CN110280230B - 一种Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种Ti4O7‑硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备方法,其以钛基金属有机骨架材料为前驱体,通过浸渍硼酸之后在氢气气氛中煅烧,原位构建Ti4O7‑硼掺杂碳复合材料并基于此材料构建电催化膜。本发明所得的Ti4O7‑硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜以钛基金属有机骨架为前驱体,保证复合电催化膜中金属氧化物和碳的良好分散,明显提高了对水中有机污染物的降解效率。同时,通过原位硼掺杂改性,Ti4O7‑硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的稳定性明显提升,延长了电催化膜的使用寿命。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于复合膜分离技术领域,具体涉及一种Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
人类生产和生活中产生的工业废水和生活污水进入到水体环境,造成生态破坏并最终威胁到人类自身。阳极氧化技术能够通过羟基自由基等强氧化物种的形成实现有机污染物的氧化降解。近来,研究者将膜技术和阳极氧化技术相结合,发展了电催化膜技术。该技术将膜过滤与电化学二者耦合:膜过滤作用通过对流强化传质减薄扩散边界层,提升了电化学降解速率;电化学降解则可在降解目标污染物的同时分解腐殖酸等膜污染物,减轻膜污染。电催化膜技术集成了阳极氧化技术和膜技术的优势,具有广阔发展前景。
高性能阳极电催化膜的构建成为研究者关注的焦点。一方面,阳极电催化膜对污染物的降解活性与羟基自由基等氧化性物种的形成密切相关,使用高析氧过电位材料如PbO2、Sb-SnO2、Ti4O7等因而更为有利。由于Pb、Sb等元素的潜在毒性,Ti4O7尤其收到研究者青睐。Ti4O7是一种Magnéli相亚氧化态TiO2材料,在TinO2n-1系列中导电性最好(>1000S/cm),且析氧过电位可达2.2-2.7V,与经典阳极氧化电极硼掺杂金刚石(BDD)相当,但成本要比BDD低得多。文献 (Environ.Sci.Technol.,2016,50(3),1428-1436)将Ti4O7电催化膜用于阳极氧化,利用探针分子检测羟基自由基的形成,推测出Ti4O7电催化膜上羟基自由基的生成速率比BDD电极高出3.5倍。文献(Water Res.,2018,131,310-319)将Ti4O7阳极电催化膜用于废水处理,发现当膜通量从110Lm-2h-1提高到1400Lm-2h-1时,污染物降解率从95%大幅下降到了25%。为了提高降解率,需要将Ti4O7电催化膜保持在低通量下运行或者经循环使得污水多次经过电催化膜,这样操作固然可以通过延长污染物在电催化膜中的停留时间来提高其降解率,但同时也降低了电催化膜的处理效率。另一方面,在保持通量不变的条件下利用碳基电催化膜对有机污染物的吸附作用延长其有效停留时间,是促进污染物降解的有效方法。Ti4O7等金属氧化物的吸附能力很弱,碳基材料则具有较强的吸附性能。碳基电催化膜形成羟基自由基的能力很弱,但通过直接氧化作用也可以在一定程度上降解污染物。如引入金属氧化物构建金属氧化物-碳复合阳极氧化电催化膜,则可以进一步提高降解效率。公开号为CN108714435A的专利文献公开了一种Bi-SnO2修饰的碳纳米管电催化膜及其制备方法。文献(Environ.Sci. Technol.,2015,49(13),7974-7980)构建了一系列碳基电催化膜用于污水处理,发现碳对污染物的吸附性为电催化膜良好的降解效果做出了贡献。由此可见,如将Ti4O7与碳基材料复合构建阳极氧化电催化膜,可利用Ti4O7的高活性和碳基材料的吸附作用,协同促进降解效率的提高。最近,文献(Environ.Sci.Technol., 2019,53(2),928-937)采用超声混合法将Ti4O7和多壁碳纳米管、活性碳等碳材料复合构建电催化膜,将其应用于N-二甲基亚硝胺的阴极还原,发现碳的引入通过吸附作用将停留时间延长了3.8~5.4倍,从而显著提高了电还原反应的效率。
但是,针对水中有机污染物的去除,阴极还原的效果有限,仍需构建适用于阳极氧化的Ti4O7-碳复合阳极电催化膜。在这方面现有技术尚面临以下问题: 1)未经改性的碳材料直接用于阳极时,因存在一定程度的氧化腐蚀,会影响电极的稳定性,限制电催化膜的寿命。文献(Environ.Sci.Technol.,2019,53(2), 928-937)将超声法制备的Ti4O7-活性碳复合电催化膜在阳极极化下氧化降解N- 二甲基亚硝胺,效果不佳,认为活性碳的部分氧化是主要原因之一。2)吸附- 电催化协同作用的有效发挥依赖于金属氧化物在复合电催化膜中的良好分散。目前复合电催化膜的制备多采用超声混合、浸渍等后处理改性法,即先获得碳基体,然后对其进行改性引入金属氧化物。此类后处理改性法步骤较为繁琐,容易造成金属氧化物分散不均匀的现象,限制了吸附-电催化协同作用的发挥,从而制约了其对污水中有机污染物的降解性能。
发明内容
针对现有Ti4O7-碳复合电催化膜制备技术存在的不足,本发明提出以钛基金属有机骨架材料为前驱体,通过浸渍硼酸之后在还原性气氛中煅烧,原位构建 Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合材料并基于此材料构建Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜。
Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备包括以下步骤:
步骤(1):将钛基金属有机骨架材料与硼酸溶液混合搅拌,然后经旋转蒸发除去溶剂,得到物料一;
步骤(2):将步骤(1)所得的物料一放置于高温炉中,在氢气气氛下高温煅烧处理,产物用热水洗涤并干燥,得到物料二;
步骤(3):将物料二与石蜡油粘合剂混合,放入模具中压片,然后于高温炉中在惰性气氛下煅烧,得到Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜。
进一步地,步骤(1)中所述钛基金属有机骨架材料为MIL-125(Ti)或 NH2-MIL-125(Ti),钛基金属有机骨架材料与硼酸的质量比例为0.2-2∶1,硼酸溶液的溶剂为水、甲醇或乙醇。
进一步地,步骤(2)中所述高温煅烧处理的温度为800-1200℃,时间为1-6h,热水洗涤的温度为80-100℃。
进一步地,步骤(3)中物料二与石蜡油粘合剂的质量比例为20-100∶1,惰性气氛为氮气或氩气,煅烧温度为800-1200℃,时间为1-6h。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
(1)硼掺杂可以延长复合阳极电催化膜的使用寿命。碳材料中的杂原子掺杂会造成功函数的变化,从而影响碳材料的抗氧化腐蚀能力。钛基金属有机骨架材料具有丰富的孔道结构,可以通过浸渍良好地负载硼酸,进而在高温煅烧过程中促进硼的原位掺杂。硼掺杂属于p型掺杂,使费米能级向价带移动,提高碳材料功函数,增强碳材料的抗氧化能力和电化学稳定性,延长复合阳极电催化膜使用寿命。
(2)以钛基金属有机骨架为前驱体可以保证复合电催化膜中金属氧化物的良好分散,从而提高有机污染物降解效率。由于钛离子和有机配体在钛基金属有机骨架中均匀分散,经还原性气氛下高温焙烧,钛离子转化为Ti4O7,有机配体则经碳化形成碳,从而得到分散良好的Ti4O7-碳复合材料,促进电催化膜对有机污染物降解效率的提高。
附图说明
图1为Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜制备流程示意图;
图2为实施例1制备的Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的X射线衍射图。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备方法。下面结合具体实施例和对比例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,以下实施例仅用于阐述本发明而并不用于限制本发明的范围。
实施例1:
步骤(1):将MIL-125(Ti)与硼酸甲醇溶液混合搅拌,MIL-125(Ti)与硼酸的质量比例为0.2∶1,然后经旋转蒸发除去甲醇,得到物料一;
步骤(2):将步骤(1)所得的物料一放置于高温炉中,在氢气气氛下高温煅烧处理,煅烧温度为1050℃,时间为6h,产物用90℃热水洗涤并干燥,得到物料二;
步骤(3):将物料二与石蜡油粘合剂按照质量比50∶1混合,放入模具中压片,然后于高温炉中在氩气气氛下煅烧,煅烧温度为1050℃,时间为6h,得到Ti4O7- 硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜。
X射线衍射图(XRD)表明所得电催化膜中含有Ti4O7和碳,X射线光电子能谱图(XPS)表明所得电催化膜中含有硼,其中进入碳骨架的硼元素占74%,以含氧官能团形式存在的硼占26%。XRD和XPS结果证实了Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的成功合成。采用电化学交流阻抗(EIS)测试复合电催化膜的电阻,进而计算出复合电催化膜的电导率为2321S/m,表明所得电催化膜导电性能良好。在磷酸盐缓冲液中对电催化膜表面施加3V阳极电压(以Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极),保持15分钟后,再次测试电阻并计算电导,得到电导率为2257S/m,表明电催化膜在阳极极化下稳定性很好。采用磺胺甲唑(水溶液浓度为50mg/L) 作为目标污染物,在水通量为0.8mL/min下测量复合阳极电催化膜对磺胺甲唑的降解效果,结果显示磺胺甲唑的降解率为92%。
实施例2:
步骤(1):将NH2-MIL-125(Ti)与硼酸水溶液混合搅拌,MIL-125(Ti)与硼酸的质量比例为2∶1,然后经旋转蒸发除去水,得到物料一;
步骤(2):将步骤(1)所得的物料一放置于高温炉中,在氢气气氛下高温煅烧处理,煅烧温度为800℃,时间为3h,产物用80℃热水洗涤并干燥,得到物料二;
步骤(3):将物料二与石蜡油粘合剂按照质量比20∶1混合,放入模具中压片,然后于高温炉中在氮气气氛下煅烧,煅烧温度为800℃,时间为3h,得到Ti4O7- 硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜。
X射线衍射图(XRD)表明所得电催化膜中含有Ti4O7和碳,X射线光电子能谱图(XPS)表明所得电催化膜中含有硼元素,其中进入碳骨架的硼元素占17%,以含氧官能团形式存在的硼占83%。XRD和XPS结果证实了Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的成功合成。采用电化学交流阻抗(EIS)测试复合电催化膜的电阻,进而计算出复合电催化膜的电导率为651S/m,表明所得电催化膜导电性能较好。在磷酸盐缓冲液中对电催化膜表面施加3V阳极电压(以Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极),保持15分钟后,再次测试电阻并计算电导,得到电导率为493S/m,表明电催化膜在阳极极化下稳定性较好。采用磺胺甲唑(水溶液浓度为50mg/L)作为目标污染物,在水通量为0.8mL/min下测量复合阳极电催化膜对磺胺甲唑的降解效果,结果显示磺胺甲唑的降解率为53%。
实施例3:
步骤(1):将MIL-125(Ti)与硼酸乙醇溶液混合搅拌,MIL-125(Ti)与硼酸的质量比例为1∶1,然后经旋转蒸发除去乙醇,得到物料一;
步骤(2):将步骤(1)所得的物料一放置于高温炉中,在氢气气氛下高温煅烧处理,煅烧温度为1200℃,时间为1h,产物用100℃热水洗涤并干燥,得到物料二;
步骤(3):将物料二与石蜡油粘合剂按照质量比100∶1混合,放入模具中压片,然后于高温炉中在氩气气氛下煅烧,煅烧温度为1200℃,时间为1h,得到Ti4O7- 硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜。
X射线衍射图(XRD)表明所得电催化膜中含有Ti4O7和碳,X射线光电子能谱图(XPS)表明所得电催化膜中含有硼元素,其中进入碳骨架的硼元素占91%,以含氧官能团形式存在的硼占9%。XRD和XPS结果证实了Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的成功合成。采用电化学交流阻抗(EIS)测试复合电催化膜的电阻,进而计算出复合电催化膜的电导率为2754S/m,表明所得电催化膜导电性能较好。在磷酸盐缓冲液中对电催化膜表面施加3V阳极电压(以Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极),保持15分钟后,再次测试电阻并计算电导,得到电导率为2713S/m,表明电催化膜在阳极极化下稳定性很好。采用磺胺甲唑(水溶液浓度为50mg/L) 作为目标污染物,在水通量为0.8mL/min下测量复合阳极电催化膜对磺胺甲唑的降解效果,结果显示磺胺甲唑的降解率为98%。
对比例1:
本对比例仍以MIL-125(Ti)为前驱体制备复合电催化膜,但不引入硼掺杂,以证明硼掺杂对电催化膜稳定性的有益作用。
步骤(1):将MIL-125(Ti)放置于高温炉中,在氢气气氛下高温煅烧处理,煅烧温度为1050℃,时间为6h,产物用90℃热水洗涤并干燥,得到物料一;
步骤(2):将物料一与石蜡油粘合剂按照质量比50∶1混合,放入模具中压片,然后于高温炉中在氩气气氛下煅烧,煅烧温度为1050℃,时间为6h,得到Ti4O7- 碳复合阳极电催化膜。
X射线衍射图(XRD)表明所得电催化膜中含有Ti4O7和碳,X射线光电子能谱图(XPS)表明所得电催化膜中不含有硼。采用电化学交流阻抗(EIS)测试复合电催化膜的电阻,进而计算出复合电催化膜的电导率为2241S/m。在磷酸盐缓冲液中对电催化膜表面施加3V阳极电压(以Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极),保持15分钟后,再次测试电阻并计算电导,得到电导率为915S/m。这表明未掺杂的电催化膜在阳极极化下稳定性较差,因为被氧化导致电导率显著降低。对比例1与实施例1的实验结果对比可见,硼掺杂改性明显改善了Ti4O7-碳复合阳极电催化膜的稳定性。
对比例2:
本对比例按照现有的超声混合法制备Ti4O7-碳复合电催化膜的步骤进行。为了排除硼掺杂对降解性能的影响,对碳进行硼掺杂改性后再与Ti4O7复合。具体步骤如下:
步骤(1):将TiO2在氢气气氛下高温煅烧处理,煅烧温度为1050℃,时间为 6h,得到Ti4O7;
步骤(2):将活性碳与硼酸甲醇溶液混合搅拌,活性碳与硼酸的质量比例为 0.2∶1,然后经旋转蒸发除去甲醇,在氩气气氛下高温煅烧处理,煅烧温度为 1050℃,时间为6h,产物用90℃热水洗涤并干燥,得到硼掺杂碳;
步骤(3):将Ti4O7和二甲基甲酰胺按照质量比1∶20混合超声处理30分钟,将硼掺杂碳和二甲基甲酰胺按照质量比1∶20混合超声处理30分钟,然后将两者按照质量比5.7∶1混合超声处理8小时,其中质量比5.7∶1由对实施例1所得物料二进行元素分析得到以排除Ti4O7和硼掺杂碳的质量比对降解性能的影响,混合液体经过滤除去溶剂并干燥,得到Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳混合粉末;
步骤(4):将Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳混合粉末与石蜡油粘合剂按照质量比50∶1混合,放入模具中压片,然后于高温炉中在氩气气氛下煅烧,煅烧温度为1050℃,时间为6h,得到超声混合法制备的Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜。
Claims (4)
1.一种Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
步骤(1):将钛基金属有机骨架材料与硼酸溶液混合搅拌,然后经旋转蒸发除去溶剂,得到物料一;
步骤(2):将步骤(1)所得的物料一放置于高温炉中,在氢气气氛下高温煅烧处理,产物用热水洗涤并干燥,得到物料二;
步骤(3):将物料二与石蜡油粘合剂混合,放入模具中压片,然后于高温炉中在惰性气氛下煅烧,得到Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜;
其中,步骤(1)中所述钛基金属有机骨架材料为MIL-125(Ti)或NH2-MIL-125(Ti);
步骤(2)中所述高温煅烧处理的温度为800-1200℃,时间为1-6h。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中的钛基金属有机骨架材料与硼酸的质量比例为0.2-2∶1,硼酸溶液的溶剂为水、甲醇或乙醇。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中热水洗涤的温度为80-100℃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种Ti4O7-硼掺杂碳复合阳极电催化膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中物料二与石蜡油粘合剂的质量比例为20-100∶1,惰性气氛为氮气或氩气,煅烧温度为800-1200℃,时间为1-6h。
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