CN110400247B - Printing, printing and shooting resistant semi-blind watermarking method based on color image - Google Patents
Printing, printing and shooting resistant semi-blind watermarking method based on color image Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
- G06T1/0071—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant using multiple or alternating watermarks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0051—Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0052—Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D10/00—Energy efficient computing, e.g. low power processors, power management or thermal management
Abstract
The invention relates to a printing, printing and shooting resistant semi-blind watermarking method based on a color image, which comprises the steps of firstly, converting a color carrier image into a YUV color space and partitioning a U component; then selecting sub-blocks with low energy to carry out DWT and SVD decomposition; and finally, normalizing and embedding the main color channel of the color QR code into the U component of the color carrier image by utilizing the stable characteristic of the coefficient difference value of the unitary matrix of the subblock to obtain a final watermark-containing image. The method has strong robustness on resisting printing, printing and shooting, and can still extract the color QR code and correctly identify copyright information after compression, filtering, rotation and cutting; the invisible and embedded amount is very good; the adopted mobile phone equipment is quick and convenient, and the technology has good practical application value in the aspect of commodity package anti-counterfeiting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an image anti-counterfeiting technology, in particular to a semi-blind watermarking method for resisting printing, printing and shooting based on a color image.
Background
In the commodity society, product packaging plays an important role, but the problem of counterfeit commodities is also becoming more serious. Therefore, the method is important for image anti-counterfeiting. With the development of the internet technology, the realization of intelligent authentication and anti-counterfeiting by using mobile terminals and QR codes commonly applied is a new research direction.
At present, the image anti-counterfeiting technology aiming at printing, printing and mobile phone shooting has a plurality of defects, such as difficulty in extracting secret information of an obtained image caused by ambient light brightness transformation when a product package identification image is shot by a mobile phone, incapability of completely extracting watermarks and the like caused by incapability of timely obtaining all original watermark information, and the problems are harmful to rights and interests of owners.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem of image extraction information in image anti-counterfeiting, the invention provides a color image-based anti-printing, printing and shooting semi-blind watermarking method, wherein a color QR code of anti-counterfeiting information is added on a product package mark, so that the color QR code is not influenced by the brightness of the environment, semi-blind extraction is realized, and the identification copyright information can be extracted after an image is shot by a convenient and quick mobile phone, so that the method has the characteristics of good concealment and strong robustness, and achieves the aim of authentication and anti-counterfeiting. .
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a semi-blind watermarking method for resisting printing, printing and shooting based on a color image, which comprises a watermarking information embedding and watermarking information extracting method,
the specific steps of watermark embedding are as follows:
1) Converting a color carrier image into a YUV color space, taking a U component image as a watermark embedding image, wherein the size of the carrier image is N multiplied by N;
2) Taking the characteristics of wavelet transformation into consideration, selecting the minimum block size as 8×8, dividing the U component diagram into
A plurality of non-overlapping sub-blocks;
3) Calculating the energy of each sub-block, selecting 20% -25% of sub-blocks with low energy in front of all sub-blocks to carry out watermark embedding, wherein the calculation formula of the energy of each sub-block is as follows:
wherein, I (a, b) is the pixel value of the sub-block image, a, b is the space domain coordinate of the sub-block image;
4) After DWT is carried out on the selected subblocks with low energy, SVD is carried out on the low-frequency subblocks of each subblock to obtain a corresponding U matrix, and a subblock decomposition formula with low energy of the selected mth subblock is as follows:
U m S m V m T ＝LL m (2)
wherein U is m 、V m Is unitary matrix; s is S m Is a diagonal array; LL (light-emitting diode) m A low frequency subband being a low energy m-th sub-block;
5) The watermark information to be embedded is normalized according to R, G, B three channels respectively, and the normalization formula is as follows:
wherein k represents R, G, B different components; w (W) k For embedded watermark information, W k * The watermark information is normalized;
6) Generating a random matrix Q with a value range of 0-1 k Based on R, G of normalized watermark and B component information W k * Adjusting random matrix Q k So that it satisfies the formula (4) to form 3 mapping matrices Q k The threshold value of the mapping matrix is q=0.5;
wherein i, j represents the row and column where the matrix element is located;
7) Selecting a main color channel component of the watermark, combining the mapping matrix to perform watermark embedding, and storing the mapping matrix of the other two secondary color channel components of the watermark as a secret key;
8) Watermark embedded dominant color channel component information: embedding watermark information into the selected mth sub-block U in combination with the mapping matrix of the watermark dominant color channel according to equations (5) and (6) m The method in the matrix is as follows:
wherein U is m (2, 1) and U m (3, 1) mth subblock U respectively m (i, j) elements of the second row and first column and elements of the third row and first column in the matrix sign (U) m (3, 1)) means U m Symbols of (3, 1), U avg ＝(|U m (2,1)|+|U m (3,1)|)/2，|U m (2, 1) | represents U m The absolute value of (2, 1), t represents the watermark embedding strength; the main color channel component information method of embedding watermark into other sub-blocks is the same;
9) For modified mth block subblock U × m The matrix is subjected to SVD inverse transformation, and the low frequency sub-blocks of the sub-blocks are reconstructedBelt LL * m The formula is:
LL * m ＝U * m S m V m T (7)
other sub-blocks are processed in the same way;
10 Performing inverse DWT transform on the low frequency subbands of all the embedded sub-block images to reconstruct the sub-block images;
11 Synthesizing all the sub-block images to reconstruct the U component of the watermark-containing image;
12 Y, V component of the color carrier image and the U component of the reconstructed watermark image are combined and converted into RGB color space to obtain the final watermark-containing color carrier image;
the watermark extraction comprises the following specific steps:
A. converting the watermark-containing color carrier image into a YUV color space and dividing the U component into 8×8 non-overlapping sub-blocks;
B. selecting the first 20% -25% of low-energy sub-blocks according to an embedding mode to carry out DWT, and carrying out low-frequency sub-band LL 'of each sub-block' m SVD decomposition is carried out to obtain corresponding U' m A matrix;
C. according to each block U' m The second row and first column coefficients U 'of the matrix' m (2, 1) and third row first column coefficient U' m And (3, 1) extracting watermark dominant color channel information, wherein the formula is as follows:
wherein W' k (i, j) is the extracted watermark host channel component information;
D. reconstructing the watermark information of the other two secondary color channel components by using the stored secret key; E. watermark W 'of R, G, B component to be extracted' k Respectively carrying out inverse normalization, wherein the formula is as follows:
W k w ＝W' k ×255 (9)
F. and carrying out three-channel combination on the inversely normalized R, G, B component watermark information to obtain a final extracted watermark image.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the anti-printing, printing and shooting semi-blind watermarking method based on the color image ensures that watermark information can be extracted from the watermark-containing image through printing, printing and shooting and can be correctly identified after the watermark-containing image is printed, printed and shot and attacked; the embedded information is large in amount and good in invisibility; the technology adopts mobile phone equipment conveniently and rapidly, and has good application value in the aspect of intelligent development of product package authentication anti-counterfeiting.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the anti-printing, printing and photographing semi-blind watermarking method embedding based on color images of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flow chart of the extraction of the anti-printing, printing and photographing semi-blind watermarking method based on color images according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to a semi-blind watermarking method based on printing, printing and shooting resistance of a color image, which is a watermarking method: firstly, converting a color carrier image into a YUV color space, and partitioning a U component to obtain a plurality of non-overlapping sub-blocks; then selecting a sub-block with low energy from the sub-blocks to carry out DWT (discrete wavelet transform) and SVD (singular value decomposition) to obtain a corresponding sub-block unitary matrix; and finally, utilizing the stable characteristic of the unitary matrix coefficient difference value of the subblocks to normalize and embed the R channel of the color QR code into the U component of the color carrier image, and obtaining the final watermark-containing image. The watermark extraction method is inverse operation of embedding watermark. The method for embedding the semi-blind watermark based on printing, printing and shooting resistance of the color image as shown in fig. 1 is embedded into a flow chart, and specifically comprises the following implementation steps:
1. the color carrier image is converted into a YUV color space, the conversion amount based on the mean value and variance of the U component under different ambient light brightness is small, the stability is good, the U component image is taken as a watermark embedding image, and the size of the carrier image is N multiplied by N;
2. taking the characteristics of wavelet transformation into consideration, selecting the minimum block size as 8×8, dividing the U component diagram into
A plurality of non-overlapping sub-blocks;
3. the energy of each sub-block is calculated, and in order to meet the requirements of invisibility and robustness, sub-blocks with 20-25% of low energy in front of all sub-blocks are selected for watermark embedding, and the calculation formula of the energy of each sub-block is as follows:
wherein I (a, b) is a pixel value of the sub-block image, and a, b are spatial domain coordinates of the sub-block image.
4. After DWT is carried out on the selected subblocks with low energy, SVD is carried out on the low-frequency subblocks of each subblock to obtain a corresponding U matrix, and a subblock decomposition formula with low energy of the selected mth subblock is as follows:
U m S m V m T ＝LL m (2)
wherein U is m 、V m Is unitary matrix; s is S m Is a diagonal array; LL (light-emitting diode) m A low frequency subband being a low energy m-th sub-block;
5. the watermark information (color QR code) to be embedded is normalized according to R, G, B three channels respectively, and the normalization formula is as follows:
wherein k represents R, G, B different components; w (W) k For embedded watermark information, W k * Is the normalized watermark information.
6. Generating a random matrix Q with a value range of 0-1 k Based on R, G of normalized watermark and B component information W k * Adjusting random matrix Q k So that it satisfies the formula (4) to form 3 mapping matrices Q k The threshold value of the mapping matrix is q=0.5;
wherein i, j represent the row and column where the matrix element is located;
7. selecting a main color channel component of the watermark, combining the mapping matrix to perform watermark embedding, and storing the mapping matrix of the other two secondary color channel components of the watermark as a secret key;
8. the watermark embedded dominant color channel component information. Embedding watermark information into the selected mth sub-block U in combination with the mapping matrix of the watermark dominant color channel according to equations (5) and (6) m The method in the matrix is as follows:
wherein U is m (2, 1) and U m (3, 1) mth subblock U respectively m (i, j) elements of the second row and first column and elements of the third row and first column in the matrix sign (U) m (3, 1)) means U m Symbols of (3, 1), U avg ＝(|U m (2,1)|+|U m (3,1)|)/2，|U m (2, 1) | represents U m The absolute value of (2, 1), t represents the watermark embedding strength; the main color channel component information method of embedding watermark into other sub-blocks is the same;
9. for modified mth block subblock U × m The matrix is subjected to SVD inverse transformation, and the low-frequency sub-band LL of the sub-block is reconstructed * m The formula is:
LL * m ＝U * m S m V m T (7)
other sub-blocks are processed in the same way;
10. performing inverse DWT (discrete wavelet transform) on low-frequency subbands of all embedded sub-block images to reconstruct the sub-block images;
11. synthesizing all the sub-block images to reconstruct the U component of the watermark-containing image;
12. the Y, V component of the color carrier image and the U component of the reconstructed watermark image are combined and converted to RGB color space to yield the final watermark-containing color carrier image.
The extraction flow chart of the anti-printing, printing and shooting semi-blind watermarking method based on the color image shown in fig. 2 comprises the following specific implementation steps:
1. converting the watermark-containing color carrier image into a YUV color space and dividing the U component into 8×8 non-overlapping sub-blocks;
2. selecting the first 20% -25% of low-energy sub-blocks according to an embedding mode to carry out DWT, and carrying out low-frequency sub-band LL 'of each sub-block' m SVD decomposition is carried out to obtain corresponding U' m A matrix;
3. according to each block U' m The second row and first column coefficients U 'of the matrix' m (2, 1) and third row first column coefficient U' m And (3, 1) extracting watermark dominant color channel information, wherein the formula is as follows:
wherein W' k (i, j) is the extracted watermark host channel component information;
4. reconstructing the watermark information of the other two secondary color channel components by using the stored secret key;
5. watermark W 'of R, G, B component to be extracted' k Respectively carrying out inverse normalization, wherein the formula is as follows:
W k w ＝W' k ×255 (9)
6. and carrying out three-channel combination on the inversely normalized R, G, B component watermark information to obtain a final extracted watermark image.
In an important embodiment of the invention, the color carrier image is converted from the RGB color space to the YUV color space, and then the sub-blocks with low energy are selected in the U component to embed watermark information. The YUV color space is more in line with the visual characteristics of human eyes, the brightness and the chromaticity are separated, and the influence of the color is small when the brightness is transformed; the U component of the image has good stability under different environmental light brightness, and the main color channel of the watermark information is embedded into the U component of the color carrier image, so that the watermark information is not easy to lose, and the anti-printing, printing and shooting robustness of the algorithm is enhanced; the subblocks with low energy are selected as watermark embedding areas in the U component, so that the concealment of watermark information is improved; meanwhile, the secondary color component of the watermark is saved as a key, so that semi-blind embedding is realized, and complete extraction of watermark information is facilitated.
Claims (1)
1. A semi-blind watermarking method for resisting printing, printing and shooting based on a color image is characterized by comprising a watermarking information embedding and watermarking information extracting method,
the specific steps of watermark embedding are as follows:
1) Converting a color carrier image into a YUV color space, taking a U component image as a watermark embedding image, wherein the size of the carrier image is N multiplied by N;
2) Taking the characteristics of wavelet transformation into consideration, selecting the minimum block size as 8×8, dividing the U component diagram into
A plurality of non-overlapping sub-blocks;
3) Calculating the energy of each sub-block, selecting 20% -25% of sub-blocks with low energy in front of all sub-blocks to carry out watermark embedding, wherein the calculation formula of the energy of each sub-block is as follows:
wherein, I (a, b) is the pixel value of the sub-block image, a, b is the space domain coordinate of the sub-block image;
4) After DWT is carried out on the selected subblocks with low energy, SVD is carried out on the low-frequency subblocks of each subblock to obtain a corresponding U matrix, and a subblock decomposition formula with low energy of the selected mth subblock is as follows:
U m S m V m T ＝LL m (2)
wherein U is m 、V m Is unitary matrix; s is S m Is a diagonal array; LL (light-emitting diode) m A low frequency subband being a low energy m-th sub-block;
5) The watermark information to be embedded is normalized according to R, G, B three channels respectively, and the normalization formula is as follows:
wherein k represents R, G, B different components; w (W) k For embedded watermark information, W k * The watermark information is normalized;
6) Generating a random matrix Q with a value range of 0-1 k Based on R, G of normalized watermark and B component information W k * Adjusting random matrix Q k So that it satisfies the formula (4) to form 3 mapping matrices Q k The threshold value of the mapping matrix is q=0.5;
wherein i, j represents the row and column where the matrix element is located;
7) Selecting a main color channel component of the watermark, combining the mapping matrix to perform watermark embedding, and storing the mapping matrix of the other two secondary color channel components of the watermark as a secret key;
8) Watermark embedded dominant color channel component information: embedding watermark information into the selected mth sub-block U in combination with the mapping matrix of the watermark dominant color channel according to equations (5) and (6) m The method in the matrix is as follows:
wherein U is m (2, 1) and U m (3, 1) mth subblock U respectively m (i, j) elements of the first column of the second row and the third row in the matrixElements of the first column, sign (U m (3, 1)) means U m The sign of (3, 1),
U avg ＝(|U m (2,1)|+|U m (3,1)|)/2，|U m (2, 1) | represents U m The absolute value of (2, 1), t represents the watermark embedding strength; the main color channel component information method of embedding watermark into other sub-blocks is the same;
9) For modified mth block subblock U × m The matrix is subjected to SVD inverse transformation, and the low-frequency sub-band LL of the sub-block is reconstructed * m The formula is:
LL * m ＝U * m S m V m T (7)
other sub-blocks are processed in the same way;
10 Performing inverse DWT transform on the low frequency subbands of all the embedded sub-block images to reconstruct the sub-block images;
11 Synthesizing all the sub-block images to reconstruct the U component of the watermark-containing image;
12 Y, V component of the color carrier image and the U component of the reconstructed watermark image are combined and converted into RGB color space to obtain the final watermark-containing color carrier image;
the watermark extraction comprises the following specific steps:
A. converting the watermark-containing color carrier image into a YUV color space and dividing the U component into 8×8 non-overlapping sub-blocks;
B. selecting the first 20% -25% of low-energy sub-blocks according to an embedding mode to carry out DWT, and carrying out low-frequency sub-band LL 'of each sub-block' m SVD decomposition is carried out to obtain corresponding U' m A matrix;
C. according to each block U' m The second row and first column coefficients U 'of the matrix' m (2, 1) and third row first column coefficient U' m And (3, 1) extracting watermark dominant color channel information, wherein the formula is as follows:
wherein W' k (i, j) is the extracted watermark's primary channel componentInformation;
D. reconstructing the watermark information of the other two secondary color channel components by using the stored secret key;
E. watermark W 'of R, G, B component to be extracted' k Respectively carrying out inverse normalization, wherein the formula is as follows:
F. and carrying out three-channel combination on the inversely normalized R, G, B component watermark information to obtain a final extracted watermark image.
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