CN110404082A - 一种靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN110404082A
CN110404082A CN201910823737.6A CN201910823737A CN110404082A CN 110404082 A CN110404082 A CN 110404082A CN 201910823737 A CN201910823737 A CN 201910823737A CN 110404082 A CN110404082 A CN 110404082A
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CN110404082B (zh
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段友容
孙颖
张燕华
赵梦
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SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂及其制备方法和应用。所述超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂,包括壳膜及包裹其中的核心,所述核心包括Fe3O4纳米粒和液态PFH(全氟己烷);所述壳膜包括PLGA和磷脂。

Description

一种靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂及其制备方法和 应用
技术领域
本发明涉及超声显像和核磁显像领域,具体涉及一种靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
超声显像具有连续、动态观察组织,不受成像分层的限制,对人体无辐射、创伤,显像设备可以便携化、操作简单,实际应用中价格低廉等优点;同时也有显像清晰度及分辨率较低的缺点。因此,在一定程度上能提高显像效果的超声造影剂应运而生,但其显像持续时间较短,并且不能实现靶向性显像,因此显像清晰度及分辨率仍然受到限制。核磁显像具有良好的清晰度和分辨率,无辐射、创伤,但其显像过程较长,操作复杂。因此,如果能结合这两种显像方式,实现优势互补靶向重复显像并且提高显现的清晰度和分辨率,将有助于提高临床诊断的准确性。同时,纳米造影剂能通过对材料的修饰和组装实现药物、基因荷载,在影像的引导和监控下实现可控的靶向治疗。
一般超声相变造影剂是超声显像领域的研究热点,目前有PFH实现超声造影是通过吸收红外能量转化为热能使造影剂相变而实现的,并用包裹在有机相中的Fe3O4用于核磁显像。在体外研究中发现,这样的纳米超声造影剂需在近红外光辐照10min温度升高后才能实现超声造影,未辐照无增强显影;在体内研究中,经裸鼠皮下瘤注射造影剂后也需在近红外照射12min温度上升后方可实现增强显影,实验组显影在辐照2min出现增强,5min后更明显,随后减弱,12min时便很微弱了。
因此,本领域迫切需要提供一种无论超声显像还是核磁显像都能持续时间长,甚至在一段时间内可重复观察的双模态显像纳米造影剂。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供一种双模态超声核磁体内纳米造影剂,实现超声和核磁显像。
在本发明的第一方面,提供一种超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂,包括壳膜及包裹其中的核心,所述核心包括Fe3O4纳米粒和液态PFH(全氟己烷);所述壳膜包括PLGA和磷脂。
在另一优选例中,所述核心包载、吸附或衔接有药物或基因。
在另一优选例中,所述壳膜包载或衔接有药物或基因。
在另一优选例中,所述PLGA和磷脂的质量比1-10∶1-10,更优选为3-8∶2-6。
在另一优选例中,所述PLGA为PLGA-mPEG或PLGA-mPEG和PLGA-PEG-Mal。
在另一优选例中,所述PLGA-mPEG和PLGA-PEG-Mal的质量比为1-5∶1;更优选为1-3∶1。
在另一优选例中,所述壳膜上衔接有靶向基团。
在另一优选例中,所述造影剂的粒径为307.9±19.80nm,粒径多分散指数PDI为0.273±0.02,Zeta电位为10.9±0.31mV。
在本发明的第二方面,提供一种如上所述的本发明提供的超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的制备方法,所述方法包括步骤:
(1)使PFH溶解于含有PLGA、磷脂的有机溶剂的有机相中,得到有机相溶液1;
(2)向有机相溶液1中加入含有Fe3O4纳米粒的水相,超声形成初乳后将初乳加入有表面活性剂的水溶液中再超声形成复乳;和
(3)除去有机相溶剂,得到如上所述的本发明提供的超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂。
在另一优选例中,步骤(1)的有机相中溶解有药物、或含有衔接有药物的PLGA和/或磷脂;步骤(2)的水相溶解有药物或基因,或含有吸附或衔接有药物或吸附有基因的Fe3O4纳米粒。
在另一优选例中,步骤(1)在密封条件下进行。
在另一优选例中,步骤(1)中所述的有机溶剂可以是氯仿、二氯甲烷、甲醇、丙酮等。
在另一优选例中,步骤(2)中所述的超声为间断声振方式。
在另一优选例中,所述超声在低温下进行。
在另一优选例中,步骤(3)中所述除去溶剂的方式包括机械搅拌。
在另一优选例中,所述方法还包括步骤:(4)使造影剂与靶向基团连接,得到靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂。
在另一优选例中,所述的靶向基团包括RGD、PDL-1、叶酸、VEGF等。
在另一优选例中,步骤(3)除去溶剂后,或步骤(4)使纳米粒与靶向基团连接后,还包括步骤:除去杂质;所述杂质包括未包载的Fe3O4纳米粒和未包载的基因和未共价结合的靶向基团。
在本发明的第三方面,提供一种如上所述的本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的应用。
据此,本发明提供了一种靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂,能够更好地服务于临床显像用于疾病诊断,通过载药或者载基因处理在进行显像实现病情监测后可进行靶向药物释放实现智能给药。
附图说明
图1是本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂结构示意图。
图2是本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂在透射电镜下的电镜图。
图3是本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体内超声成像情况;其中,
A为本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体内超声成像图;
B为本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体内超声成像造影模式下肿瘤区域成像的灰度统计图。
图4是本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体内核磁成像情况;其中,
A为本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体内核磁成像图;
B为本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体内核磁成像肿瘤区域负性造影的灰度统计图。
具体实施方式
发明人经过广泛而深入的研究,意外地发现,将PLGA和磷脂作为外壳材料的部分组成,可以使包裹在内部的物质具有比单纯PLGA更灵活的体积可变性,从而使超声相变压力变小和超声成像效果得到显著改善,有助于在无额外刺激的情况下实现超声显像。发明人还发现,水溶性Fe3O4纳米粒被包裹在纳米颗粒中心和有机相中趋于中心的PFH能够有更多更集中的接触机会,实现两种造影剂的优化微观组装,有望最大限度促进PFH超声相变,从而提高超声显像效率;并且Fe3O4纳米粒被包裹在纳米粒中心的内水相可能具有相对于有机相中更好的稳定性,不易逸出纳米造影剂,便于核磁显像和促进超声显像;同时,在携带基因方面,能对Fe3O4纳米粒表面进行电荷修饰改变其表面电位,使得其呈现正电吸附基因。在此基础上,完成了本发明。
本文中的字母缩写及其相应中文如下:
PLGA:聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物
PEG:聚乙二醇
PLGA-PEG-Mal:聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物和聚乙二醇和马来酰亚胺三嵌段共聚物
DOTAP:(2,3-二油酰基-丙基)-三甲胺(通用名-(2,3-二油酰基-丙基)三甲基氯化铵)
PEI:聚醚酰亚胺
DOTMA:N-[1-(2,3-二油酰基)丙基]-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵
PFH(perfluorohexane):全氟己烷,又称全氟化碳、四氟化碳、四氟甲烷等,化学式为CF4。
DSPE:二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺
DEAPA:3-二乙胺基丙胺
DEPC(Diethyl pyrocarbonate):焦碳酸二乙酯
PVA:聚乙烯醇
RGD:RGD序列由精氨酸、甘氨酸和天门冬氨酸组成。
PDL-1:细胞程序式死亡-配体1
VEGF:血管内皮生长因子
PDI(Polymer dispersity index):聚合物分散性指数。
Zeta电位(Zeta potential):是指剪切面(Shear Plane)的电位,又叫电动电位或电动电势(ζ-电位或ζ-电势),是表征胶体分散系稳定性的重要指标。
GSH(glutathione):谷胱甘肽。
Cy5:化学式为C45H52N4O14S2,CAS登录号为146368-15-2
siRNA(Small interfering RNA):小干扰RNA有时称为短干扰RNA(shortinterfering RNA)或沉默RNA(silencing RNA)。
NPs(nanoparticles):纳米颗粒。
SonoVue(声诺维):成分为六氟化硫Sulphur Hexafluoride,博莱科信谊药业Bracco Sine Pharm生产的造影剂。
如本文所用,“药物”是指任何具有期望的生物活性,并具有反应性官能团以便制备本发明所述偶联物的化合物。期望的生物活性包括,诊断,治愈,缓解,治疗,预防人或其它动物的疾病。因此,只要具有必需的反应性官能团,术语“药物”涉及的化合物包括正式国家药典,以及例如美国正式同种疗法药典,正式全国处方集,或者其任何增补本等确认的药物。典型的药物列于医师案头用药参考(PDR)和美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)的橙皮书。随着新型药物不断被发现和发展,本专利规定这些药物也应纳入本发明所述偶联药物的前药。
如本文所用,“基因”是指产生一条多肽链或功能RNA所需的全部核苷酸序列或者人工合成的RNA序列,比如干扰RNA(siRNA)、微小RNA(MicroRNA)等。
如本文所用,“修饰”是指各种改变原有物质性质的方式,包括但不限于,共价结合、吸附等。
如本文所用,“包载”是指药物或基因独立于造影剂核心或壳膜中的其他物质而存在与核心或壳膜中。
如本文所用,“吸附”是指药物或基因通过电荷之间的相互作用而存在与核心中的Fe3O4纳米粒上。
如本文所用,“衔接”是指共价结合的方式;例如但不限于,药物或基因通过化学键(共价键)结合到核心中的Fe3O4纳米粒上,或结合到壳膜中的PLGA或磷脂上。
如本发明所用,“室温”是指15-30℃,优选20-25℃。
靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂
本发明提供的超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂具有核壳结构,即有壳膜及包裹其中的核心;其中可构成核心的材料包括Fe3O4纳米粒和PFH,可构成壳膜的材料包括PLGA和磷脂。
本发明提供的造影剂的核心中的Fe3O4纳米粒的表面可以是未经修饰,也可以是经过修饰的,只要能使用Fe3O4纳米粒进行核磁显像。一般进行修饰是为了根据需要吸附或衔接药物或基因。如果Fe3O4纳米粒已经可吸附、衔接药物或者基因便可不必进行修饰。
用于Fe3O4纳米粒表面进行修饰的物质可以非常广泛,例如但不限于,有机小分子和无机分子,使Fe3O4纳米粒表面具有不同特征,从而发挥不同作用。在本发明的一种实施方式中,Fe3O4纳米粒表面经修饰后根据需要进行吸附、衔接药物或者基因。
在本发明的一个实施例中,使用DEAPA修饰Fe3O4纳米粒表面,可用于基因等带有负电的物质递送。经DEAPA修饰的Fe3O4纳米粒,可使Fe3O4纳米粒表面原本带的负电变为正电,有利于联合带正电的磷脂吸附带负电的干扰RNA,实现显像和治疗的统一。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,使用的液态PFH不限于此种超声相变显像剂,只要是具有液滴声学气化效应的液态全氟化碳都可以,比如:全氟戊烷(PFP)、全氟-15-冠-5醚(PFCE)等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,核心中包括基因,例如但不限于,siRNA、MicroRNA等需要在体内进行保护的基因。核心中的基因可以根据需要进行吸附、包载、衔接,从而发挥靶向干扰目的基因或者调控基因的表达,从而发挥靶向基因治疗的作用,减少基因治疗的脱靶作用。
壳膜中的PLGA只要是主要结构为PLGA聚合物即可,也可以对其进行修饰,例如但不限于,延长循环的PEG或者修饰药物、靶向基团等。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,使用PLGA-mPEG为整个壳结构中的刚性骨架部分,再引入PLGA-PEG-Mal以在双模态纳米造影剂表面修饰靶向基团(例如但不限于RGD),实现比如像肿瘤部位(其细胞表面表达整合素受体可与RGD特异性结合)的靶向显影,在保证安全性的情况下,最大效能地发挥靶向性。较佳地,可采用PLGA-mPEG与PLGA-PEG-Mal的质量比为1-5∶1;更优选为1-3∶1;最优选为2∶1。
壳膜上可连接的靶向基团包括但不限于,RGD、PDL-1、叶酸、VEGF等。
壳膜中的磷脂没有特别要求,也可对其进行基团修饰,以利于衔接药物、靶向基团等。在本发明的一种实施方式中,使用的磷脂是衔接有PEG的磷脂,这有助于增加造影剂的水溶性或者修饰本发明附带的药物,可以实现长循环和载药的功能。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,壳膜中包括PLGA-mPEG和磷脂,PLGA-mPEG与磷脂的质量比可以是1-10∶1-10,优选3-8∶2-6,更优选为6:4。发明人发现,当PLGA-mPEG比例稍大而相对偏柔性的磷脂材料比例稍小时,有助于壳结构的稳定。以壳结构的总质量计,磷脂的占比一般为40-60%可有助于减小超声刺激相变所面临的壳内压力,从而最大限度的促进显像,在完全没有磷脂存在的情况下,其超声显像效果明显减弱。
在本发明的一个实施例中,使用正电的磷脂,例如但不限于,DOTAP、PEI、DOTMA等,主要作用是为了限制负电的基因于核内部。
本发明中载药是所提供的造影剂的附加功能,药物根据需要可以在核心内进行吸附、包载或者衔接,当然也可以与壳材料共溶于有机相或者衔接在壳材料上,例如但不限于,DSPE-PEG-Pt(IV),材料和药物进行其他反应而衔接上或者直接在核心或者外壳上进行包载。
本发明的一个实施例中提供了一种靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂(PFH/siRNA/Fe3O4@Pt(Ⅳ)NPs-cRGD),包括载有Fe3O4纳米粒及基因的核磁造影水相核心和超声造影剂PFH核心,刚性PLGA-mPEG、带正电的磷脂和修饰Pt(IV)前药的磷脂组成的壳膜,且壳膜上修饰有靶向基团RGD。
本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂纳米粒形态是较为均一的圆球状,分散均匀;有穿过肿瘤毛细血管内皮间隙(100-780nm)的可能性,从而实现被动靶向,满足肿瘤靶向显像对造影剂的粒径要求;内部存在铁元素且具有超顺磁特性,有助于纳米造影剂进行核磁造影。
本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂稳定性好,在4℃的条件下能稳定保存半个月,其对易降解的siRNA的保护作用长达一周。
本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂具有缓释作用,有利于减少其在体内循环过程中的药物、基因释放,而当在治疗超声的刺激下能促发突释,有助于药物在靶向部位智能释放,从而提高药物局部浓度,实现精准治疗。
制备方法
本发明使用复乳乳化溶剂挥发法制备超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂,具体地,包括步骤:
第一步,溶解:将PLGA、磷脂和有机溶剂混合形成有机相后,将PFH溶解于上述有机相中;
第二步,超声:向有机相中加入含有Fe3O4纳米粒的水相超声形成初乳;然后将初乳加入有表面活性剂的水溶液中再次超声后形成复乳;
第三步,除去第一步有机溶剂,得到超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂。
上述第一步在密封条件下进行,溶解温度为室温;第一步中所述的有机溶剂选自氯仿、二氯甲烷、丙酮、甲醇。
上述第一步中将PLGA、磷脂和有机溶剂混合至完全溶解形成有机相。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,上述第一步中的PLGA是PLGA-mPEG或PLGA-mPEG和PLGA-PEG-Mal。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,上述磷脂是普通磷脂,本发明上述磷脂是带正电的磷脂和载药磷脂,它们分别用于包载siRNA和载药,如不包载基因可不使用正电的磷脂,或者对普通磷脂进行载药处理。
上述第一步中的有机相可根据需要溶解药物或衔接有药物的材料。
上述第二步的两次超声均在低温下进行(0-10℃,优选0-5℃,更优选0±1℃),以间断声振的方式进行。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,上述第二步中的超声在冰水/冰浴条件下进行。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,上述第二步中的初乳超声条件为:功率300-350w,时间45-90秒;复乳超声条件为:功率500-600w,时间3-6分钟。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,上述第二步中含有Fe3O4纳米粒的水相中可根据需要溶解药物或基因,所述Fe3O4纳米粒也可是吸附或衔接有药物或基因的。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,上述第二步中涉及的表面活性剂包括但不限于,PVA、F68等。
在本发明的一个实施例中,上述第二步中将初乳加入1%PVA溶液中,有利于制备的纳米粒形态的保持和稳定性的维持。该水相可根据需要使用其他比例或者其他表面活性剂。
上述第三步可以通过本领域常用的方式除去溶剂,例如但不限于,机械搅拌的方式。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,上述第三步是除去第一步有机溶剂,根据需要衔接靶向基团,得到靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂。即将第三步得到的超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂(纳米粒)与靶向基团混合,得到靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂。该步骤一般在室温下进行,一般混合8-20小时,优选混合10-15小时。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,可以在上述第三步或第四步后还包括一步除去杂质的步骤:可以使用本领域常用的方式,例如但不限于,离心、超滤;重悬后置于4℃冰箱保存。这里的杂质包括未包裹的Fe3O4纳米粒、未包裹的基因等。
在本发明的一个实施例中,采用复乳法-溶剂挥发法将超顺磁性Fe3O4纳米粒(主要成分Fe3O4)、液态全氟化碳PFH和基因包裹进由聚合物PLGA-mPEG和磷脂组成的壳膜中,从而制备出PFH/siRNA/Fe3O4@Pt(IV)NPs-cRGD纳米造影剂。首先将PLGA-mPEG、磷脂溶解于有机溶剂(三氯甲烷)中,溶解必须充分并且过程密封,加入PFH后使其充分溶解于有机相中,然后将Fe3O4纳米粒水溶液加入有机相中(如需要包载基因,可提前将基因与Fe3O4纳米粒混合均匀后加入有机相中),立刻进行超声形成初乳,超声全程在冰浴条件下,吸收超声时产生的热量,减少超声过程有机相和PFH的挥发,初乳加入含有1%PVA的水相中再次超声形成复乳,挥去有机溶剂后在室温下将纳米粒与cRGD进行衔接,超滤除去未包载的基因,离心除去未包载的Fe3O4纳米粒,重悬后置于4℃。
本发明的制备方法为乳化溶剂挥发法,对PLGA-mPEG或PLGA-PEG-Mal分子量无具体要求,目前商用的该类材料只要其能溶解于选择的有机溶剂中即可,同样地,形成聚合物PLGA的原料乳酸和羟基乙酸的比例也无特别要求,只需满足可溶解于有机溶剂的条件。随着所述聚合物分子量的增大,所制得的造影剂的粒径也可能随之增大,当大到一定程度时可能突破纳米级而不适合于体内显像,本领域技术人员可根据这样的提示根据具体情况选择分子量的上限。
应用
本发明提供的超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂中包裹的液态全氟化碳在超声刺激下相变为气体作为超声造影剂,实现体内外显像;同时,利用纳米造影剂内部包含的超顺磁性的含铁纳米颗粒进行体内外核磁造影成像;实现纳米造影剂的双模态成像。
进一步地,本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂通过在表面修饰靶向基团实现组织特异性主动靶向,在造影水平上实现分子显像。
更进一步地,本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂通过荷载药物或者基因,可在靶向部位实现双模态显像的同时通过治疗超声稳定空化或者惯性空化效应实现靶向药物或基因递送。
因此,本发明提供的相变型双模态纳米造影剂具有较好的临床双模态显像兼顾治疗作用,为临床肿瘤诊断、肿瘤治疗和治疗监测,以及实验室的相关研究都提供了良好的应用前景。
本发明提到的上述特征,或实施例提到的特征可以任意组合。本案说明书所揭示的所有特征可与任何组合物形式并用,说明书中所揭示的各个特征,可以任何可提供相同、均等或相似目的的替代性特征取代。因此除有特别说明,所揭示的特征仅为均等或相似特征的一般性例子。
本发明的主要优点在于:
1、本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂集成像和治疗于一体,在无荷药的情况下可实现靶向显像有助于临床诊断,在荷药的情况下可实现疾病病情监测和靶向治疗。
2、本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂尺寸是纳米级,在粒径上具有优势有利于通过肿瘤的EPR效应实现被动靶向;同时,通过在纳米造影剂表面修饰靶向基团实现组织特异性主动靶向,在造影水平上实现分子显像。
3、本发明提供的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂实现了纳米造影剂的双模态成像。
4、本发明提供的制备方法工艺简单、安全、温和,有助于扩大生产。
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,通常按照常规条件或按照制造厂商所建议的条件。除非另外说明,否则所有的百分数、比率、比例、或份数按重量计。本发明中的重量体积百分比中的单位是本领域技术人员所熟知的,例如是指在100毫升的溶液中溶质的重量(克)。除非另行定义,文中所使用的所有专业与科学用语与本领域熟练人员所熟悉的意义相同。此外,任何与所记载内容相似或均等的方法及材料皆可应用于本发明方法中。文中所述的较佳实施方法与材料仅作示范之用。
实施例1
制备靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂(PFH/siRNA/Fe3O4@Pt(IV)NPs-cRGD)
1)溶解:电子天平称取10.2mg PLGA-mPEG(分子量:12500,济南山东岱罡生工有限公司)、6.0mg PLGA-PEG-Mal(分子量:12000,济南山东岱罡生工有限公司)、1.8mgDOTAP、6.0mg DSPE-PEG-Pt(Ⅳ)(DSPE-PEG-NH2,分子量:1000,上海芃硕生物科技有限公司,Pt(Ⅳ)实验室衔接)室温下完全溶解于0.6mL氯仿,溶解过程保持密封状态,并将PFH充分溶解于有机相中;
2)超声:向有机相中加入80μL含有1.5nmol基因(siRNA序列为:CTGGGAGCCAGATGACGAC,广州锐博生物科技有限公司)和含铁0.92mg的经DEAPA修饰后表面带正电荷的Fe3O4纳米粒的DEPC水相,超声(功率325w,时间1min,超声为间断声振(on/off:2s/2s)的方式)后形成初乳;然后将初乳加入4mL 1%PVA(分子量:22000,New Jersey USA)水相中再次超声(功率550w,时间5min,超声为间断声振(on/off:2s/2s)的方式)后形成复乳;
3)挥发溶剂:将制备得到的纳米粒通过机械搅拌挥发溶剂;
4)衔接:在室温下将纳米粒与0.6mg cRGD(购自上海强耀生物科技有限公司)搅拌12h进行衔接反应;
5)离心分离:用超滤法(转速为5000rmp,时间为1h)除去未包载的基因;用离心(转速12000rmp,时间1h,2次)去除未包载的Fe3O4纳米粒,重悬后置于4℃冰箱保存。
所制备得到的本发明靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂如图1所示,包括含基因、磁性纳米粒和液态全氟化碳的核心,聚合物和磷脂壳膜,壳膜修饰有前药Pt(IV)和靶向基团。
实施例2
靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的表征和性能测定
一、实施例1制备的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的表征
(1)造影剂外观为均一透明褐色,静置无明显分层。
(2)Malvern激光粒径仪检测出纳米粒粒径约为307.9±19.80nm,使得其有穿过肿瘤毛细血管内皮间隙(100-780nm)的可能性,从而实现被动靶向,满足肿瘤靶向显像对造影剂的粒径要求;其粒径多分散指数PDI为0.273±0.02,说明其粒径较均一;该纳米粒Zeta电位为10.9±0.31mV,有利于靶向定位后细胞对造影剂的摄取,提高组织造影剂的浓度及细胞内药物浓度。
(3)如图2所示,透射电镜观察纳米粒形态为较为均一的圆球状,分散均匀。
(4)通过X线散射检测纳米粒内部铁元素,其散射峰具有铁特征峰;对Fe3O4纳米粒包裹前后进行磁性特征检测,均具有超顺磁特征。
二、实施例1制备的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的稳定性检测
(1)储存稳定性:在4℃保存条件下,在2周内该造影剂的粒径和电位基本保持不变,说明在该情况下制备的纳米粒具有良好的储存稳定性。
(2)抗降解作用:对纳米粒进行凝胶阻滞试验,具体步骤如下:用1×TAE溶液配制1%琼脂糖RNA电泳凝胶,将游离基因和包载基因的纳米粒及其分别与核酸酶在4度共孵育不同时间点的后的样品分别与RNA电泳显色剂和缓冲液混合后再加入凝胶孔中,在1×TAE溶液中用120V电泳20分钟后于生物电泳成像系统中进行观察。在一周内包载的基因具有良好的稳定性,并且在RNase存在的条件下仍能观察到包裹的基因被阻滞,说明该纳米粒对基因具有良好的保护作用。
(3)血清稳定性:在模拟体内循环稳定性实验中,具体步骤如下:将游离基因和包载基因的纳米粒分别与PBS、30%血清在37度共孵育于不同时间点测定其在500nm处的吸光度变化,通过二者在不同孵育环境中吸光度变化的对比来判断其稳定性。在两周内纳米粒与血清共孵育后其吸光度值未见明显升高,说明其具有良好的血清稳定性。
三、实施例1制备的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂中基因及载药量的测定
(1)基因包封率测定:通过超滤法测定基因的包封率为94.28%。
(2)药物载药量的测定:通过等离子体原子发射光谱方法测定纳米造影剂的载药量为3.46±0.33%。
四、实施例1制备的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂药物及基因释放
(1)基因释放,具体步骤如下:将游离基因和包载基因的纳米粒分别包在截留分子量为10万的透析袋中,让其在去核酸酶的PBS溶液中进行释放,在不同时间点取一定样品进行浓度检测,从而计算基因在各时间点的释放量。结果纳米造影剂具有较好的缓释作用,在24h时为16%,48h时为34%,之后逐渐增多一周达到68%。
(2)药物释放,具体步骤如下:将游离药物和荷载药物的纳米粒(含有谷胱甘肽)分别置于透析袋中,将其放于PBS中进行释放,在不同时间点取样进行检测铂的浓度,计算释放率并绘制释放曲线。结果纳米造影剂对药物铂的释放也具有缓释作用,在GSH的作用下,24h释放达到39%,之后缓慢上升于一周达到68%。
实施例3
靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的靶向性实验
实验分组为:
游离组-游离cy5-siRNA组(由广州锐博生物科技有限公司提供)
非靶向组-PFH/cy5-siRNA@Pt(IV)NPs组(按类似实施例1方法制备得到)
靶向组-PFH/cy5-siRNAs@Pt(IV)NPs-RGD组(按实施例1方法制备得到)
一、体外靶向性试验:
使用卵巢癌耐药株Skov3-DDP细胞进行靶向性研究,细胞核经Hoechst33342染色后于共聚焦显微镜下观察为蓝色,Cy5标记的基因被细胞摄取后在荧光显微镜下观察为红色。
实验结果:每一分组红色荧光信号均随时间的增加而增强、增多;同一时间点,游离组、非靶向组、靶向组红色荧光信号逐渐增强、增多的,这可以说明在体外,制备的纳米粒能促进细胞摄取,并且RGD具有良好的靶向作用。
二、体内靶向性试验:
使用卵巢癌耐药株Skov3-DDP细胞进行裸鼠皮下瘤模型的构建,在体内进行纳米粒靶向性的观察;
实验结果:在4h时,发现游离组在肿瘤部位基本无蓄积,而纳米粒在肿瘤部位有蓄积,并且修饰有靶向基团的纳米粒其肿瘤部位的蓄积作用更加明显;到8h时红色荧光范围增大。
实施例4
靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的体内双模态显像研究
一、靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体外增强超声显像研究
(1)取2mL制备的纳米造影剂装入乳胶手套指端,以等量的脱气水和SonoVue分别作为阴性对照组和阳性对照组。
(2)将上述乳胶手套分别涂上超声耦合剂,于小动物超声成像仪上进行体外成像研究,分别使用灰阶模式和造影模式进行观察,并用PS软件对图像回声强度进行测量,比较回声强度差别。
实验结果:灰阶模式和造影模式呈现一致的效果,脱气水组无增强超声显影作用,SonoVue组具有较强的增强显影作用,实施例1制备的纳米造影剂体外增强显影作用较强,并且在1-10min时间段内,其增强显像的作用逐渐增强,而10-30min其增强显影作用逐渐减弱,定量分析时在10min时其造影效果最强。
二、靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体内增强超声显像研究
将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为三组,一组三只,分别取实施例1制备的纳米造影剂、SonoVue及生理盐水200μL,尾静脉注射后对比注射前后肿瘤部位的显像效果。
实验结果:生理盐水组在各个时间点均未出现超声增强造影;SonoVue组显像时间较短,约1min即出现显像,5min有减弱,而10min左右消退;而实施例1制备的靶向纳米造影剂在4h时逐渐出现增强造影,在12h增强造影效果最强,而24h、48h造影逐渐减弱,而非靶向造影剂(未衔接有靶向基团RGD的本发明造影剂)在各个时间点较靶向造影剂增强显影的作用弱,由此可以看出其造影靶向性较好且持续时间较长,可达数小时,并且可以重复显像。
三、靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体外核磁显像研究
取2mL制备的本发明纳米造影剂(实施例1制备的纳米造影剂)装入EP管中,以等量的超纯水作为T2加权成像阳性对照组。
实验结果:本发明制备的纳米造影剂的T2信号有明显减弱。
四、靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂体内核磁显像研究
将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为三组,每组3只,分别向各组中尾静脉注入200μL钆剂、本发明靶向造影剂(实施例1制备的纳米造影剂)和非靶向造影剂(未衔接有靶向基团RGD的本发明造影剂),随后在不同时间点对各组进行T2核磁显像,比较其信号变化。
实验结果:钆剂在注入体内半小时即出现负性显像效果,之后逐渐减弱;而靶向纳米造影剂在2h出现负性显像,之后逐渐增强可持续三天,非靶向造影剂其负性显像效果较靶向弱。由此可进一步证明本发明的靶向性及其T2核磁负性显像作用。
结果表明,本发明提供的纳米造影剂的外壳材料部分加入了一定比例的磷脂,使得制备的靶向纳米造影剂在物理性质方面具有了PLGA的刚性和磷脂的柔性,包裹在内部的物质可能相应具有比单纯PLGA更灵活的体积可变性,可能使得超声相变压力变小和超声成像效果得到显著改善,有助于在无额外刺激的情况下实现超声显像。本发明使用的水溶性Fe3O4纳米粒被包裹在纳米颗粒中心和有机相中趋于中心的PFH能够有更多更集中的接触机会,实现两种造影剂的优化微观组装,有望最大限度促进PFH超声相变,从而提高超声显像效率;Fe3O4纳米粒被包裹在纳米粒中心的内水相具有相对于有机相中更好的稳定性,不易逸出纳米造影剂,便于核磁显像和促进超声显像;同时,在携带基因方面,能对Fe3O4纳米粒表面进行电荷修饰改变其表面电位,使得其呈现正电吸附基因。
体外研究中,本发明提供的纳米双模态造影剂能持续超声增强显影30分钟,其增强显像的特征是1-10min显像效果逐渐增强之后显像效果逐渐减弱。体内研究中,经裸鼠尾静脉注射造影剂后皮下瘤约4h出现超声增强显影,之后持续至约12h,其显像的持续性长,便于在一定时间段内重复观察,给超声科医生和患者更多的选择性,有利于疾病的诊断。同时,本发明制备的纳米粒进入人体内不易气化而粒径变大,需要在超声刺激下相变而显像,这使得靶向显像具有可控性。
体外研究中,本发明提供的纳米双模态造影剂中的Fe3O4纳米粒为水溶性的纳米粒,其表面含有羧基,经3-二乙胺基丙胺(DEAPA)修饰后可使Fe3O4纳米粒表面原本带的负电变为正电,有利于联合带正电的磷脂DOTAP吸附带负电的干扰RNA,实现显像和治疗的统一。体内研究中,经裸鼠尾静脉注射造影剂后皮下瘤约1h逐渐出现负性显影,之后负性显像逐渐增强直至12h,其后在三天内其增强负性显影的作用未见明显变化,这可能和铁在肿瘤内部的代谢较慢有关,利用这个特点可以实现肿瘤的长期核磁造影观察,持续监测病情,对于非靶向造影剂出现比靶向造影剂弱的持续性负性造影。
根据目前研究状况,基因治疗因其高效性和特异性具有广阔应用前景,但是携带基因的载体仍在探索之中。本发明提供的造影剂除了可以实现超声核磁双模态造影外还可根据患者需要携带个性化治疗基因实现精准治疗。同时,联合药物后能起到协同治疗效果,实现治疗效果最大化,随之也就实现了治疗监测和治疗一体化。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非用以限定本发明的实质技术内容范围,本发明的实质技术内容是广义地定义于申请的权利要求范围中,任何他人完成的技术实体或方法,若是与申请的权利要求范围所定义的完全相同,也或是一种等效的变更,均将被视为涵盖于该权利要求范围之中。

Claims (10)

1.一种超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂,包括壳膜及包裹其中的核心,其特征在于,所述核心包括Fe3O4纳米粒和液态PFH(全氟己烷);所述壳膜包括PLGA和磷脂。
2.如权利要求1所述的造影剂,其特征在于,所述核心包载、吸附或衔接有药物或基因。
3.如权利要求1所述的造影剂,其特征在于,所述壳膜包载或衔接有药物或基因。
4.如权利要求1所述的造影剂,其特征在于,所述PLGA和磷脂的质量比1-10∶1-10,优选3-8∶2-6。
5.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的造影剂,其特征在于,所述壳膜上衔接有靶向基团。
6.一种如权利要求1-5任一项所述的超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括步骤:
(1)使PFH溶解于含有PLGA、磷脂的有机溶剂的有机相中,得到有机相溶液1;
(2)向有机相溶液1中加入含有Fe3O4纳米粒的水相,超声形成初乳后将初乳加入有表面活性剂的水溶液中再超声形成复乳;
(3)除去有机相溶剂,得到如权利要求1-5任一项所述的超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂。
7.如权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)的有机相中溶解有药物、或含有衔接有药物的PLGA和/或磷脂;步骤(2)的水相溶解有药物或基因,或含有吸附或衔接有药物或吸附有基因的Fe3O4纳米粒。
8.如权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述超声在低温下进行。
9.如权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述方法还包括步骤:(4)使造影剂与靶向基团连接,得到靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂。
10.一种如权利要求1-5任一项所述的靶向超声相变型双模态显像纳米造影剂的应用。
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