CN110361100B - Photon counting imaging detector - Google Patents
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- CN110361100B CN110361100B CN201910551877.2A CN201910551877A CN110361100B CN 110361100 B CN110361100 B CN 110361100B CN 201910551877 A CN201910551877 A CN 201910551877A CN 110361100 B CN110361100 B CN 110361100B
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- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009461 vacuum packaging Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008094 contradictory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000799 fluorescence microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J11/00—Measuring the characteristics of individual optical pulses or of optical pulse trains
Abstract
The invention provides a photon counting imaging detector, which comprises a plurality of microchannel plates which are arranged in a stacking way, a position coding anode which is positioned below the microchannel plates, the position-coding anode comprises a position-coding anode electron group receiving layer, a position-coding anode charge induction layer and a position-coding anode capacitance conduction layer, insulating media are arranged between the position coding anode electron group receiving layer and the position coding anode charge induction layer and between the position coding anode charge induction layer and the position coding anode capacitance conduction layer, the microchannel plate, the position-coded anode electron group receiving layer, the position-coded anode charge induction layer and the position-coded anode capacitance conduction layer are all arranged in a vacuum chamber, the photon counting imaging detector provided by the invention can simultaneously realize high imaging resolution and high photon counting rate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of weak and extremely weak target imaging detection, in particular to a photon counting imaging detector.
Background
In important fields of space astronomy, particle detection, biological fluorescence imaging and the like, researchers have more and more urgent needs for detecting weak targets or particles. Imaging of such objects requires the use of imaging detectors based on photon counting mode. The photon counting imaging detector can record the space position information of single photon or charged particle and realize the detection of target radiation quantity in a counting and accumulating mode. The method has the advantages of ultra-low noise and ultra-high sensitivity, and can carry out imaging detection on a weak target through long-time photon counting imaging.
Photon counting imaging detectors generally consist of a microchannel plate for photoelectric conversion-electron multiplication, a position-coding anode for coding the positions of photons, and imaging electronics for decoding the positions of photons. According to different position coding anode principles, the detector can be divided into a charge signal coding measurement type and a photon arrival time coding type photon counting detector; the charge signal coding anode is divided into charge signal resistance coding and charge signal geometric coding. The charge signal coding anode has the defects of large impedance and capacitance resistance, influences on the measurement signal-to-noise ratio and the time response speed of the charge signal, causes low spatial resolution and counting rate of an imaging detector, and has unsatisfactory imaging performance. Photon counting imaging detectors that encode the anode based on the arrival time can decode the spatial location of the photons by measuring the time of charge propagation to the four endpoints of the anode; because it is based on the time measurement principle, the position and the arrival time of the photon can be measured simultaneously; the existing arrival time coding photon counting detector is like a common delay line and the like, the impedance and the capacitance of the anode of the existing arrival time coding photon counting detector are also large, the defects of large noise and slow time response exist, and the counting rate can only be 100Kcps generally.
Therefore, there are two problems in these detectors based on different position encoding principles at present: 1) the counting rate of the detector based on charge signal coding is contradictory to the imaging resolution, and the counting rate of the detector has a bottleneck, generally not exceeding 100 kcps; at the same time, such detectors cannot provide photon arrival time information; 2) although the current detector based on arrival time coding can simultaneously measure the position and time information of the arriving photon, the defects of high noise and slow time response exist, and the spatial resolution and the counting rate performance of the detector have obvious restrictions.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the foregoing, there is a need to provide a photon counting imaging detector that can simultaneously achieve, spatially resolve, target radiation intensity detection and photon arrival time detection with respect to the drawbacks of the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a photon counting imaging detector comprises a plurality of stacked microchannel plates and a position coding anode positioned below the microchannel plates, wherein the position coding anode comprises a position coding anode electron group receiving layer, a position coding anode charge induction layer and a position coding anode capacitance conduction layer, insulating media are arranged between the position coding anode electron group receiving layer and the position coding anode charge induction layer and between the position coding anode charge induction layer and the position coding anode capacitance conduction layer, the microchannel plates, the position coding anode electron group receiving layer, the position coding anode charge induction layer and the position coding anode capacitance conduction layer are all arranged in a small vacuum packaging chamber, and a small vacuum packaging window is formed in the front end of the vacuum chamber.
In some preferred embodiments, the position-coded anode charge sensing layer is a metal square plate array, and the metal square plate array and the position-coded anode electron group receiving layer form a flat capacitor.
In some preferred embodiments, the position-encoded anode capacitance conductive layer is a metal square array.
In some preferred embodiments, the distance between the position-encoded anode charge sensing layer and the position-encoded anode electron cluster receiving layer is adjustable.
In some preferred embodiments, the square array of position encoded anode charge sensing layers and the metal square array of position encoded anode capacitance conducting layers are staggered and overlapped to form an equal mutual capacitance.
In some preferred embodiments, an equal mutual capacitance exists between each square unit of the metal square array in the position-coding anode charge sensing layer and eight square units around the metal square array, so that the position-coding anode charge sensing layer and the position-coding anode capacitance conducting layer form a capacitor array formed by parallel connection of independent capacitor units.
In some preferred embodiments, in the capacitor array, the capacitance between the four readout electrodes of the position encoded anode capacitance conductive layer and the distance between the readout electrode and each square unit in the position encoded anode charge sensing layer are in linear relationship.
In some preferred embodiments, the capacitance between each square cell in the position encoded anode charge sensing layer and the readout electrode is in the range of 0.1pf to 5 pf.
The invention adopts the technical scheme that the method has the advantages that:
the invention provides a photon counting imaging detector, which comprises a plurality of microchannel plates arranged in a stacking way and a position coding anode positioned below the microchannel plates, wherein the position coding anode comprises a position coding anode electron group receiving layer, a position coding anode charge induction layer and a position coding anode capacitance conduction layer, insulating mediums are respectively arranged between the position coding anode electron group receiving layer and the position coding anode charge induction layer and between the position coding anode charge induction layer and the position coding anode capacitance conduction layer, the microchannel plates, the position coding anode electron group receiving layer, the position coding anode charge induction layer and the position coding anode capacitance conduction layer are all arranged in a vacuum chamber, a vacuum window is arranged on the side edge of the vacuum chamber, photons enter the vacuum chamber through the vacuum window and impact the inner wall of a micro-pore of the microchannel plate to be converted into electrons, under the action of accelerating voltage, the inner wall of the micropore is impacted for multiple times to generate an avalanche effect, an electron group is formed and is emitted out from the other end of the micropore, and the electron group falls on the position coding anode, so that the noise generated by the position decoding anode in imaging electronics can be greatly reduced, the time response characteristic of a signal transmission link is greatly improved, and high imaging resolution and high photon counting rate are realized; in addition, aiming at the rapid time response characteristic of the anode, a new imaging electronics measuring method is adopted to realize rapid photon position-arrival time simultaneous detection.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a photon counting imaging detector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the position-coded anode according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, a schematic structural diagram of a photon counting imaging detector 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: the micro-channel plate comprises a plurality of stacked micro-channel plates 110 and a position-coded anode 120 positioned below the micro-channel plates 110, wherein the position-coded anode 120 comprises a position-coded anode electron group receiving layer 121, a position-coded anode charge induction layer 122 and a position-coded anode capacitance conduction layer 123, insulating mediums 130 are respectively arranged between the position-coded anode electron group receiving layer 121 and the position-coded anode charge induction layer 122 and between the position-coded anode charge induction layer 122 and the position-coded anode capacitance conduction layer 123, the micro-channel plates 110, the position-coded anode electron group receiving layer 121, the position-coded anode charge induction layer 122 and the position-coded anode capacitance conduction layer 123 are all arranged in a vacuum chamber 140, and a vacuum window 150 is arranged at the front end of the vacuum chamber 140. The structure and composition of each component of the photon counting imaging detector are explained in detail below.
In some preferred embodiments, the plurality of stacked microchannel plates 110 form a zigzag channel.
It can be understood that photons enter the detector vacuum chamber 140 through the vacuum window 150, and strike the inner wall of the micro-hole of the micro-channel plate 110 to be converted into electrons, and strike the inner wall of the micro-channel plate 110 multiple times in the micro-hole under the action of the accelerating voltage to generate an avalanche effect, so as to form an electron group, and the electron group is emitted from the other end of the micro-hole and falls on the position-coded anode 120.
In some preferred embodiments, the front window of the vacuum window 150 is MgF2 glass.
Referring to fig. 2, a schematic diagram of the position-coded anode 120 according to the embodiment of the invention is shown.
In some preferred embodiments, the position encoded anode electron group receiving layer 121 is a high resistance germanium layer.
In some preferred embodiments, the position-encoded anode charge inducing layer 122 is disposed on the metal square plate array 1, and the metal square plate array 1 and the position-encoded anode electron group receiving layer 121 form a plate capacitor, so as to generate induced charges.
In some preferred embodiments, the position-encoded anode capacitance conducting layer 123 is a metal square array 2, and induced charges generated by the position-encoded anode capacitance conducting layer 123 and the position-encoded anode charge induction layer 122 are conducted to the readout electrode 3.
It is understood that the distance between the position-encoded anode charge sensing layer 122 and the position-encoded anode electron cluster receiving layer 121 is adjustable, and the electric quantity and the spatial range of the induced charges can be changed by adjusting the distance between the two layers.
In some preferred embodiments, the metal square array 1 of the position-encoded anode charge sensing layer 122 and the position-encoded anode capacitance conducting layer 123 are metal square arrays 2 overlapped in a staggered manner to form an equal mutual capacitance.
It can be understood that, since the metal square sheet array 1 of the position-coded anode charge sensing layer 122 and the position-coded anode capacitance conducting layer 123 are overlapped in a staggered manner by the metal square sheet array 2, so that an equal mutual capacitance exists between each square unit in the metal square array in the position-coded anode charge sensing layer 122 and eight square units around the metal square array, the position-coded anode charge sensing layer 122 and the position-coded anode capacitance conducting layer 123 form a capacitance array formed by parallel connection of independent capacitance units, and in the array, the capacitance between each unit in the metal square array in the position-coded anode charge sensing layer 122 and four readout electrodes 3 of the position-coded anode capacitance conducting layer 123 is in a linear relationship with the distance between each readout electrode and each unit in the metal square array in the position-coded anode charge sensing layer 122.
Due to the linear relation of the capacitance, when the electron cloud falls on a certain block unit of the charge sensing layer, the reading signal of each reading electrode is also in linear relation with the distance between the block unit and the reading electrode, so that the capacitance array has position resolution capability.
It can be understood that after passing through a metal square array unit of the position-encoded anode charge sensing layer 122, the induced charge is divided by the four readout electrodes 3 of the position-encoded anode capacitance conducting layer according to the capacitance relationship between the four readout electrodes and the square array unit, the amount of the induced charge distributed by each readout electrode is also in a linear relationship with the spatial position, and the incident position of the corresponding photon can be calculated by measuring the amount of the distributed charge of the readout electrode.
The capacitance between each square unit in the position-encoded anode charge sensing layer 122 and the readout electrode 3 is in the range of 0.1pf to 5pf, so that the input capacitance of the position-encoded anode 120 relative to the measurement circuit is also in the range, compared with other anodes, the input noise is greatly reduced, the measurement signal-to-noise ratio of the charge signal is improved, and the possibility of greatly improving the time response characteristic of the measurement circuit is provided.
It will be appreciated that the position encoded anode electron bolus receiving layer 121 of the position encoded anode 120 collects the electron boluses and the position encoded anode charge sensing layer 122 at the landing position has about the same amount of charge, divided linearly according to a certain law by the readout electrodes on the position encoded anode capacitance conducting layer 123.
The photon counting imaging detector provided by the invention has the following working principle:
photons enter a detector vacuum chamber 140 through a vacuum window 150, impact the inner wall of a micro-pore of a micro-channel plate 110 to be converted into electrons, impact the inner wall of the micro-pore plate 110 for multiple times under the action of an accelerating voltage to generate an avalanche effect, form electron clusters and exit from the other end of the micro-pore, fall on a position coding anode 120, a position coding anode electron cluster receiving layer 121 collects the electron clusters, and generates approximately equal charges on a position coding anode charge induction layer 122, the charges are linearly divided by a reading electrode of a position coding anode capacitance conduction layer 123 according to a certain rule, then are input to a preamplifier 4 and integrate and output a voltage signal, the charges are rapidly charged by a charge and discharge capacitor 5 and then are discharged according to a fixed time, and a voltage signal attenuated according to time equal proportion is output; comparing the voltage signal with a threshold signal of a comparator 6, if the voltage signal is greater than the threshold signal, the comparator 7 outputs a high level signal, otherwise, a low level signal is output, thus converting the voltage signal into a pulse signal with a certain width; measuring the time width of the pulse signal by a fast crystal oscillator and FPGA counting module 8, and recording the rising edge timestamp of each pulse signal; finally, the time widths of the pulses generated by the four paths of reading electrodes are calculated by the calculating unit 9 according to a position decoding algorithm, so that the positions of the photons can be obtained through decoding, and the arrival time of the photons can be obtained by averaging the time stamps of the rising edges of the four paths of pulses generated by one photon.
According to the photon counting imaging detector provided by the invention, photons enter a vacuum chamber through a vacuum window, impact the inner wall of a micro-pore of a micro-channel plate and are converted into electrons, and impact the inner wall in the micro-pore for multiple times under the action of accelerating voltage to generate an avalanche effect, so that an electron cluster is formed and is emitted from the other end of the micro-pore, and the electron cluster falls on a position coding anode, so that the noise generated by the position decoding anode in imaging electronics can be greatly reduced, the time response characteristic of a signal transmission link is greatly improved, and high imaging resolution and high photon counting rate are realized; in addition, aiming at the rapid time response characteristic of the anode, a new imaging electronics measuring method is adopted to realize rapid photon position-arrival time simultaneous detection.
Of course, the photon counting imaging detector of the present invention may have various changes and modifications, and is not limited to the specific structure of the above embodiments. In conclusion, the scope of the present invention should include those changes or substitutions and modifications which are obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Claims (4)
1. A photon counting imaging detector is characterized by comprising a plurality of microchannel plates arranged in a stacking mode, and a position coding anode positioned below the microchannel plates, wherein the position coding anode comprises a position coding anode electron group receiving layer, a position coding anode charge induction layer and a position coding anode capacitance conduction layer, insulating media are arranged between the position coding anode electron group receiving layer and the position coding anode charge induction layer and between the position coding anode charge induction layer and the position coding anode capacitance conduction layer, the microchannel plates, the position coding anode electron group receiving layer, the position coding anode charge induction layer and the position coding anode capacitance conduction layer are all arranged in a small vacuum packaging chamber, a vacuum window is arranged at the front end of the small vacuum packaging chamber, and the position coding anode charge induction layer is arranged in a metal square sheet array mode, the metal square sheet array and the position coding anode electron group receiving layer form a flat capacitor, the position coding anode capacitor conducting layer is arranged for the metal square sheet array, the distance between the position coding anode charge sensing layer and the position coding anode electron group receiving layer is adjustable, and the metal square sheet array of the position coding anode charge sensing layer and the position coding anode capacitor conducting layer are overlapped in a staggered mode to form an equivalent mutual capacitor.
2. The photon counting imaging detector according to claim 1, wherein an equal mutual capacitance exists between each square unit and the eight square units around the square unit in the metal square array in the position-coded anode charge sensing layer, so that the position-coded anode charge sensing layer and the position-coded anode capacitance conducting layer form a capacitance array formed by parallel connection of independent capacitance units.
3. The photon counting imaging detector in accordance with claim 2, wherein the capacitance between the four readout electrodes of said position encoded anode capacitive conductive layer and the distance of a readout electrode from each square cell in said position encoded anode charge sensing layer in said capacitive array are linear.
4. The photon counting imaging detector in claim 3, wherein the capacitance between each square cell in the position encoded anode charge sensing layer and the readout electrode is in the range of 0.1pF to 5 pF.
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