted line of solenoid valve control water flowing cooling procedure such as Fig. 4.2#Let out adit barrel abutment wall
Temperature when the 139th unit concrete of lining cutting covers: leftwall is 15.0 DEG C, lasts 58 hours and reaches 29.8 DEG C of maximum temperature, maximum
14.8 DEG C of temperature rise.
As shown in Fig. 2, the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete provided by the present embodiment include with
Lower step:
Step 1. collects liner structure low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control data, comprising:
Step 1-1. is collected and is analyzed liner structure engineering basic document.2#The 139th unit lining cutting coagulation of flood discharging tunnel barrel
Native temperature controlled anticracking relevant information is as above.Flood discharging tunnel is I grade of building, and water velocity is high, and lining concrete temperature controlled anticracking is very heavy
It wants.
Step 1-2. analyzes lining concrete temperature control technical requirement on design.Concrete Temperature Control allows maximum temperature, temperature control anti-
The technical requirements for splitting measure etc. are as above.
Step 1-3. analysis construction temperature control measures scheme.Temperature control measures scheme of constructing is as above.
Step 2. calculates liner structure low-heat cement inside concrete maximum temperature and age d occurstm:
According to above-mentioned data, H=1.5m；C=40MPa；T0=14.6 DEG C；Water flowing is cooling to use normal-temperature water, and November is big
About 16 DEG C, i.e., Tw=16 DEG C, Tg=19 DEG C.It substitutes into formula 1 and calculates to obtain dtm=2.92 (d).
Step 3. is based on dtmDetermine water flowing d cooling timej, then according to water flowing d cooling timejIt advanced optimizes and adjusts
Lining cutting low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control crack control measures scheme, comprising:
Step 3-1. calculates d water flowing cooling timej:
By dtm=2.92 (d) substitute into formula 2, take dx=2, calculate to obtain dj=4.92 (d), take dj=5d.
Step 3-2. evaluation and optimization lining cutting low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control crack control measures scheme:
2#The 139th element sides wall Lining Concrete of Diversion of flood discharging tunnel barrel is cooling to use automation control, and practical water flowing is cold
But time 4.5d is calculated with formula 2 and is determined that 4.92d water flowing cooling time is very close.On the one hand illustrate the cooling automation of water flowing
Control effect is good, on the other hand illustrates that inventive method formula 2 calculates and determines that water flowing cooling time is reasonable.It will be led to according to dj
The water time is adjusted to 5d.
Step 3-3. evaluation analysis temperature controlled anticracking effect:
White crane beach power station 2#The 139th unit concrete of adit barrel side wall lining is let out, it is anti-to carry out temperature control using this programme
It splits and has undergone winter " there may be the thermal cracking phases " so far, there is no any cracks, obtain temperature controlled anticracking remarkable result.
Comparative analysis:
According to the 139th unit lining concrete temperature duration curve of Fig. 4, surveys maximum temperature and age 58h occurs, i.e.,
2.42d starting temperature drop.With 1 calculated value d of formulatm=2.92 (d) deviations are small, meet engineering construction requirement.Especially with recommendation
Water flowing d cooling timejIt is cooling to carry out automation control water flowing, achieves extraordinary temperature controlled anticracking effect, has absolutely proved it
Scientific and high-precision.
<embodiment two>2#The 4th unit liner structure low-heat cement concrete of flood discharging tunnel
As shown in figure 5, flat the 4th unit liner structure of section is C with a thickness of 2.5m on 2# flood discharging tunnel9040 low-heat concrete.
Flat the 4th unit liner structure low-heat cement concrete of section was poured on May 12nd, 2017 on 2# flood discharging tunnel, was taken in construction
Water flowing cooling provision, and it is cold according to temperature control scheme described in basic document above and water flowing 10d cooling time progress water flowing
But.
According to construction note, arranging main actual measurement temperature control data be see the table below shown in 4, and actual measurement lining concrete internal temperature is bent
Line is shown in Fig. 6 solid line.The simulation calculation of the cooling 7d of water flowing is carried out using FInite Element simultaneously, concrete internal temperature curve is as schemed
Shown in 6 dotted lines.
Table 42#4th unit lining concrete pours measured data
As shown in Fig. 2, the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete provided by the present embodiment include with
Lower step:
Step 1. collects liner structure low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control data, comprising:
Step 1-1. is collected and is analyzed liner structure engineering basic document.2#Flat the 4th unit liner structure of section on flood discharging tunnel
Basic document, including temperature controlled anticracking and its water flowing cooling, technical requirement on design etc. are as described above.Due to the power station flood discharge of white crane beach
Hole is 1 grade of building, and water velocity is up to nearly 50m/s, and lining concrete temperature controlled anticracking is extremely important.
Step 1-2. analyzes lining concrete temperature control technical requirement on design.According to the above white crane beach Hydropower Project data,
2#Flat the 4th unit lining concrete of section, needs to control placing temperature, takes water flowing cooling provision on flood discharging tunnel.May 12
It pours, according to above-mentioned 2 design requirement of table, the permission maximum temperature of 2.5m thickness lining concrete is 42 DEG C.
Step 2. calculates maximum temperature inside lining concrete and age d occurstm
According to above-mentioned data, H=2.5m；C=40MPa；T0=16.4 DEG C；Water flowing, which cools down, uses normal-temperature water, and 18 DEG C of water temperature,
I.e. Tw=18 DEG C, Tg=17 DEG C.It substitutes into formula 1 and calculates to obtain dtm=4.3 (d).
Step 3. is based on dtmDetermine water flowing d cooling timej, then according to water flowing d cooling timejIt advanced optimizes and adjusts
Lining cutting low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control crack control measures scheme, comprising:
Step 3-1. calculates d water flowing cooling timej:
By dtm=4.3 (d) substitute into formula 2, take dx=2, calculate to obtain dj=6.3 (d), take dj=6.5d.
Step 3-2. evaluation and optimization lining cutting low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control crack control measures scheme:
2#Flat the 4th practical 10d water flowing cooling time of unit liner structure low-heat cement concrete construction of section on flood discharging tunnel.
Finite element arithmetic suggests 7d.Formula 2, which calculates, determines 6.5d water flowing cooling time, connects very much with Finite element arithmetic recommended value
Closely.When on the one hand illustrating that inventive method formula 2 calculates and determine that water flowing cooling time is reasonable, while illustrating that practical water flowing is cooling
Between it is longer, can further foreshorten to 6.5d optimization.
Step 3-3. evaluation analysis temperature controlled anticracking effect:
Show 2 in March, 2019 observation#Flat the 4th unit liner structure low-heat cement concrete of section uses on flood discharging tunnel
This programme, which carries out temperature controlled anticracking, does not have any crack, and temperature controlled anticracking obtains good effect.
Comparative analysis:
Achievement is surveyed according to the 4th unit lining concrete temperature control of table 2, age 3.5d occurs for actual measurement maximum temperature, with formula 1
Calculated value dtm=4.3 (d), early 0.8d, error 19% meet engineering construction requirement.Formula 3 calculates to obtain dj=6.3 (d), it pushes away
Recommend dj=6.5d, very consistent with Finite element arithmetic recommendation 7d, error is small, and optimization water flowing cooling time rationally, and is compared
Practical water flowing cooling time is shorter, more economical, has absolutely proved its scientific and high-precision.
Above-described embodiment is only the illustration done to technical solution of the present invention.Liner structure according to the present invention
The temperature controlled anticracking method of low-heat cement concrete is not merely defined in described content in the embodiment above, but with power
Benefit requires subject to limited range.Any modification that those skilled in the art of the invention are made on the basis of the embodiment
Supplement or equivalence replacement, all in claim range claimed of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete, which comprises the following steps:
Step 1. collects liner structure low-heat cement Concrete Temperature Control data；
Step 2. calculates liner structure low-heat cement inside concrete maximum temperature and age d occurstm:
dtm=1.42 × H-0.0049 × C-0.0009 × T0+ 0.0183 × Tg+0.65,
In above formula: H is liner structure low-heat cement concrete thickness；C is liner structure low-heat cement strength grade of concrete；T0
For liner structure low-heat cement temperature of concrete during construction；TgFor the cooling equivalent water temperature value of water flowing, Tg=35-Tw, TwIt is cooling for water flowing
Water temperature；
Step 3. is based on dtmDetermine water flowing d cooling timej, then according to water flowing d cooling timejIt is mixed to liner structure low-heat cement
Solidifying soil carries out water flowing cooling, realizes temperature controlled anticracking.
2. the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, in step 2, when not carrying out water flowing cooling, T is takenw=35 DEG C.
3. the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, in step 3, dj=dtm+dx, dx=1~4.
4. the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, in step 3, dx=2.
5. the temperature controlled anticracking method of liner structure low-heat cement concrete according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, in step 3, d is based on by control processing unittmDetermine water flowing d cooling timej, and it is cooling according to water flowing when
Between djIt controls water flowing cooling system and water flowing cooling is carried out to liner structure low-heat cement concrete.
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| CN113191039A (en) * | 2021-04-06 | 2021-07-30 | 武昌理工学院 | Water cooling and water temperature optimization control method and system for lining concrete |
| CN113221400A (en) * | 2021-04-14 | 2021-08-06 | 武昌理工学院 | Low-heat lining concrete temperature difference control water-feeding cooling temperature control method and system |
| CN113221400B (en) * | 2021-04-14 | 2024-04-30 | 武昌理工学院 | Low-heat lining concrete temperature difference control water-through cooling temperature control method and system |
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