CN110323728A - Current foldback circuit, analog data acquisition module card, nuclear power plant instrument control device - Google Patents
Current foldback circuit, analog data acquisition module card, nuclear power plant instrument control device Download PDFInfo
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- CN110323728A CN110323728A CN201910558933.5A CN201910558933A CN110323728A CN 110323728 A CN110323728 A CN 110323728A CN 201910558933 A CN201910558933 A CN 201910558933A CN 110323728 A CN110323728 A CN 110323728A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
- H02H9/02—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess current
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/36—Overload-protection arrangements or circuits for electric measuring instruments
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical fields of control systems of nuclear power plant; in order to solve to lack in the prior art the technical issues of capable of carrying out effective protection to electric current with simple circuit; the present invention provides a kind of current foldback circuit, analog data acquisition module card, nuclear power plant instrument control device; current foldback circuit includes: the power tube for receiving input current, switch element；And first impedor and second impedor in parallel with power tube and switch element respectively；When input current is in Ia~Ib, the first impedor provides the bias voltage of power tube conducting, and when input current is greater than Ib, the big impedance of the first impedor hinders the increase of loop current；Second impedor is arranged to: when input current is less than Ia, the partial pressure of the second impedor is small, and switch element is in an off state, and when input current is in Ib, the second impedor reaches the saturation conduction state of switch element, to form constant current.Therefore, it is able to carry out overcurrent protection and cost of implementation is low.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the technical field of control systems of nuclear power plant more particularly to a kind of current foldback circuits, analog quantity number
According to analog input card, nuclear power plant instrument control device.
Background technique
Common power supply circuit or signal circuit, can all be arranged current preventative element, to protect during the work time
The safety of circuit work is demonstrate,proved, and to the very high control systems of nuclear power plant of security requirement, it even more needs to set in a variety of circuits
Set current preventative element.
Existing current preventative is fused by device heating to achieve the purpose that protection, such as fusing are protected
Dangerous silk and PTC thermistor are exactly common overcurrent protection device；But from application, the minimum starting current of this kind of device is wanted
Ask relatively high, minimum is also required to reach 100mA or so.
Inventor has found in the implementation of the present invention: the size model of the current signal inputted in control systems of nuclear power plant
Enclose usually between, thus it is in the prior art by device heating fuse implementation, do not have protection 4~
The purpose of 20mA electric current.The alternatively possible settling mode expected be Acquisition Circuit can be built by comparator, but this
Kind implementation is again complex.
Therefore, those skilled in the art are highly desirable, and carefree circuit can be used by providing one kind, can be achieved with protection 4
The input current of~20mA.
It should be noted that above-mentioned technical proposal is of the invention just for the sake of allowing those skilled in the art to be easier to understand
Technical solution, rather than above-mentioned technical proposal belongs to the prior art.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve to lack in the prior art the technical issues of capable of carrying out effective protection to electric current with simple circuit, this hair
It is bright that a kind of current foldback circuit, analog data acquisition module card, nuclear power plant instrument control device are provided, be able to carry out overcurrent protection and
Cost of implementation is low.
To achieve the goals above, technical solution provided by the invention includes:
One aspect of the present invention provides a kind of current foldback circuit, and the current foldback circuit is for protecting between Ia~Ib
Electric current, the current foldback circuit are connected between input current and sampling resistor characterized by comprising
Receive the power tube of the input current, and the switch element connecting with the power tube；And
First impedor and second impedor in parallel with the power tube and the switch element respectively；Described
One impedor is arranged to: when the input current is in Ia~Ib, first impedor provides the power tube and leads
Logical bias voltage, when the input current is greater than Ib, the big impedance of first impedor hinders the increasing of loop current
Add；Second impedor is arranged to: when the input current is less than Ia, the partial pressure of second impedor is small, institute
It states switch element to be in an off state, when the input current is in Ib, second impedor reaches the switch member
The saturation conduction state of part, to form constant current.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the power tube is the first triode, and the switch element is the two or three pole
Pipe；The collector of first triode is connect with input current signal, the emitter of first triode and described second
The base stage of triode connects；First impedor both ends are in parallel with the collector of first triode and base stage respectively；
The both ends of second impedor are in parallel with the base stage of second triode and emitter respectively.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the Ia is 4mA, and the Ib is 20mA；The resistance of first impedor
Anti- range size is 1K Ω~100K Ω, and the impedance ranges size of second impedor is≤23 Ω.
In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, when the input current is less than Ia, since switching tube is not yet led
Logical, the electric current IR1 by first impedor is small, and electric current passes through second impedance element in the current foldback circuit
Part, the electric current of second impedor is IR2, described to open when the electric current on second impedor reaches predetermined value
Element saturation conduction is closed, passes through the electric current IR2 of second impedor in parallel with the switch element close to constant current state
To become smaller；Hereafter the electric current increased is by first impedor circuit, due to the impedance of first impedor, institute
When stating the electric current IR1 of the first impedor and becoming larger, first impedor both ends required voltage is according to Ohm's law needs
Get higher, since the driving voltage of front stage circuits is limited, the voltage needed for electric current IR1 increases cannot be provided, thus limitation it is described compared with
Big electric current IR1 is input to sampling resistor.
Second aspect of the present invention also provides a kind of analog data acquisition module card characterized by comprising
Input current interface, for receiving the electric current between Ia~Ib；
Sampling resistor is arranged to export analog voltage signal based on the sampling resistor；And
Overcurrent protection circuit between the input current interface and the sampling resistor, the overcurrent protection electricity are set
Any one described current foldback circuit that Lu Weiru first aspect provides.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the analog data acquisition module card further includes being arranged in the input current
Reverse-connection preventing circuit between interface and the sampling resistor other end, and the reverse-connection preventing circuit includes diode, described two
The anode of pole pipe is towards the sampling resistor, and the cathode of the diode is towards the input current interface.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the analog data acquisition module card further include successively with the sampling resistor
Filter circuit, conditioning circuit, analog to digital conversion circuit, digital isolation circuit and the processor of connection.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sampling resistor is high-accuracy resistance, and the high-accuracy resistance is in
The front end of sampling channel.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the range size of the sampling resistor is the Ω of 25 Ω~200.
Third aspect present invention also provides a kind of nuclear power plant instrument control device characterized by comprising
Analog data acquisition module card as described in any one of second aspect offer, and the installation analog quantity number
According to the cabinet of analog input card.
Using above-mentioned technical proposal provided by the present application, one of following beneficial effect can be at least obtained:
1, in conjunction with power tube (such as triode) and switch element (such as triode), energy when overcurrent is born with power tube
Amount, achievees the purpose that limit circuit electric current by character of changing of resistence；And signal, in effective range, equivalent impedance is smaller, to preceding
The influence of grade driving is smaller, and useful signal is not shunted and does not cause loss of significance.
2, starting current is settable, can effectively be protected the sampling resistor of 4~20mA of simulation；Protection effect is good,
Common overcurrent device is made up in the protection blank of this range；It can be provided effectively for circuit in nuclear power plant instrument control system in this way
Overcurrent protection solution.
3, circuit complexity is smaller, does not impact to circuit precision, cost is very low；And the component that circuit is realized
Special customization is not needed, will not influence the project progress during specific implementation.
The other feature and advantage of invention will illustrate in the following description, also, partly become aobvious from specification
And it is clear to, or understood by implementing technical solution of the present invention.The objectives and other advantages of the invention can be by illustrating
Specifically noted structure and/or process are achieved and obtained in book, claims and attached drawing.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural block diagram for current foldback circuit that one embodiment of the invention provides.
Fig. 2 be another embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of current foldback circuit circuit diagram.
The curent change simulated effect figure one of triode Q1, triode Q2 are flowed through in the current foldback circuit that Fig. 3 is Fig. 2.
The curent change simulated effect figure two of triode Q1, triode Q2 are flowed through in the current foldback circuit that Fig. 4 is Fig. 2.
Fig. 5 is a kind of corresponding circuit diagram of analog data acquisition module card provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, how to apply to the present invention whereby
Technological means solves technical problem, and the realization process for reaching technical effect can fully understand and implement.It needs to illustrate
, these specific descriptions only allow those of ordinary skill in the art to be more easier, clearly understand the present invention, rather than to this hair
Bright limited explanation；And if conflict is not constituted, each spy in each embodiment and each embodiment in the present invention
Sign can be combined with each other, and it is within the scope of the present invention to be formed by technical solution.
Below by the drawings and specific embodiments, technical solution of the present invention is described in detail:
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, current foldback circuit is for protecting between Ia~Ib the present embodiment provides a kind of current foldback circuit
Electric current, the current foldback circuit be arranged between input current and sampling resistor, which includes:
Receive the power tube 110 (such as large power triode) of input current, and the switch element connecting with power tube
120 (such as triodes)；And
First impedor 130 and second impedor 140 in parallel with power tube 110 and switch element 120 respectively；This
In embodiment implementation process, the power tube 110, switch element 120, the first impedor 130 and the second impedor that need
140, the different components that can use different vendor reach same purpose, therefore do not limit its specific structure.
Wherein, the first impedor 130 is arranged to: when input current is in Ia~IbWhen, the first impedor 130 provides
The bias voltage that power tube 110 is connected, power tube 110 are connected, when input current is greater than IbWhen, the first impedor 130 it is big
The increase of impedance obstruction loop current；Second impedor 140 is arranged to: when input current is less than IaWhen, the second impedor
140 partial pressure is small, and switch element 120 is in an off state, and when input current is in Ib, the second impedor 140 reaches out
The saturation conduction state for closing element, to form constant current.
Corresponding current foldback circuit can only just allow input current to be in Ia~I in this way between input terminal and output endb,
And to less than IaElectric current, be not enough to the conducting of driving switch element 120, for be greater than IbElectric current, the first impedance can be passed through
Element partial pressure allows power tube 110 by so that electric current can not flow out to output end.Therefore, above-mentioned skill provided in this embodiment
Art scheme may be implemented:
1, in conjunction with power tube (such as triode) and switch element (such as triode), energy when overcurrent is born with power tube
Amount, achievees the purpose that limit circuit electric current by character of changing of resistence；And signal, in effective range, equivalent impedance is smaller, to preceding
The influence of grade driving is smaller, and useful signal is not shunted and does not cause loss of significance.
2, circuit complexity is smaller, does not impact to circuit precision, cost is very low；And the component that circuit is realized
Special customization is not needed, will not influence the project progress during specific implementation.
3, protection circuit is connected in circuit, therefore does not have branch, not will cause current loss, so not losing essence
Degree.
As shown in Fig. 2, the present embodiment is preferably carried out in mode, power tube is the first triode Q1, switch element the
Two triode Q2；The collector of first triode Q1 is connect with input current signal I1, the emitter of the first triode Q1 and
The base stage of two triode Q2 connects；First both ends impedor R1 are in parallel with the collector of the first triode Q1 and base stage respectively；
The both ends of second impedor R2 are in parallel with the base stage of the second triode Q2 and emitter respectively；First in certain the present embodiment
Impedor R1, the second impedor R2 can be not limited to a resistive element, can be multiple resistor coupled in parallel or connect,
Other impedors can also be increased.
The present embodiment is further preferably in embodiment, Ia 4mA, Ib 20mA；The impedance model of first impedor
Enclosing size is 1K Ω~100K Ω (resistance is mainly the growth that electric current is prevented in overcurrent, and value is bigger, prevents curve steeper),
The impedance ranges size of second impedor is that (the main relationship for considering tube voltage drop 0.7V and 20mA, generally guarantees≤23 Ω
Fault-tolerance, protective current are generally located at 2 times of 20mA).
In the present embodiment still more preferably embodiment, when input current is less than Ia, since switching tube is not yet led
Logical, small by the electric current IR1 of the first impedor, electric current passes through the second impedor, the second impedance element in current foldback circuit
The electric current of part be IR2, when the electric current on the second impedor reaches predetermined value, switch element saturation conduction, pass through with
The electric current IR2 of second impedor of switch element parallel connection becomes smaller close to constant current state；Hereafter the electric current increased passes through the
One impedor circuit, due to the impedance of the first impedor, when the electric current IR1 of the first impedor becomes larger, the first impedance element
Part both ends required voltage is got higher according to Ohm's law needs, since the driving voltage of front stage circuits is limited, cannot provide electric current
IR1 increases required voltage, so that limiting biggish electric current IR1 is input to sampling resistor.Specifically: when input current very little
When, the main function of the first impedor provides cut-in voltage for Q1, and passage current is substantially all to pass through Q1 and the second impedance
The access of element.When the electric current on the second impedor reaches certain value, voltage is lived by the end the be PN junction clamper of Q2, hereafter
It does not continue to increase, therefore the access enters constant current state substantially；Hereafter rethinking increase total current can only be by the first impedance element
Device and Q2 access, but since the first impedor impedance is very high, slightly increase electric current needs very high voltage and power to support
It is just able to achieve, the power and voltage of actual drive circuits are limited therefore cannot support continuing to increase for electric current, to form protection.
Most power all drops on Q1 at this time, therefore Q1 needs high power tube, is otherwise easy to burn.
The sampling resistor of 4~20mA of simulation can effectively be protected since starting current is settable；Protection effect is good,
Common overcurrent device is made up in the protection blank of this range；Therefore it can be provided effectively for circuit in nuclear power plant instrument control system
Overcurrent protection solution.
As shown in Figure 3, Figure 4, it by inputting analog simulation, obtains flowing through triode Q1, triode in current foldback circuit
The curent change schematic diagram of Q2；Wherein:
Ie (Q1), Ie (Q2) respectively represent protection circuit in flow through two branches of triode Q1 and Q2 electric current IR1 and
IR2, and I indicates the electric current of major loop (IR1+IR2)；U is the pressure drop for protecting circuit both ends, the voltage coordinate on the left of use.
From Fig. 3,4 simulation result it can be seen that
1), the driving capability in main electrical current source is enough, and linear change is presented in the total current in circuit, and is equal to protection circuit
Two circuits electric current and, therefore circuit is protected not lose precision.
2), two circuits of circuit is protected just to start to change in 40mA or more, and protects the voltage at circuit both ends at this time
Start to increase.It is defeated to show that voltage value needed for protecting the voltage at circuit both ends that must reach emulation is just able to maintain stable electric current
Out.
Since emulation is using ideal current source, really the power of driving equipment is limited in application, therefore exactly
Achieve the purpose that limit electric current using this principle.In addition, Q1 is more important device, all overcurrents in the circuit
Generated energy is all concentrated on the device, therefore the device needs to select power tube；The main function of Q2 is on-off action；
In electric current very little, IR1 is smaller, and most of electric current is by IR2, when the electric current on R2 reaches certain value, Q2 conducting, hereafter,
IR2 becomes smaller, and IR1 is changed greatly, but since R1 resistance value is larger, and electric current increases required voltage and power and needs urgency
Increase severely big, and common apparatus does not have such ability driven substantially, to achieve the purpose that current limliting.
As shown in figure 5, the present embodiment also provides a kind of analog data acquisition module card, analog data acquisition module Ka Bao
It includes:
Input current interface, for receiving Ia~IbBetween electric current；
Sampling resistor 200 is arranged to export analog voltage signal based on sampling resistor；And
Overcurrent protection circuit 100 between input current interface and sampling resistor is set, and overcurrent protection circuit is as above
Any one current foldback circuit of offer is provided.
Current foldback circuit specific embodiment and Fig. 1-Fig. 4 and above-mentioned literal interpretation in analog data acquisition module card
It is identical, it can also obtain same technical effect；Details are not described herein.
As shown in figure 5, the present embodiment is preferably carried out in mode, analog data acquisition module card further includes that setting is inputting
Reverse-connection preventing circuit 300 between current interface and the sampling resistor other end, and reverse-connection preventing circuit includes diode, diode
Anode is towards sampling resistor 300, and the cathode of diode is towards input current interface.The protection circuit can not only inhibit overcurrent,
It can also inhibit the prolonged misconnection of 60VDC voltage signal.Reverse voltage signal can be inhibited by reverse-connection preventing circuit, positive misconnection
Pressure drop can be shared by overcurrent protection circuit, to guarantee that sampling resistor will not be damaged.
As shown in figure 5, the present embodiment is preferably carried out in mode, analog data acquisition module card further include successively with sampling
Filter circuit 400, conditioning circuit 500, analog to digital conversion circuit 600, digital isolation circuit 700 and the processor 800 of resistance connection.
Wherein, the specific structure of filter circuit, conditioning circuit, analog to digital conversion circuit, digital isolation circuit and processor can be using existing
There is current acquisition plate in identical circuit structure in analog data acquisition module card, such as model SpeedyHold2000 platform
Block the filter circuit referred to, conditioning circuit, analog to digital conversion circuit, digital isolation circuit and processor.
The present embodiment is preferably carried out in mode, and sampling resistor is high-accuracy resistance, and high-accuracy resistance is in sampling and leads to
The front end in road.
The embodiment of the present invention is preferably carried out in mode, and the range size of sampling resistor is the Ω of 25 Ω~200.Due to channel
Interface due to misconnection signal will lead to the resistance damage, so as to cause entire analog channel failure, therefore its protection be it is necessary,
Because high-accuracy sampling resistor power provided in this embodiment is usually no more than 1W, it is therefore necessary to increase protection circuit.
The present embodiment also provides a kind of nuclear power plant instrument control device, which includes:
The analog data acquisition module card of any one as provided above, and installation analog data acquisition module card
Cabinet.
Therefore, using above-mentioned technical proposal provided in this embodiment, one of following beneficial effect can at least be obtained:
1, in conjunction with power tube (such as triode) and switch element (such as triode), energy when overcurrent is born with power tube
Amount, achievees the purpose that limit circuit electric current by character of changing of resistence；And signal, in effective range, equivalent impedance is smaller, to preceding
The influence of grade driving is smaller, and useful signal is not shunted and does not cause loss of significance.
2, starting current is settable, can effectively be protected the sampling resistor of 4~20mA of simulation；Protection effect is good,
Common overcurrent device is made up in the protection blank of this range；It can be provided effectively for circuit in nuclear power plant instrument control system in this way
Overcurrent protection solution.
3, circuit complexity is smaller, does not impact to circuit precision, cost is very low；And the component that circuit is realized
Special customization is not needed, will not influence the project progress during specific implementation.
Finally, it should be noted that above description is only highly preferred embodiment of the present invention, not the present invention is appointed
What formal limitation.Anyone skilled in the art, it is without departing from the scope of the present invention, all available
The way and technology contents of the disclosure above make many possible variations and simple replacement etc. to technical solution of the present invention, these
Belong to the range of technical solution of the present invention protection.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of current foldback circuit, the current foldback circuit is for protecting Ia~IbBetween electric current, overcurrent protection electricity
Road is connected between input current and sampling resistor characterized by comprising
Receive the power tube of the input current, and the switch element connecting with the power tube；And
First impedor and second impedor in parallel with the power tube and the switch element respectively；First resistance
Anti- element is arranged to: when the input current is in Ia~IbWhen, first impedor provides the inclined of the power tube conducting
Voltage is set, when the input current is greater than IbWhen, the big impedance of first impedor hinders the increase of loop current；It is described
Second impedor is arranged to: when the input current is less than IaWhen, the partial pressure of second impedor is small, the switch member
Part is in an off state, when the input current is in IbWhen, second impedor reaches the saturation of the switch element
On state, to form constant current.
2. current foldback circuit according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the power tube is the first triode, described
Switch element is the second triode；The collector of first triode is connect with input current signal, first triode
Emitter connect with the base stage of second triode；First impedor both ends respectively with first triode
Collector and base stage are in parallel；The both ends of second impedor respectively with the base stage of second triode and emitter simultaneously
Connection.
3. current foldback circuit according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the IaFor 4mA, the IbFor 20mA；
The impedance ranges size of first impedor is 1K Ω~100K Ω, and the impedance ranges size of second impedor is
≤23Ω。
4. current foldback circuit according to claim 3, which is characterized in that when the input current is less than IaWhen, due to opening
It closes pipe to be not yet connected, passes through the electric current I of first impedorR1Small, electric current passes through described the in the current foldback circuit
The electric current of two impedors, second impedor is IR2, when the electric current on second impedor reaches predetermined value
When, the switch element saturation conduction passes through the electric current I of second impedor in parallel with the switch elementR2It is close
Constant current state is to become smaller；Hereafter the electric current increased is by first impedor circuit, due to first impedor
Impedance, the electric current I of first impedorR1When becoming larger, first impedor both ends required voltage is according to ohm
Law needs are got higher, and since the driving voltage of front stage circuits is limited, cannot provide electric current IR1Voltage needed for increasing, to limit
The biggish electric current IR1It is input to sampling resistor.
5. a kind of analog data acquisition module card characterized by comprising
Input current interface, for receiving Ia~IbBetween electric current；
Sampling resistor is arranged to export analog voltage signal based on the sampling resistor；And
Overcurrent protection circuit between the input current interface and the sampling resistor is set, and the overcurrent protection circuit is
The current foldback circuit as described in any one in claim 1-4.
6. analog data acquisition module card according to claim 5, which is characterized in that further include setting in the input electricity
Reverse-connection preventing circuit between stream interface and the sampling resistor other end, and the reverse-connection preventing circuit includes diode, it is described
The anode of diode is towards the sampling resistor, and the cathode of the diode is towards the input current interface.
7. analog data acquisition module card according to claim 5, which is characterized in that further include successively electric with the sampling
Hinder filter circuit, conditioning circuit, analog to digital conversion circuit, digital isolation circuit and the processor of connection.
8. analog data acquisition module card according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the sampling resistor is high-precision cipher telegram
Resistance, and the high-accuracy resistance is in the front end of sampling channel.
9. analog data acquisition module card according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the range size of the sampling resistor
For the Ω of 25 Ω~200.
10. a kind of nuclear power plant instrument control device characterized by comprising
Analog data acquisition module card as described in any one in claim 5-9, and the installation analog data are adopted
Collect the cabinet of board.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910558933.5A CN110323728A (en) | 2019-06-26 | 2019-06-26 | Current foldback circuit, analog data acquisition module card, nuclear power plant instrument control device |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910558933.5A CN110323728A (en) | 2019-06-26 | 2019-06-26 | Current foldback circuit, analog data acquisition module card, nuclear power plant instrument control device |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110323728A true CN110323728A (en) | 2019-10-11 |
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| CN201910558933.5A Pending CN110323728A (en) | 2019-06-26 | 2019-06-26 | Current foldback circuit, analog data acquisition module card, nuclear power plant instrument control device |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113721480A (en) * | 2021-08-13 | 2021-11-30 | 中广核工程有限公司 | Simulation method and system for diversified protection signals of nuclear power plant |
-
2019
- 2019-06-26 CN CN201910558933.5A patent/CN110323728A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113721480A (en) * | 2021-08-13 | 2021-11-30 | 中广核工程有限公司 | Simulation method and system for diversified protection signals of nuclear power plant |
| CN113721480B (en) * | 2021-08-13 | 2023-07-07 | 中广核工程有限公司 | Nuclear power plant diversified protection signal simulation method and system |
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