CN110351073B - Multi-wavelength modulation-demodulation structure, photon emitting device and photon receiving device - Google Patents

Multi-wavelength modulation-demodulation structure, photon emitting device and photon receiving device Download PDF

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CN110351073B
CN110351073B CN201810300890.6A CN201810300890A CN110351073B CN 110351073 B CN110351073 B CN 110351073B CN 201810300890 A CN201810300890 A CN 201810300890A CN 110351073 B CN110351073 B CN 110351073B
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CN110351073A (en
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贺佳坤
祁帆
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
    • H04L9/0858—Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding

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  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
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Abstract

The application discloses a multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure, a photon emitting device and a photon receiving device, relates to the field of quantum communication, and is used for improving the integration level of a QKD system. A multi-wavelength modem structure comprising: an unequal-arm interferometer, the unequal-arm interferometer comprising a long arm, a plurality of single-wavelength modems being connected in series on the long arm of the unequal-arm interferometer, each single-wavelength modulator being used for modulating or demodulating photons of a specific wavelength, the single-wavelength modems modulating one dimension of photons of a specific wavelength in a specific quantum state when the multi-wavelength modulation-demodulation structure is used for modulation; when the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure is used for demodulation, the single-wavelength modem demodulates the quantum state of photons with specific wavelengths in the same dimension. The embodiment of the application is applied to quantum communication.

Description

Multi-wavelength modulation-demodulation structure, photon emitting device and photon receiving device
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of quantum communication, and in particular, to a multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure, a photon emitting device, and a photon receiving device.
Background
With the rapid progress in the field of quantum optics, many single photon-based applications including quantum communication and quantum computing are increasingly being realized. Quantum communication, which refers to the transmission, exchange, and analysis of quantum information (quantum state of a qubit) in different network nodes; alternatively, the keys may be transmitted, exchanged and analyzed only in quantum states, and the information to be communicated is first encrypted with the keys and then transmitted by way of typical communications. One of its main applications is Quantum encryption, also known as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).
As with classical communication, there is also a transmission rate problem in QKD. On one hand, the transmission rate of a single channel can be improved as much as possible; on the other hand, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) in classical optical fiber communication may also be used to transmit multiple QKD channels in parallel.
Referring to fig. 1, in the prior art, a photon emitting device 11 and a photon receiving device 12 multiplex photons with different wavelengths through a single Asymmetric Mach-zehnder Interferometer (AMZI) device, but phase modulation is performed on photons with different wavelengths by using a plurality of WDM modules, which occupy a large space on a chip and are not favorable for on-chip integration.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the application provides a multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure which is used for improving the integration level of a QKD system.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the embodiment of the present application adopts the following technical solutions:
in a first aspect, a multi-wavelength modem structure is provided, including: the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure is used for modulating one dimension of photons with specific wavelength in a specific quantum state by the single wavelength modem; when the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure is used for demodulation, the single-wavelength modem demodulates the quantum state of photons with specific wavelengths in the same dimension. The multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure provided by the application is characterized in that a plurality of micro-ring structures which resonate at specific wavelengths are coupled on the long arm of the unequal-arm interferometer to form a micro-ring resonator which resonates at the specific wavelengths, and the modulation and demodulation of photons at the specific wavelengths can be realized. And the photon with specific wavelength can be modulated and demodulated, and simultaneously, the propagation of other photons is not influenced, and extra loss is not increased. Compared with the prior art, the speed requirement of the electric control system is reduced. In addition, combining the advantages of integrated optics, better scalability is provided.
In one possible embodiment, the dimensions include at least one of: phase, arrival time, intensity, polarization. This embodiment introduces that the dimension of the modulated or demodulated photons can include a number of aspects.
In one possible embodiment, the single wavelength modem is a microring resonator comprising a straight waveguide of the long arm of the unequal arm interferometer and a microring structure coupled to the straight waveguide, the microring resonator resonating with photons of a particular wavelength. This embodiment provides a specific implementation of a single wavelength modem.
In one possible embodiment, the micro-ring structure couples two adjacent straight waveguides with phase or arrival time as the dimension. This embodiment provides a specific implementation of the microring resonator.
In one possible embodiment, the external interference cavity length of the microring structure is equal to the circumference of the microring structure when the dimension is phase. This embodiment provides a specific implementation of the microring resonator.
In one possible embodiment, the dimension is the arrival time, and the external interference cavity length of the micro-ring structure is not equal to the perimeter of the micro-ring structure. This embodiment provides a specific implementation of the microring resonator.
In one possible embodiment, the microring structure has one coupling to a straight waveguide with the polarization or intensity dimension. This embodiment provides a specific implementation of the microring resonator.
In one possible embodiment, the unequal arm interferometer is an asymmetric mach-zehnder interferometer. This embodiment provides a specific implementation of the unequal arm interferometer.
In a second aspect, there is provided a photon emitting device comprising: the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure is used for modulating photons with multiple wavelengths respectively, and an output end of the multi-wavelength single photon light source is connected to an input end of the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure.
In a third aspect, a photon receiving device is provided, comprising: the wavelength-sensitive single-photon detector comprises a wavelength-sensitive single-photon detector and a multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure as described in the first aspect and any one of the embodiments of the first aspect, wherein the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure is used for respectively demodulating photons with multiple wavelengths, and an output end of the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure is connected to an input end of the wavelength-sensitive single-photon detector.
In addition, the technical effects brought by any one of the design methods of the second aspect to the third aspect can be referred to the technical effects brought by the different design methods of the first aspect, and are not described herein again.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a first schematic structural diagram of a photon emitting device and a photon receiving device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a photon emitting device and a photon receiving device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 3 is a first schematic structural diagram of a microring resonator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a design principle of a micro-ring resonator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of photons passing through a micro-ring structure and not passing through a micro-ring structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an effect of phase modulation of photons by a micro-ring resonator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a microring resonator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an effect of photons intensity-modulated by a micro-ring resonator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a principle of time-of-arrival modulation of photons according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a principle of polarization modulation of photons according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of a microring resonator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating an effect of polarization modulation of photons by a micro-ring resonator according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The embodiment of the present application provides a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system, which is shown in fig. 2 and includes a photon emitting device (colloquially referred to as Alice end) 11 and a photon receiving device (colloquially referred to as Bob end) 12. The transmitting end 11 comprises a multi-wavelength single photon light source 111 and a first multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure 112; the receiving end 12 comprises a wavelength sensitive single photon detector 121 and a second multi-wavelength modem structure 122.
The multi-wavelength single photon light source 111 may include multiple single photon light sources 1111 or may be a photon light source that can emit multi-wavelength photons. The output end of the multi-wavelength single photon light source 111 is connected to the input end of the first multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure 112. The plurality of single photon light sources 1111 are respectively configured to emit photons of different wavelengths. The single photon light source 1111 may be formed by connecting a laser diode in series with an attenuator of 100dB or more, and attenuating laser light into a weak coherent state (weak coherent state) having properties similar to those of a single photon light source, or the single photon light source 1111 may be a quantum single photon light source or a nonlinear single photon light source, or the like.
Optionally, the multi-wavelength single photon light source 111 may further include a wavelength division multiplexer 1112 for transmitting photons of multiple wavelengths in parallel. The emission ends of the single photon light sources 1111 are respectively connected to the input end of the wavelength division multiplexer 1112, the output end of the wavelength division multiplexer 1112 is connected to the input end of the first multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure 112, and the output end of the first multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure 112 is connected to the input end of the second multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure 122 through an optical fiber. It is understood that as technology evolves, the wavelength division multiplexer 1112 may not be employed if the multi-wavelength single photon light source 111 is capable of directly emitting multiplexed multiple wavelength photons.
The multiple wavelength sensitive single photon detector 121 may include a plurality of Single Photon Detectors (SPDs) 1211, and the multiple wavelength sensitive single photon detector 121 may detect single photons of multiple wavelengths. The single photon detector may be an avalanche photodiode, a superconducting nanowire single photon detector, or the like. The plurality of single photon detectors 1211 are for receiving photons of different wavelengths, respectively. The output of the second multi-wavelength modem structure 122 is connected to the input of the multi-wavelength sensitive single-photon detector 121.
Optionally, the multi-wavelength sensitive single photon detector 121 may further include a wavelength division demultiplexer 1212 for demultiplexing photons at multiple wavelengths, an output end of the second multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure 122 may be connected to an input end of the wavelength division demultiplexer 1212, and output ends of the wavelength division demultiplexer 1212 are respectively connected to receiving ends of the multiple single photon detectors 1211. It will be appreciated that a wavelength division demultiplexer is not the only choice, as long as the device is capable of demultiplexing photons of multiple wavelengths, e.g., also using dispersion to separate photons of different wavelengths in time; using the energy levels of different atoms, responding only to photons of a particular wavelength, etc.
It should be noted that the present application describes the structure of the multi-wavelength single photon light source 111 and the wavelength sensitive single photon detector 121 only by way of example, and it is understood that other structures with the same function are also applicable to the present application, such as the structure of adding or subtracting parts of devices.
In general quantum communication, a completely symmetrical design is required for a transmitting end and a receiving end, and in the present application, the first multi-wavelength modem structure 112 and the second multi-wavelength modem structure 122 have the same structure, which is not distinguished hereinafter, and may be collectively referred to as a multi-wavelength modem structure. The multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure is used for modulating photons with multiple wavelengths respectively in the photon emitting device 11 and demodulating photons with multiple wavelengths respectively in the photon receiving device 12.
Referring to fig. 2, a multi-wavelength modem architecture 100 includes an unequal-arm interferometer 101, the unequal-arm interferometer 101 including a long arm and a short arm, a plurality of single-wavelength modems 102 connected in series on the long arm of the unequal-arm interferometer 101, the long arm referring to the longer direct waveguide of the unequal-arm interferometer 101, and the short arm referring to the shorter direct waveguide of the unequal-arm interferometer 101. Wherein each single wavelength modem is used to modulate or demodulate photons of a particular wavelength. When the multi-wavelength modem structure 100 is used for modulation, the single wavelength modem 102 is used to modulate a specific wavelength λnOne dimension E (λ) of the photons of (A)n) Modulation in a particular quantum state, in which case the single wavelength modem 102 is also referred to as a modulator; where the multi-wavelength modem structure 100 is used for demodulation, the single wavelength modem 102 is used for a specific wavelength λnIn the same dimension E (lambda)n) The quantum states of (a) are demodulated, in which case the single wavelength modem 102 is also referred to as a demodulator.
In one possible embodiment, the unequal-arm Interferometer 101 may be an Asymmetric Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (AMZI).
In one possible implementation, referring to the illustration in fig. 3, the single wavelength modem 102 may be a microring resonator comprising a straight waveguide 31 of the long arm of the unequal arm interferometer and a microring structure 32 coupled to the straight waveguide, the microring resonator resonating with photons of a particular wavelength. The single wavelength modem 102 may also be a microdisk, photonic crystal structure, bragg mirror structure, or the like, or other more complex photonic network, or the like. It is to be understood that the present application is illustrated with respect to a microring resonator, and is not intended to limit the necessity of using a microring resonator.
In the field of quantum communication, two different quantum states of the same dimension are usually represented as 0 and 1, respectively, for communication. In a possible embodiment, the same dimension may include at least one of the following: such as polarization, phase, arrival time, intensity, etc. For the phase of a photon, different quantum states correspond to different phases of the photon, e.g., π/2, π/4, etc. For the intensity of a photon, different quantum states correspond to different intensities of the photon. For polarization, different quantum states correspond to different polarization states of the photon. For arrival time, different quantum states correspond to different arrival times of photons. The following is a description of how different dimensions can be implemented:
phase position
Referring to fig. 3, there is shown a design of a microring resonator combining a straight waveguide and a microring structure, the microring resonator comprising: the interferometer comprises a straight waveguide of a long arm of the unequal-arm interferometer and micro-ring structures coupled with the straight waveguide, wherein each micro-ring structure is coupled with the straight waveguide at two adjacent positions. Each micro-ring resonator may modulate or demodulate photons of a particular wavelength to a predetermined phase. E.g. phiπ/4(λ1) For wavelength of lambda1The photons of (2) are modulated or demodulated between two phases 0 and pi/4 phiπ/2(λ1) For wavelength of lambda1The photons of (a) are modulated or demodulated between two phases 0 and pi/2, such that each pair of photons is a micro pairRing structure phiπ/4(λ1) And phiπ/2(λ1) Can adjust the wavelength to be lambda1The photons of (1) are modulated or demodulated between four phases (quantum states) of 0, pi/4, pi/2 and 3 pi/4.
Referring to fig. 4, it will be described how the above-described straight waveguide and micro-ring structure are designed such that the micro-ring resonator is constructed to be capable of resonating for photons of a specific wavelength.
Based on the optical path length being equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength of the light, there is a formula:
aλm＝2πrneff＝l1+l3＝l2 (1)
wherein λ ismA is an integer, n is the wavelength of the photon requiring resonanceeffIs the effective refractive index of the waveguide, r is the radius of the micro-ring structure, l1Is a right semicircle of a micro-ring structure3Is a left semicircle of a micro-ring structure2Length of external interference cavity in micro-ring structure, otherwise K in the figure1、K2Is the coupling length. External interference cavity length l of micro-ring structure2Equal to the perimeter l of the micro-ring structure1+l3So that the photons traversing the two paths do not differ in time. Through the above design, as shown in fig. 5 (a), photons of a specific wavelength modulated or demodulated by the micro-ring structure pass through the micro-ring structure, and as shown in fig. 5 (b), photons of other wavelengths not modulated or demodulated by the micro-ring structure do not pass through the micro-ring structure. Illustratively, referring to FIG. 6, assuming that the microring resonator described above modulates or mediates a photon having a wavelength of 1533nm, it can cause a photon having a wavelength of 1533nm to phase modulate or demodulate by π/2, but its intensity is attenuated by only 0.95 dB.
Strength of
Referring to fig. 7, there is shown a design of a microring resonator combining a straight waveguide and a microring structure, the microring resonator comprising: a straight waveguide 71 of the long arm of the unequal-arm interferometer and micro-ring structures 72 coupled to the straight waveguide, each micro-ring structure having a location coupled to the straight waveguide. Each microring resonator can resonate a photon of a particular wavelength, thereby changing its intensity. Each microring resonator can also be designed based on equation (1) with the effect of changing photon intensity as shown in fig. 8, from which it can be seen that the four microring resonators in fig. 7 respectively form four distinct valleys for the photon attenuation intensity of a specific wavelength.
Time of arrival
When the optical fiber transmits the quantum bit, the time encoding (time encoding) is minimally interfered by the outside world, so that the QKD is an encoding form which is widely applied in practice at present, two different quantum states are distinguished by the fact that the arrival time of the same photon is different through waveguides with different lengths, and the probability that the same photon is in the two different quantum states is 50%. Referring to FIG. 9, a photon may be modulated over a longer path, and ultimately its quantum state may be represented as
Figure BDA0001619751760000041
Similar to the phase-resonant structure described in the foregoing fig. 3 and 4, the microring resonator may include: and coupling a plurality of micro-ring structures on the straight waveguide of the AMZI long arm, wherein each micro-ring structure is coupled with two adjacent positions of the straight waveguide. It differs from the microring resonator in fig. 4 in that the external interference cavity length l of the microring structure needs to be satisfied2Not equal to the circumference l of the micro-ring structure1+l3I.e. l1+l3≠l2Realizing waveguide paths of different lengths so that the arrival times of photons passing through the two paths are different, thereby achieving the purpose of modulating the arrival times of the photons, at2＞l1+l3When the time difference is Δ t ═ l2-l1-l3)/neff。
Polarization
For the polarization dimension, the same structure is used for the intensity resonance as described above for fig. 7. The present application mainly utilizes the phenomenon that light polarized in two polarization modes, namely, transverse electric mode (TE) and transverse magnetic mode (TM), is dispersed in the same waveguide, and as shown in fig. 10 (a), the coupling coefficient K of the polarization states of TE and TM is changed by changing the coupling angle θ between the micro-ring structure and the straight waveguide (input/output waveguide). Wherein TM and TE are orthogonal to each other and the refractive indices of TM and TE are different in the same waveguide. Referring to fig. 10 (b), when θ is 56, a part of the photons of the TE polarization state is coupled into the micro-ring structure, and almost no photons of the TM polarization state are coupled into the micro-ring structure.
Fig. 11 shows a prepared micro-ring structure based on polarization dimension, fig. 12 shows the measurement results of TM and TE polarized photons based on the micro-ring structure, and it can be seen that when TE polarized photons are input, an absorption peak caused by coupling of the straight waveguide 121 and the micro-ring structure 122 can be clearly seen, and photons with a wavelength of 1556nm enter the micro-ring structure. And when TM polarized photons are input, no microcavity characteristic exists, and no photons enter the micro-ring structure.
In the prior art shown in FIG. 1, the modulator or demodulator is located outside the AMZI if only for quantum state |0>Or |1>The modulation is performed, then the modulation speed of the corresponding modulator or the demodulation speed of the demodulator must be greater than the quantum state |0>And |1>Delay difference Δ t between (1| 1)>-1|0>)/neff. In the application, the modulator or the demodulator is positioned in the AMZI, so that the requirement on the electric control speed of the modulator or the demodulator is reduced.
The multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation structure provided by the application is characterized in that a plurality of micro-ring structures which resonate at specific wavelengths are coupled on the long arm of the unequal-arm interferometer to form a micro-ring resonator which resonates at the specific wavelengths, and the modulation and demodulation of photons at the specific wavelengths can be realized. And the photon with specific wavelength can be modulated and demodulated, and simultaneously, the propagation of other photons is not influenced, and extra loss is not increased. Compared with the prior art, the speed requirement of the electric control system is reduced. In addition, combining the advantages of integrated optics, better scalability is provided.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present application, but the scope of the present application is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present application, and shall be covered by the scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims (9)

1. A multi-wavelength modem apparatus, comprising: an unequal-arm interferometer comprising a long arm on which a plurality of single-wavelength modems are connected in series, each single-wavelength modulator for modulating or demodulating photons of a particular wavelength,
when the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation device is used for modulation, the single-wavelength modem modulates one dimension of photons with specific wavelength in a specific quantum state;
when the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation device is used for demodulation, the single-wavelength modem demodulates the quantum state of photons with specific wavelengths in the same dimension;
the single wavelength modem is a micro-ring resonator, the micro-ring resonator comprises a straight waveguide of a long arm of the unequal arm interferometer and a micro-ring device coupled with the straight waveguide, and the micro-ring resonator resonates with photons with specific wavelengths.
2. The multi-wavelength modem device according to claim 1, wherein said dimensions include at least one of: phase, arrival time, intensity, polarization.
3. The multi-wavelength modem device according to claim 1, wherein said microring device couples two adjacent waveguides of said straight waveguide when said dimension is phase or time of arrival.
4. The multi-wavelength modem device according to claim 3, wherein the length of said external interference cavity of said microring device is equal to the circumference of said microring device when said dimension is phase.
5. The multi-wavelength modem device according to claim 3, wherein said dimension is time of arrival, and wherein the length of said external interference cavity of said microring device is not equal to the circumference of said microring device.
6. The multi-wavelength modem device according to claim 1, wherein said microring device is coupled to said straight waveguide at one of polarization and intensity.
7. The multiwavelength modem device of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the unequal-arm interferometer is an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
8. A photon emitting device, comprising: the multi-wavelength single photon light source and the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation device is used for modulating photons with multiple wavelengths respectively, and an output end of the multi-wavelength single photon light source is connected to an input end of the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation device.
9. A photon receiving device, comprising: the wavelength-sensitive single-photon detector and the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation device is used for demodulating photons with multiple wavelengths respectively, and an output end of the multi-wavelength modulation and demodulation device is connected to an input end of the wavelength-sensitive single-photon detector.
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